CSE-141: Structured Programming

 Lecture 02: Basics of Structured Programming

Instructor
Md. Sabir Hossain
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE, CUET
Mobile: 01737143868/01882826575
Email: sabirndc08cuet10@gmail.com

Acknowledgment: Most of the content of this slide is adopted from wikipedia

 Outlines
 Introduction to Computer Programming
 Programming Languages
 Programming Paradigms
 Lecture Objectives
 Be able to explain the differences between programming
languages and programming paradigms.
 Be able to differentiate between low-level and high-level
programming languages and their associated advantages and
disadvantages
 Be able to list four programming paradigms and describe their
strengths and weaknesses.
 What’s your aim?
• Do you want to be a software Developer?
• Yes/No
Software Development Life Cycle

https://online.husson.edu/software-development-cycle/
 Software Development Method
• Requirement Specification
– Problem Definition
• Analysis
– Refine, Generalize, Decompose the problem definition
• Design
– Develop Algorithm
• Implementation
– Write Code (Programming)
• Verification and Testing
– Test and Debug the code
 Computer Programming
• The functions of a computer system are
controlled by computer programs
• A computer program is a clear, step-by-step,
finite set of instructions
• A computer program must be clear so that only
one meaning can be derived from it
• A computer program is written in a computer
language called a programming language
 A Question?
• Do you know the number of programming
languages exist?
• Imagine the number
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programmin
g_languages
 Terms
• It is interesting and useful to investigate the meaning
of the word 'paradigm‘
 Terms
• Programming paradigm (in this course)
– A pattern that serves as a school of thoughts for programming of
computers
• Programming technique
– Related to an algorithmic idea for solving a particular class of problems
– Examples: 'Divide and conquer' and 'program development by stepwise
refinement'
• Programming style
– The way we express ourselves in a computer program
– Related to elegance or lack of elegance
• Programming culture
– The totality of programming behavior, which often is tightly related to a
family of programming languages
– The sum of a main paradigm, programming styles, and certain
programming techniques.
 Definitions
• Programming Paradigm
– programming “technique” (?)
– way of thinking about programming
– view of a program

• Programming Language
– consists of words, symbols, and rules for writing a
program
 Programming Paradigms
• Main programming paradigms
– The imperative paradigm
– The functional paradigm
– The logical paradigm
– The object-oriented paradigm
• Other possible programming paradigms
– The visual paradigm
– One of the parallel paradigms
– The constraint based paradigm
Programming (Language) Paradigms

• FOUR PARADIGMS OF COMPUTING

• Imperative:
• WHAT DO WE DO NEXT ?
• Functional:
•
• Object-Oriented:
• WHAT ARE THE TERMS OF THE
CONTRACT ?
• Logic:
• WHEN IS IT TRUE THAT … ?
 Programming Paradigms
• Imperative Programming
– WHAT DO WE DO NEXT ?
– program as a collection of statements and procedures affecting
data (variables)
• Object-Oriented Programming
– WHAT ARE THE TERMS OF THE CONTRACT ?
– program as a collection of classes for interacting objects
• Functional Programming
– WHAT IS THE FUNCTION’S VALUE ?
– program as a collection of (math) functions
• Logic Programming
– WHEN IS IT TRUE THAT … ?
 Some Languages by Paradigm
• Imperative (also called Structured or
Procedural) Programming
– FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, C
• Object-Oriented Programming
– SmallTalk, C++, Java
• Functional Programming
– LISP, ML, Haskell
• Logic Programming
– Prolog, CHIP (programming language), Ciao
(programming language), CLACL, CycL
 Paradigm Change
• For example, from Structured to Object-Oriented
• Arises from problems encountered in one
paradigm but addressed in another
• Case study: from C to C++
– Evolution from structured, to modular, to object-
based, to object-oriented programming
 Programming Paradigms

 Why are there thousands of programming languages in use today?

 Some programming languages are specifically designed for use in
certain applications.
 Different programming languages follow different approaches to solving
programming problems
 A programming paradigm is an approach to solving programming
problems.
 A programming paradigm may consist of many programming
languages.

 Common programming paradigms:

 Imperative or Procedural Programming
 Object-Oriented Programming
 Functional Programming
 Logic Programming
 Programming Paradigms: Imperative

 In this paradigm, a program is a series of statements containing variables.

 Program execution involves changing the memory contents of the
computer continuously.
 Example of imperative languages are: C, FORTRAN, Pascal, COBOL etc
 Advantages
 low memory utilization
 relatively efficient
 the most common form of programming in use today

 Disadvantages
 difficulty of reasoning about programs
 difficulty of parallelization
 Tend to be relatively low level
 Structured Programming
• Structured programming is a programming
paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality,
and development time of a computer program by
making extensive use of
– subroutines,
– block structures,
– for and while loops
• in contrast to using simple tests and jumps such
as the goto statement, which could lead to
"spaghetti code" that is difficult to follow and
maintain
Elements of Structured Programming
• Control structures
– "Sequence"; ordered statements or subroutines executed in
sequence.
– "Selection"; one or a number of statements is executed
depending on the state of the program (if..then..else..endif).
– "Iteration"; a statement or block is executed until the program
reaches a certain state, or operations have been applied to
every element of a collection (for, while loop).
– "Recursion"; a statement is executed by repeatedly calling itself
until termination conditions are met.
Elements of Structured Programming
• Subroutines
– callable units such as procedures, functions,
methods, or subprograms are used to allow a
sequence to be referred to by a single statement

• Blocks
– are used to enable groups of statements to be treated
as if they were one statement.
•Block-structured languages have a syntax for enclosing
structures in some formal way, such as the curly braces {...} of
C and many later languages.
 Programming Paradigms: Object-Oriented

 A program in this paradigm consists of objects which communicate

with each other by sending messages
 Example object oriented languages include: C++, Java, C#,
Smalltalk, etc
 Advantages
 Conceptual simplicity
 Models computation better
 Increased productivity

 Disadvantages
 Can have a steep learning curve, initially
 Doing I/O can be cumbersome
 Programming Paradigms: Functional

 A program in this paradigm consists of functions and uses functions in a similar

way as used in mathematics
 Program execution involves functions calling each other and
returning results. There are no variables in functional
languages.
 Example functional languages include: ML, MirandaTM, Haskell
 Advantages
 Small and clean syntax
 Better support for reasoning about programs
 They allow functions to be treated as any other data values.
 They support programming at a relatively higher level than the imperative languages
  Disadvantages
 Difficulty of doing input-output
 Functional languages use more storage space than their imperative cousins
 Programming Paradigms: Logic

 A program in the logic paradigm consists of a set of predicates and rules of

inference.
 Predicates are statements of fact like the statement that says: water is wet.
 Rules of inference are statements like: If X is human then X is mortal.
 The predicates and the rules of inference are used to prove statements that
the programmer supplies.
 Example: Prolog
 Advantages
 Good support for reasoning about programs
 Can lead to concise solutions to problems
  Disadvantages
 Slow execution
 Limited view of the world
 That means the system does not know about facts that are not its predicates
and rules of inference.
 Difficulties in understanding and debugging large programs
 Programming Languages

 There are three categories of programming

languages:
 Machine languages.
 Assembly languages.
 High-level languages.

 Machine languages and assembly languages are also called

low-level languages
 Programming languages
• Various programming languages
• Some understandable directly by computers
• Others require “translation” steps
– Machine language
• Natural language of a particular computer
• Consists of strings of numbers(1s, 0s)
• Instruct computer to perform elementary operations one at a
time
• Machine dependant
 Programming languages

•Assembly Language

– English like abbreviations

– Translators programs called “Assemblers” to convert

assembly language programs to machine language.

– E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay

LOAD BASEPAY

ADD OVERPAY

STORE GROSSPAY
 Programming languages

• High-level languages

– To speed up programming even further

– Single statements for accomplishing substantial tasks
– Translator programs called “Compilers” to convert
high-level programs into machine language

– E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in

gross pay
grossPay = basePay + overtimePay
 Programming Languages (cont’d)

 A Machine language program consists of a

sequence of zeros and ones.
 Each kind of CPU has its own machine language.
 Advantages
 Fast and efficient
 Machine oriented
 No translation required

 Disadvantages
 Not portable
 Not programmer friendly
 Assembly Language

 Assembly language programs use mnemonics to represent

machine instructions
 Each statement in assembly language corresponds to one
statement in machine language.
 Assembly language programs have the same advantages and
disadvantages as machine language programs.
 Compare the following machine language and assembly language
programs:

8086 Machine language program for 8086 Assembly program

var1 = var1 + var2 ; for
var1 = var1 + var2 ;
1010 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 MOV AX , var1
0000 0011 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 ADD AX , var2
0010 MOV var1 , AX
1010 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000
 High-Level Programming Languages

 A high-level language (HLL) has two primary components

 (1) a set of built-in language primitives and grammatical rules
 (2) a translator
 A HLL language program consists of English-like
statements that are governed by a strict syntax.
 Advantages
 Portable or machine independent
 Programmer-friendly
 Disadvantages
 Not as efficient as low-level languages
 Need to be translated
 Examples : C, C++, Java, FORTRAN, Visual Basic, and
Delphi.
 Which Programming Paradigm is Best?

 Which of these paradigms is the best?

 The most accurate answer is that there is no best paradigm.

 No single paradigm will fit all problems well.

 Human beings use a combination of the models represented by these

paradigms.

 Languages with features from different paradigms are often too complex.

 So, the search of the ultimate programming language continues!

 Review Questions

1. List two advantages and two disadvantages of low-level languages.

2. Explain the similarities and differences between an assembly language

and a machine language.

3. Mention the programming paradigm to which each of the following

languages belongs: Visual Basic, Java, C#, Haskell, Lisp, Prolog,
Pascal.

4. Which programming paradigms give better support for reasoning about

programs?

5. Which programming paradigms give better support for doing I/O?

 References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_program
ming
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_parad
igm
• http://people.cs.aau.dk/~normark/prog3-
03/html/notes/paradigms-slide-paradigms.html
 Thank You
• Allah Hafez