Introduction to

Computers
Prepared by: Joanne Fel A. Ogoc
COMPUTER
● The word computer is derived from the word compute
(means to calculate).

● A computer is an electronic device, operating under the

control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can
accept data, process the data according to specified rules,
produce results, and store the results for future use.
COMPUTER
● Computer is a programmable machine.

● Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to

a list of instructions.

● Computer is any device that aids humans in performing

various kinds of computations or calculations.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ABACUS
● An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual
in performing mathematical calculations.
● The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
● The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
used in China in around 500 B.C.
ABACUS
● It is used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
 NAPIER’S BONES
● Invented by John Napier in
1614.

● Allowed the operator to multiply,

divide and calculate square and
cube roots by moving the rods
around and placing them in
specially constructed boards.
SLIDE RULE

● Invented by William Oughtred

in1622.
● Is based on Napier's ideas about
logarithms.
● Used primarily for:
multiplication, division, roots,
logarithms, Trigonometry
PASCALINE
● Invented by Blaise Pascal in
1642.
● It was its limitation to addition
and subtraction.
● It is too expensive.
STEPPED RECKONER

● Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz in 1672.
● The machine that can add,
subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
 JACQUARD LOOM
● It is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
● It is an automatic, programmable weaving machine that creates
fabrics with richly detailed patterns.
● It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
 ARITHMOMETER
● A mechanical calculator invented by
Thomas de Colmar in 1820
● The first reliable, useful, and
commercially successful calculating
machine.
● The machine could perform the four
basic mathematic functions.
● The first mass-produced calculating
machine.
DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
● It is an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
● Invented by Charles Babbage (the father of the modern digital
computer) in 1822 and 1834
● It is the first mechanical computer.
FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

● In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron

suggests to Babbage that he use
the binary system.
● She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION
ENGINE
● Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in
1843.
● Based on Charles Babbage's
difference engine.
● The first printing calculator.
TABULATING MACHINE

● Invented by Herman Hollerith in

1890.
● Created to tally the results of the
U.S. Census, this machine uses
punched cards as a data input
mechanism.
HARVARD MARK 1

● Also known as IBM Automatic

Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
● Invented by Howard H. Aiken in
1943
● The first electro-mechanical
computer.
● This was the first fully automatic
calculating machine
Z1
● The first programmable computer.
● Created by Konrad Zusein Germany
from 1936 to 1938.
● To program the Z1 required that
the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through punch
tape.
ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER
(ABC)
● It was the first electronic digital computing device.
● Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and
1942.
ENIAC

● ENIAC stands for Electronic

Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
● It was the first electronic general-
purpose computer.
● Completed in 1946.
● Developed by John Presper Eckert
and John W. Mauchl.
UNIVAC
● The UNIVAC I(UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial
computer.
● Designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
● EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
● The First Stored Program
Computer
● Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
● It has a memory to hold both
a stored program as well as
data.
ELECTRONIC CONTROLS COMPANY
● The first computer company.
● Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
i. First generation–1946 -1958
ii. Second generation–1959 -1964
iii. Third generation–1965 -1970
iv. Fourth generation–1971 -today
v. Fifth generation–Today to future
FIRST GENERATION
● The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
● They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
FIRST GENERATION
● First generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a
time.
● Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.
SECOND GENERATION
● Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
ushered in the second generation of
computers.
● One transistor replaced the equivalent
of 40 vacuum tubes.
● Allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable.
● Still generated a great deal of heat
that can damage the computer.
SECOND GENERATION

● Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary

machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
● Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.
THIRD GENERATION

● Integrated circuit development was the hallmark of the third

generation of computers.
● Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, drastically increasing computer speed and
efficiency.
● Much smaller and cheaper compared to second-generation
computers.
● It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
THIRD GENERATION
● Users interacted with third-generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored
the memory.
FOURTH GENERATION
● The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands
of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip.
● As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together
to form networks, eventually developing
the Internet.
● Fourth-generation computers also saw
the development of GUIs, the mouse,
and handheld devices.
FIFTH GENERATION
● Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
● Still in development.
● The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
● The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
● There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today.
ANY QUESTIONS?