Database System

Nasreen Akhtar
FAST-NU
Chiniot Faisalabad Campus
nasreen.akhtar@nu.edu.pk
Topics

 Introduction to data and information

 File management system
 Database
 Properties of database
 Database Management system
 Advantages of Database system
Recommended books

 Fundamentals of Database Systems,

 3rd Edition by Elmasri & Navathe
 Database System Concepts
 3rd Edition by Abraham Silbershatz, Henery F. Korth, Sudarshan
 An introduction to Database Systems
 By C.J. Date
 Modren database management system by
 Jeffrey A,Hoffer
Introduction to database

 Data: Raw facts and figures that can be recorded and have implicit meaning.
 Information: Process form of data.

Ali 880
Omar 940
Awais 760
Introduction to database

 Information: Data Processed to reveal its meaning

 Information is meaningful
 In today’s world, accurate, relevant and timely information is the
key to good decision making
 Good decision making is key to survival in today’s competitive and
global environment
Data, information and knowledge

 Data: is known recorded facts which has specific meanings or interpretation.

 Example: the numbers 10.5, 22, and 119 are data

 Information: is a precise, understandable and specific representation of data.

 Example: The temperature of room 119 in building 22 is 10.5, is an information

 Knowledge: is something which is derived or inferred from available

information using some level of intelligence.
 Example: Based on experience, the above information can be used to infer that the room is
quite cold and could cause some inconvenience if we work on that room for a long period of
time with out wearing worm clothes.
Data, information and knowledge
Introduction to database

 Data Base can be define as

 Collection of logically interrelated data that can be shared
Properties of Database

 A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the
miniworld or the universe of discourse (UoD).
 A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent
meaning. A random assortment of data cannot correctly be referred to as a
database.
 A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose.
It has an intended group of users and some preconceived applications in
which these users are interested.
Database Management System

 A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to

create and maintain a database.
 It is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.
 Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and constraints for the
data to be stored in the database.
 Constructing the database is the process of storing the data itself on some storage medium
that is controlled by the DBMS.
 Manipulating a database includes such functions as querying the database to retrieve
specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the miniworld, and generating
reports from the data.
 Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database concurrently.
 We will call the database and DBMS software together a database system.
Example

 UNIVERSITY database for maintaining information concerning students,

courses, and grades in a university environment
 define: file (records), data elements, data type ( for each data element)
 construct: store data in the appropriate files (note that records may be related
between files)
 Manipulation: querying, updating
 informal queries and updates must be specified precisely in the database system
language before they can be processed.
DBMS
Users/Programmer

Application programs/Queries

DBMS Software to process Queries/

Program

Software to access stored

data

Stored database
definition Stored database
( Meta data)
Example

 Oracle
 IBM DB2
 Ingress
 Teradata
 MS SQL Server
 MS Access
 MySQL etc.
DB Vs programming with file.

 Self-Describing Nature of a Database System

 single repository of data is maintained
 contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or description
of the database structure and constraints (system catalogue).
 information stored in the catalog is called meta-data
 catalog used by the DBMS and users.
 The DBMS software work equally well with any number of database applications.
 Repository is a structure that stores metadata. It is used to control database
operations, integrity and accuracy.
DB Vs programming with file.

 Meta Data
 Data about data
OR
 Data that describe the properties or characteristics of end-user data and the
context of those data.
 metadata contains data item name, the data type, length, minimum and
maximum allowable values (where appropriate), a brief description of each
data item, and the source of the data.
Advantages of DBS

 Controlling Redundancy
 Problems:

University System

Student Registration Fee department Library

Registration

Fee

Library
Advantages of DBS

 Controlling Redundancy
 Problems:
 There is the need to perform a single logical update (duplication of effort)
 storage space is wasted when the same data is stored repeatedly files that
represent the same data may become inconsistent
 in DBMS there has the ability to control redundancy which improve the
performance of the query.
Advantages of DBMS

 Reduce data inconsistency

 Data is not duplicated so need to apply only single update.
 This causes consistent data.
 As no row is duplicated so record of each instance is consistent and accurate.
Advantages of DBMS

 Restricting Unauthorized Access

 users or user groups are given account numbers protected by passwords, which
they can use to gain access to the database through security and authorization
subsystem
 Providing Multiple User Interfaces
 a DBMS provides a variety of user interfaces: query languages for casual users;
programming language interfaces for application programmers; forms and
command codes for parametric users; and menu-driven interfaces and natural
language interfaces for stand-alone users.
 Capabilities for providing World Wide Web access to a database
Advantages of DBS

 Representing Complex Relationships Among Data

 Enforcing Integrity Constraints
 Data integrity refers to correctness and accuracy of data
 The simplest type involves specifying a data type for each data item
 A more complex type involves specifying that a record in one file must be related to
records in other files.
 Another type specifies uniqueness on data item values
 It is the database designers’ responsibility to identify integrity constraints during database
design.
 Providing Backup and Recovery
 provide facilities for recovering from hardware or software failures.(The backup and
recovery subsystem )
Advantages of DBMS

 Program Data independence

 In traditional file processing, the structure of data files is embedded in the
application programs, so any changes to the structure of a file may require
changing all programs that access this file.
 DBMS access programs do not require such changes in most cases.
 The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the
access programs. We call this property program-data independence.
Advantages of DBMS

 Improved data access:

 Provide access mechanism to database to perform tasks ( insert update
and delete etc).
 Hide the internal complexity of database from application programmer and
users.
 Enables the data in database to be shared among multiple application or
users.