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Text and Discourse

Discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis both analyze language use above the sentence level, but they have different objectives. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs social phenomena through structures and functions in text and talk. Critical discourse analysis examines how language reinforces social power and ideologies through detailed linguistic analysis of texts.

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Dian Nuzulia Arera
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384 views

Text and Discourse

Discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis both analyze language use above the sentence level, but they have different objectives. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs social phenomena through structures and functions in text and talk. Critical discourse analysis examines how language reinforces social power and ideologies through detailed linguistic analysis of texts.

Uploaded by

Dian Nuzulia Arera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KAJIAN WACANA

PASACASARJANA UNNES
wahyudifr@mail.unnes.ac.id
Satuan-satuan bahasa
Texts in general are:
• Self-contained
• Well-formed
• Hang together (cohesive) cohesion
• Make sense (coherent) coherence
• Have a clear communicative purpose
• Are recognisable text types
• Are appropriate to their contexts of use (cotext)
• Are written
Scott Thornbury, Beyond the Sentence, p 19, Macmillan, 2005.
Definitions of Discourse (1)

• A particular unit of language (above the


sentence), or discourse in structure;
• A particular focus on language use, discourse as
function.
Discourse as structure ?
• Problem:you can have a unit which looks like a sentence but
doesn’t mean anything
• e.g. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously
• … but on the other hand the units in which people speak do
not always look like sentences.
• e.g. You can run a hou- whatcha- now whatcha you can run a
house-you can run a house a- and do the job, which is
important, y’ can’t y- a man can’t do it himself, and a woman
can’t do it himself w- if y’ want it to be successful. In most
cases.

• How do you analyse something which is not a sentence?


Discourse as a System of functions ?

• e.g. “what’s the time?”


• Phatic function (opens a contact)
• Emotive function (conveys the need of the speaker)
• Conative function (asks something of the addressee)
• Referential function (makes reference to the world outside
the language)
• PROBLEM:
• Discourse analysis may turn into a more general and broader
analysis of language functions.
Definition of Discourse (2)

Discourse – written and spoken

Speaker/ Hearer/ reader


writer
Discourse

Context
Objects of discourse

• ‘Discourse’ refers to any utterance which is meaningful.


These texts can be:
• - written texts
• - oral texts (‘speech’/’talk’)
• - mixed written/oral texts (e.g. Internet chat)
• Discourse does not depend on the size of a text
• (“P” and “Ladies” can both be analysed as discourse)
• Definitions of ‘discourse’ (3)

(a) A set of terms, metaphors, allusions, ways of talking, references and


so on, which constitute an object

(b) A to-and-fro of exchanges in talk (or text) that performs social


actions
Doing discourse analysis

1. Scope
2. Influences
3. Approaches
The scope of discourse analysis
• Discourse analysis is not a discipline which exists on its own.
It is influenced by other disciplines and influences them as
well. It is a two-way process …
• For this reason discourse analysis examines spoken and
written texts from all sorts of different areas (medical, legal,
advertising) and from all sorts of perspectives (race, gender,
power)
• Discourse analysis has a number of practical applications - for
example in analysing communication problems in medicine,
psychotherapy, education, in analysing written style etc.
Influences on discourse analysis

• sociolinguistics psycholinguistics

other non- other linguistic


linguistic Discourse Analysis
disciplines
disciplines

computational
linguistics pragmatics
Discourse
• Discourse is: ‘language above the sentence level or above the clause.’
• Stubbs 1998

• The study of discourse is the study of any aspect of language use.


• Fasold 1990

• The analysis of discourse is the analysis of language in use…it cannot


be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the
purposes or functions that they serve in human affairs.
• Brown and Yule 1983
Discourse
• ‘Discourse’ is for me more than just language in use: It is language
use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practice.
• Fairclough 1992

• Discourse constitutes the social…Discourse is shaped by relations of


power, and invested with ideologies.
• Fairclough 1992
Big D and Little d
• Discourse (non-count) vs.
‘Discourses’
• Saying, Doing, Thinking,
Behaving, Believing, Valuing,
Interacting combinations that
show who we are (Gee)
• The ‘Discourse of medicine’
• The ‘Discourse of romance’
Discourse is…
• How language reflects reality
• How language creates reality
• How language shapes our identities and interactions
• How language is used as to tool to control people
Meaning depends on…
• How
• Where
• When
• To whom
• Why
Similarity Between Text and Discourse

• Both text and discourse usually consist of sentences which


communication information.
Difference Between Text and Discourse

Definition
• Text is usually a written form of communication information, which is a non-interactive nature. In
contrast, discourse can be from spoken, written, visual and audial form, communicating information
that is interactive in nature.
Agent
• The agent is not crucial for the text. However, the agent is crucial, and it is that what makes up a
discourse. This is the main difference between text and discourse.
Nature
• Also, the text is non-interactive in nature; on the contrary, discourse is interactive in nature.
Analysis Parts
• In a text, the grammatical cohesion and the structure of sentences are analyzed whereas, in discourse,
the agents involved in the communication, the social purpose and the medium utilized are analyzed to
comprehend the meaning of it. This is an important difference between text and discourse.
Medium or Form
• Furthermore, the text is usually in written form whereas discourse can be either in written, verbal,
visual or audio form.
AW & AWK
• Tugas
• Apa analisis wacana dan analisis wacana kritis?
• Apa objek kajian masing-masing?

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