Allama Iqbal Open University

PRESENTED TO
SIR. ASIF MASOOD
 TOPIC

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION

 DISCUSSION OUTLINE
 Equations
 Linear equations
 System of linear equations
 Mathematical expression of linear equation
 How to develop linear equation
 Graphical representation of linear equation
 Practical application / Uses of linear equation
 DEFINATION: EQUATION:
”Equation is a symbolic statement that two expressions
are equal”.
7 x+4=25

o Expression
It is any symbol or letter like a , b etc.
o Term
It is the sign which connect the expressions
MONOMINAL EXPRESSION :
With one term
MULTINOMINAL EXPRESSION:
With more than one terms
 TYPES OF EQUATIONS
CONDITIONAL:

The equality of both sides depends upon the value of x variable .

The equation  2x – 5 = 9 

is conditional because it is only true for x = 7. Other values
of x do not satisfy the equation
IDENTITY:

In this type x may represent any value and the two sides are equal.
The Equation 3x+4x=7x
Is an identity ,because the two sides are equal when x represented
any value.
 LINEAR EQUATION
 DEFINATION:

“A linear equation is any equation that when

graphed produces a straight line and the variable
occurs to the first degree”.
There are many other types of
equations. Yet none except linear equations will
produce a straight line when graphed.
3x+5=8
Properties of linear equation
 It has one or two or variables.
 No variable in a linear equation is raised
to a power greater than 1.
 Linear equations graph as straight lines.
System of linear equations
“ A system of linear equations
means two or more
linear equations. (In plain speak:
'two or more lines')
If these two linear equations
intersect, that point of
intersection is called the solution to
the system of linear equations “
To find the solution to systems of linear equations,
we can use four methods:

 Graph : by looking at where lines intersect (meet)

on a graph
 Algebraic equation : by setting the equations of
the system equal to each other then solving this
equation.
 Substitution : by solving for one of the variables
and substituting its value in to the other equation.
 Elimination : Elimination involves algebraic
manipulations of two or more equations. The end
goal is to eliminate a variable by creating opposite
coefficients (The examples below should clarify this
straightforward approach).
 Example 1:

A total of $12,000 is invested in two funds

paying 9% and 11% simple interest. If the
yearly interest is $1,180, how much of the
$12,000 is invested at each rate?

Before we work this problem, we must know

the definition of simple interest. Simple
interest can be calculated by multiplying the
amount invested at the interest rate.
 Solution:
 We have two unknowns: the amount of money invested at 9% and
the amount of money invested at 11%. Our objective is to find these
two numbers.

Sentence (1) ''A total of $12,000 is invested in two funds paying 9%
and 11% simple interest.'' can be restated as (The amount of money
invested at 9%)  (The amount of money invested at 11%)  $12,000.

Sentence (2) ''If the yearly interest is $1,180, how much of the
$12,000 is invested at each rate?'' can be restated as (The amount of
money invested at 9%)  9% + (The amount of money invested at
11%  11%)  total interest of $1,180.

It is going to get tiresome writing the two phrases (The amount of
money invested at 9%) and (The amount of money invested at 11%)
over and over again. So let's write them in shortcut form. Call the
phrase (The amount of money invested at 9%) by the symbol  and
call the phrase (The amount of money invested at 11%) by the
symbol .

Let's rewrite sentences (1) and (2) in shortcut form.
  We have converted a narrative statement of the problem to an
equivalent algebraic statement of the problem. Let's solve this
system of equations.
  
A system of linear equations can be solved four different ways:

 Substitution 

 Elimination

 Matrices 

 Graphing
 The Method of Substitution:
 The method of substitution involves five steps:
 Step 1: Solve for y in equation (1).

 Step 2: Substitute this value for y in equation (2).

This will change equation (2) to an equation with
just one variable, x.
Step 3: Solve for x in the translated equation (2).

Step 4: Substitute this value of x in the y equation you obtained in Step 1

Step 5: Check your answers by substituting the values of x and y in
each of the original equations.If, after the substitution, the left side of
the equation equals the right side of the equation, you know that your
answers are correct.
 The Method of
Elimination:
 The process of elimination involves five steps:

In a two-variable problem rewrite the equations
so that when the equations are added, one of the
variables is eliminated, and then solve for the
remaining variable.
 Step 1: Change equation (1) by multiplying
equation (1) by  to obtain a new and equivalent
equation (1).
Step 2: Add new equation (1) to equation (2) to obtain
equation (3).

Step 3: Substitute in equation (1) and solve for x.

Step 4: Check your answers in equation (2). Does

The Method of Matrices:
 This method is essentially a shortcut for the
method of elimination.
 Rewrite equations (1) and (2) without the
variables and operators. The left column contains
the coefficients of the x's, the middle column
contains the coefficients of the y's, and the right
column contains the constants.
 The objective is to reorganize the original matrix into one that looks like

where a and b are the solutions to the system.

Step 1. Manipulate the matrix so that the number in cell 11 (row 1-col 1) is
1. In this case, we don't have to do anything. The number 1 is already in
the cell.

Step 2: Manipulate the matrix so that the number in cell 21 is 0. To do this

we rewrite the matrix by keeping row 1 and creating a new row 2 by
adding -0.09 x row 1 to row 2.
Step 3: Manipulate the matrix so that the cell 22 is 1. Do this by multiplying row 2 by 50.

Step 4: Manipulate the matrix so that cell 12 is 0. Do this by adding

You can read the answers off the matrix as x = $7,000 and y = $5,000.
 How do we “solve” a system of
equations???

 By finding the point where two or more

equations, intersect.

x+y=6
y = 2x 6

4 Point of intersection
2

1 2
 How do we “solve” a system of equations???

 Byfinding the point where two or

more equations, intersect.

x+y=6
y = 2x 6

4 (2,4)
2

1 2
 The method of Graphing:

 Equations of straight line

 Inclination of line
The angle α (o< α <180°) measure
counterclockwise from positive x - axis to
y
y none horizontal
l y straight line is called
l
inclination of l yy α =o α =90
y l

α
x
o x o o0 l ‫ װ‬y-axis
l ‫װ‬x-axis
Slope of line
Slope intercept form of equation

Y=mx+c
y l

P(x,y)
C(0,c)

c
α

o x
 Positive Slope
 When a line slopes up from left to right, it has a
positive slope. This means that a positive change in y
is associated with a positive change in x. The steeper
the slope, the greater the rate of change in y in
relation to the change in x.
 Negative Slope
 When a line slopes down from left to right, it has
a negative slope. This means that a negative
change in y is associated with a positive change
in x.
Positive Slope form of equation

Y=mx+c
y l

P(x,y)
C(0,c)

c
α

o x
 Systems of linear equations can be used

 Systems of linear equations can be used

in various subject areas and are used to
solve for unknowns. With n equations, the
highest possible number of unknowns that
can be solved for is n. Complications
occur when the number of unknowns is
unequal to the number of equations in the
system.
 Systems of linear equations can be used

Economics
 Linear Equations can be used to find out the best
method of maximizing profits.
Biology
 Systems of linear equations can also be used in
biology.
Chemistry
 Systems of linear equations can also be used in
chemistry to balance chemical equations.
Physics
 Systems of linear equations and matrices can be used
to find missing currents with given voltages.