Internet of Things

Contents
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Characteristics
• Architecture
• Components
• Applications
• Challenges
Introduction
• Internet of Things(IoT)
• global infrastructure
• connects physical and virtual things around
us
• provides seamless communication and
contextual services
• solves many business problems

• Heterogeneous Devices from different

manufacturers
• Diverse protocols
• M2M, M2P, P2M, P2P
 Evolution: Before IoT

Local Network Internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network http://www.blakeleyllp.com/
Evolution: IoT Today
• Internet of Things
• Internet of Vehicles
• Industrial IoT
• Web of Things
• Etc.

https://www.ssh.com/iot/
Evolution: Future IoT

http://www.starttoendnetworks.com/internet-of-everything/
Evolution: Previous Scenario

Technology/Application Centric Applications

https://www.progora.co.uk/Technology/Digital-Transformation
 Evolution: Current Scenario

Human Centric Applications

Picture: Poikola, Antti, Kai Kuikkaniemi, and Harri Honko. 2015. “MyData – A Nordic Model for human-centered personal data management andprocessing.” Ministry of
Transport and Communications.
Characteristics
• Connectivity
• Intelligence and Identity
• Scalability
• Distributed Computing
• Dynamic Operations
• Heterogeneous Environment
• Resource Constraint Devices
• Battery Operated Devices
• Low Power Protocols
Architecture
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Four Layers
• Application layer
• Service and Application support layer
• Network layer
• Device layer

• Two Capabilities
• Management
• Security
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Application layer contains all IoT applications that
interact with IoT devices
• Service support and Application support layer
consists of the two capability groupings
• Generic support capabilities: common
capabilities used by different IoT applications,
such as data processing or data storage
• Specific support capabilities: specific
capabilities for the requirements of diversified
applications
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Network layer consists of the two capabilities:
• Networking capabilities provide relevant control
functions of network connectivity between devices
and gateways.
• Transport capabilities focus on providing
connectivity for the transport of IoT service and
application specific data information, as well as the
transport of IoT-related control and management
information.
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Device layer capabilities are categorized into
two kinds of capabilities
• Device Capabilities:
• Direct interaction with the communication network
(without gateways)
• Indirect interaction with the communication
network (through gateways)
• Ad-hoc networking
• Sleeping and waking-up
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Gateway capabilities:
• Multiple interfaces support – At device layer
through wired or wireless technologies (CAN bus,
ZigBee, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) and At network layer
through PSTN, 2G or 3G networks, LTE, or DSL
• Protocol conversion when communications at the
device layer use different device layer protocols
and when communications involving both the
device layer and network layer use different
protocols
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Management capabilities
• Generic capabilities
• device management such as activation & de-
activation, diagnostics, firmware updating
• local network topology management
• traffic and congestion management such as
detection of network overflow conditions,
implementation of resource reservation
• Specific Capabilities are closely coupled with
application-specific requirements
ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Security capabilities
• Generic capabilities
• application layer: authorization, authentication,
confidentiality and integrity protection, privacy protection,
security audit
• network layer: authorization, authentication, confidentiality,
and signalling integrity protection
• device layer: authentication, authorization, device integrity
validation, access control, data confidentiality and integrity
protection.
• Specific Capabilities are closely coupled with
application-specific requirements
IWF IoT Reference Model
IWF IoT Reference Model
Physical Devices and Controllers
• “Things” in IoT
• Endpoint devices to send and receive information
• Controllers to control multiple devices
• IoT “devices” are capable of:
• Analog to digital
conversion,
as required
• Generating data
• Being queried
or controlled over
internet
Connectivity
• Facilitates reliable, timely transmission
• Between devices (Level 1) and the network
• Across networks (east-west)
• Between the network (Level 2) and low-level information
processing occurring at Level 3
• Capabilities include
• Implementation of
various protocols
• Switching and routing
• Translation between protocols
• Security at the network level
• (Self Learning) Networking Analytics
Edge (Fog) Computing
• Focuses on North-South Communications
• Converts network data flows into information
• Data filtering, cleanup, aggregation
• Packet content inspection
• Combination of network and data level analytics
• Thresholding and Event generation
Data Accumulation
• Data in motion is converted to data at rest
• Converts network packets to database relational tables
• Achieves transition from ‘Event based’ to ‘Query based’ computing
• Reduces data through filtering and selective storing
• Capabilities Include
• Event filtering/sampling
• Event comparison
• Event joining for CEP
• Event based rule evaluation
• Event aggregation
• Northbound/southbound alerting
• Event persistence in storage
Data Abstraction
• Abstracts the data interface for applications
• Creates schemas and views of data as applications
need
• Combines data from multiple sources
• Filtering, selecting, projecting, and reformatting the
data to serve the client applications
• Reconciles differences in data shape, format,
semantics, access protocol, and security
Application
• Reporting, Analytics, and Control
• Mission-critical business applications, such as generalized ERP or
specialized industry solutions
• Mobile applications that handle simple interactions
• Business intelligence reports, where the application is the BI server
• Analytic applications that interpret data for business decisions
• System management/control center applications that control the IoT
system itself and don’t act on the data produced by it
Collaboration and Processes
• Involves people and business processes
• Applications execute business logic to empower people
• People use applications and associated data for their
specific needs.
• Applications give the right data, at the right time to do the
right thing.
• People must be able to communicate and collaborate
ITU-T vs IWF (IoT World Forum)
• Both models are complimentary
• ITU-T focusses on the device and gateway level
• It is concerned with developing standards for
interaction with IoT devices
• The IWF is concerned with broader issues of
developing the applications, middleware and
support functions.
• IWF reference model is seven layered
Things
• Physical Object
• Computing H/W + S/W + Sensors + Network
• Degree of Smartness
• Autonomous Behavior
• Decision Making
• Adaptive
• Ensure
• Trust, Privacy, Security
IoT: Components

Identi
ficatio
n
Sema Sensi
ntics ng

Servic
IoT Actua
es tion

Comp Com
utatio munic
n ation
Identification
• Naming:
• Electronics Product Code (EPC)
• Ubiquitous Code (uCode)

• Addressing:
• IPv4
• IPv6
Sensing
• Employs various sensors
• Specialized sensors for various applications
• Smart Sensors
• Wearable Sensing Devices
• Embedded Sensors
• Sense the data
• Transmit to the gateways
Actuation
• Sensor and data analytics technologies from
the IoT are used to send commands to smart
devices
• Decisions are taken on edge/cloud and passed
on to the devices to act upon
• Artificial Intelligence may be used to act
according to the context and environment
Ex: Water Level Sensor & Smart Electric Motor
Communication
Multiple radio access technology
• Connects intelligent devices at the edge
• facilitates machine to machine communication
Scope Connectivity
Cellular 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G
(In Near Future)

Short Range Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,

6LoWPAN, NGC
Medium Long Range WiMAX, Z-Wave,
ZigBee
Communication
Internet is the primary medium
• To connect to the cloud
Moving towards next generation IoT
Ex: 5G

Layer Protocols
Network Layer IPv4, IPv6, IPSec, NanoIP,
6LoWPAN
Transport Layer TCP, UDP, DTLS
Application Layer CoAP, MQTT, XMPP, HTTP,
AMQP
IoT: Protocols
IoT: Protocols Stack
IoT: Protocols Stack
IoT: Emerging Protocols

IEEE 802.15.4

6LoWPAN

RPL and IPv6

CoAP

MQTT
IoT: Communication Features

• Different underlying networks:

 abstraction of the different underlying networks (e.g.,
wired, wireless, cellular), support for different
communication modes (e.g., access point-based, p2p
fashion

• Addressing modes
 support of any cast/unicast/multicast/broadcast
transmissions, dynamic replacing of broadcast with
multicast/anycast to reduce network load
IoT: Communication Features

• Massive device transmission:

 handling simultaneous or nearly simultaneous
transmissions from huge number of devices (i.e., efficient
MAC protocols)

• High reliability:
 guarantee of connectivity/reliable transmissions based on
different solutions (e.g., link adaptation protocols,
modulation/coding schemes, multi-path establishment)
IoT: Communication Features

• Enhanced access priority:

 management of priority levels of services and
communications services (e.g., preemption
Mechanisms)

• Path Selection:
 optimization of communication paths based on
different policies (e.g., network cost, delay,
transmission failures), dynamic metric selection
IoT: Communication Features

• Mobility:
 seamless roaming and mobility, communication
management towards stationary and low-mobile devices

• Sleeping Device:
 managing communication towards sleeping devices.

• Low power consumption:

 include mechanisms for reducing energy consumption
IoT: Communication Features

• Notification and interaction:

 functions for supporting data acknowledgment, failure
notifications, and interaction mode

• Traffic Profile:
 management of data traffic with different traffic
profiles (e.g., continuous transmissions, long periods
between two data transmissions, small amount of
transmitted data, burst of data,
bidirectional/unidirectional transmissions)
IoT: Communication Features

• Time dependent traffic:

 support of data traffic with different time requirements (e.g., time-
controlled traffic, delay-tolerant traffic, extremely low-latency traffic)

• Location reporting support:

 report the device/gateway location to other devices/applications
continuously/upon request

• Secure connections:
 integrity of communications and timestamps, anonymity of identity
and location, detection of abnormal events
Computation
• Hardware:
• Smart-Things
• Arduino
• Intel Galileo
• Raspberry Pi
• Beagle Bone
• Smart Phones
• Phidgets
• Data is processed both locally and on cloud
• Wider horizon in terms of space, time and type of
information for intelligent processing
Computation
• Software:

OS Cloud
• Contiki • Nimbits
• TinyOS • Hadoop
• LiteOS • AWS-IoT
• RIoT • IBM-Watson
• Android • Cisco-IoT
Services
• Identity Related (Shipping)
• Information Aggregation (Smart Grid)
• Collaborative Aware (Smart Home)
• Ubiquitous (Smart Home)
• Smart Retail
• Smart Building
Semantics
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)
IoT: Applications
Applications: Transportation
• ConLock
• ContainerSafe
• Integration of light
sensors GPS and GSM
Applications: Smart City
• Residential E-meters
• Smart street lights
• Pipeline leak detection
• Traffic control
• Surveillance cameras
• Centralized and integrated system control
Applications: Smart Manufacturing
• Flow optimization
• Real time inventory
• Asset tracking
• Employee safety
• Predictive maintenance
• Firmware updates
Applications: Retail
• Intelligent Shopping
• Bar Code in Retail
• Electronic Tags
Applications: Management
• Data Management
• Waste Management
• Urban Planning
• Production
Management
Applications: Pharmaceuticals
• Intelligent tags for
drugs
• Drug usage tracking
• Enable the emergency
treatment to be given
faster and more
accurate
Applications: Food Processing
• Control geographical origin
• Food production
management
• Nutrition calculations
• Prevent overproduction and
shortage
• Control food quality, health
and safety.
Applications: Education
• School Administration
• Attendance Management
• Voting System
• Automatic Feedback
• Instructional Technology
• Media
• Information management
• Foreign language learning
IoT: Challenges
• Scalability
• Security
• Privacy
• Heterogeneity
• Technological standards
• Software complexity
• Costly infrastructure
Security
• Key issue in any system
• Keep the things from unauthorized access
• Security in physical access
• Network and Communications Security
• Data Security
• Application Security
• Reprogrammable chips improves security and
flexibility, and enables downstream configuration
Security
Pervasive security throughout the IoT Reference Model
IoT: Pros and Cons
Time for Questions