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General Heat Conduction Equations: Rectangular/cartesian Coordinates

The document discusses general heat conduction equations in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It also discusses the heat transfer diffusion equation for conduction in one and three dimensions. Specific equations are given for a plane wall, hollow cylinder, and examples of calculating temperature distributions and heat transfer rates through walls and cylinders.

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Syarifah Anis Aqila
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
178 views

General Heat Conduction Equations: Rectangular/cartesian Coordinates

The document discusses general heat conduction equations in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It also discusses the heat transfer diffusion equation for conduction in one and three dimensions. Specific equations are given for a plane wall, hollow cylinder, and examples of calculating temperature distributions and heat transfer rates through walls and cylinders.

Uploaded by

Syarifah Anis Aqila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation

Rectangular/cartesian coordinates:

Net transfer of thermal energy into the


control volume (inflow-outflow)

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

Thermal energy Change in thermal


generation
energy storage

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS


Cylindrical coordinates:

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS


Spherical coordinates:

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION


conduction in one direction in a solid

T
k 2T
q
2T q

2
2
x cp x cp
x cp
conduction in 3 dimensions:

T

x

FKKKSA

2T 2T 2T q

2 2 2
x y z cp

Chem. Eng. Dept

HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

T T T q

x y z c
2

Cartesian coordinates :

Cylindrical coordinates:

r r

T
t

T 1 2T 2T q 1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t

Spherical coordinates :

1 2 T 1

T
sin

r
2

2
r r r r sin

k a bT

FKKKSA

1
2T q 1 T
r 2 sin 2 2 k t

k
= thermal diffusivity
cp

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL


One dimensional, steady state & no heat generation (thermal
conductivity = constant):
Assumption: Uniform cross section area
Boundary Condition

x 0 T = T1
x L T = T2

T T T q

x y z c
2

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

T
t

CONDUCTION : PLANE WALL

d2T
0
2
dx

T
0
2
x
2

d dT
dx dx

1st integration

dT
d dx

0dx


2nd integration

FKKKSA

dT c dx
1

Chem. Eng. Dept

dT
dx

C1

Tx C1 x C 2

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL

T C (0) C
1
1
2

C 2 T1
T2 C1 ( L) T 1

Boundary Condition

x 0 T = T1
x L T = T2

FKKKSA

C1

Tx
Chem. Eng. Dept

T2 T1
L

T2 T1
L

x T1

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL


Fouriers law:

dT
qx Ak
dx

qx dx Ak dT
x2

T2

x1

T1

qx(x1 x2 ) Ak(T1 T2 )
(T1 T2 )
qx Ak
(x2 x1)

qx


FKKKSA

(T1 T2 )
(x2 x1 )

Ak

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 1


Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k = 1.2
W/m C, and surface area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are maintained at
constant temperatures of T1 = 120C and T2 = 50C. Determine
(a)the variation of temperature within the wall and the value of temperature at x
= 0.1 m and
(b) the rate of heat conduction through the wall under steady conditions.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2


The diagram shows a conical section from pyroceram (k = 3.46 W/m K). It is of circular
cross section with the diameter D = ax. The small end is at x1 = 50 mm and the large
end at x2 = 250 mm. The end temperatures are T1 = 400 K and T2 = 600 K, while the
lateral surface is well insulated and a=0.25.
1.Derive an expression for the temperature distributionT (x ) in symbolic form,
assuming one-dimensional conditions.
2. Sketch the temperature distribution.
3. Calculate the heat rate through the cone.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2


Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional conduction in the x direction.
3. No internal heat generation.
4. Constant properties.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT


GENERATION
One dimensional-x, steady state with heat generation
Assumption: Uniform cross section area,
A
2
2
2

cp

T T T q

x y z c
2

c p

T q

x c

0
2

p
2

d T
dx

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT


GENERATION
2

Boundary condition
BC1.
BC2.

x o
x L

d T

dT
=0
dx
T = T1

dx


q dx
dT
dx
k
0

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0 C

dx

C1 0

Chem. Eng. Dept

d T
dx

dT

1st integration:

x C1

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT


GENERATION
2nd integration

q

dT x C dx

k

1

Tx

Boundary condition
BC1.
BC2.

x o
x L

dT
=0
dx
T = T1
C2


FKKKSA

T1

2k

2k

2k
2

x C1 x C 2

L 0 L C2

C1 0

L T1

Temp. Profile:
Chem. Eng. Dept

Tx

2k
q

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER


Energy balance equation:

r r

T 1 2T 2 T q
1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t

System: One dimensional - r, no heat generation, ste

r r

T 1 2T 2T q 1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t
0

T
r 0

r r
FKKKSA

dr

Chem. Eng. Dept

dT
r 0
dr

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW CYLINDER


d

dr

dT
r 0
dr

First integration:
d

r
Second integration:

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

dT
r
0dr
dr
dT
dr

C1

dT

C1
r

dr

Tr C1 ln r C 2

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER

Tr C1 ln r C 2

Boundary condition:
BC1

r = r1

BC2

T = T1

T1 C1 ln r1 C 2

r = r2

T = T2

T 2 C1 ln r 2 C 2
T2 T1


T T

(ln r ln r ) T
ln r

Solving simultaneously gives:


C1

ln

Temp. Profile:

Tr

r1

r1

FKKKSA

C 2 T1

r2

Chem. Eng. Dept

T2 T1
ln

r2
r1

ln r1

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER

Rate of heat transfer across the cylinde

dT
qr Ak
dr
dT 1 T1 T2

dr r ln r1
r2

A 2rL

1 T1 T
qr (2rL)k
r ln r1
r2
FKKKSA

rearrange

Chem. Eng. Dept

T1 T2
qr
r2
ln
r1
2Lk

CONDUCTION : Work Example 3


Consider a steam pipe of length L = 20 m, inner radius r1 = 6 cm, outer radius r2 = 8
cm, and thermal conductivity k = 20 W/m C. The inner and outer surfaces of the
pipe are maintained at average temperatures of T1 =150C and T2 = 60C,
respectively. Obtain a general relation for the temperature distribution inside the pipe
under steady conditions, and determine the rate of heat loss from the steam through
the pipe.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW SPHERE

Energy balance for spherical system

r
r

1
r

FKKKSA

r r

T
sin

r
sin
1

Chem. Eng. Dept

1
2

sin

q
k

1 T

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW SPHERE

r
r

1
r

System: one dimensional - r, no heat generated,


steady state condition

r r

T
sin

sin
r
1

r
FKKKSA

2 T
r
0
r
Chem. Eng. Dept

1
2

sin
0

1 T

d 2 dT
r
0
dr dr

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE


d 2 dT
r
0
dr dr
First integration:

Boundary condition:
BC1 r = r1
BC2 r = r2

T = T1
T = T2

dT
dr

Second integration:

Tr

FKKKSA

C1
r

Chem. Eng. Dept

C2

dT
r 2
0dr
dr

C1
dT

C1
r

dr

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE


Boundary condition:
BC1 r = r1
BC2 r = r2

T1
Solving simultaneously gives:
C1

Temp. Profile:

FKKKSA

Tr

C1
r1

C2

T2

r
C1
r2

C2

C2

T T

C2

r1r2

r2 T2 r1 T1

r1r2

T = T1
T = T2

Tr

C1

r1

r r2 r1

Chem. Eng. Dept

T2

r2 T2 r1 T1
r2 r1

r2 r1

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE

dT
qr Ak
dr

Fouriers
law

A 4 r

r1r2

qr 4 r k
qr

FKKKSA

4 k

T1 T2
1
r2

r1

1
r1
Chem. Eng. Dept

dT

dr

T T
1

T1 T2
qr
1 1

r1 r2
4 k

r1r2
r2 r1

T T
1

CONDUCTION : Work Example 5


Consider a spherical container of inner radius r1 = 8 cm, outer radius r2 = 10 cm, and
thermal conductivity k = 45 W/m C. The inner and outer surfaces of the container
are maintained at constant temperatures of T1 = 200C and T2 = 80C, respectively,
as a result of some chemical reactions occurring inside. Obtain a general relation for
the temperature distribution inside the shell under steady conditions, and determine
the rate of heat loss from the container.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONVECTION: PLANE WALL


One dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction:
Boundary Condition

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION : Work Example 4


Consider a steam pipe of length L = 15 ft, inner
radius r1 = 2 in., outer radius r2 = 2.4 in., and
thermal conductivity k = 7.2 Btu/h ft F. Steam is
flowing through the pipe at an average temperature
of 250F, and the average convection heat transfer
coefficient on the inner surface is given to be h =
1.25 Btu/h ft2 F . If the average temperature on
the outer surfaces of the pipe is T2 = 160F, (a)
express the differential equation and the boundary
conditions for steady one- dimensional heat
conduction through the pipe, (b) obtain a relation for
the variation of temperature in the pipe by solving
the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the rate of
heat loss from the steam through the pipe.

FKKKSA

Chem. Eng. Dept

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