0% found this document useful (1 vote)
335 views

ROC Z Transform

The document introduces the z-transform, which is useful for analyzing discrete-time signals and systems. Some key advantages of the z-transform are that it allows representing system outputs as products of inputs and system functions, and characterizing properties like stability in the z-domain. The z-transform of a signal is defined as a power series with complex variable z. Properties include linearity, shifting, time reversal, and representing convolution as multiplication. Zeros and poles provide insight into signals and systems.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (1 vote)
335 views

ROC Z Transform

The document introduces the z-transform, which is useful for analyzing discrete-time signals and systems. Some key advantages of the z-transform are that it allows representing system outputs as products of inputs and system functions, and characterizing properties like stability in the z-domain. The z-transform of a signal is defined as a power series with complex variable z. Properties include linearity, shifting, time reversal, and representing convolution as multiplication. Zeros and poles provide insight into signals and systems.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

The z-Transform: Introduction

Why z-Transform?
1. Many of signals (such as x(n)=u(n), x(n) = (0.5)
n
u(-
n), x(n) = sin(n) etc. ) do not have a DTFT.
2. Advantages like Fourier transform provided:
Solution process reduces to a simple algebraic procedures
The temporal domain sequence output y(n) = x(n)*h(n) can
be represent as Y(z)= X(z)H(z)
Properties of systems can easily be studied and
characterized in z domain (such as stability..)
Topics:
Definition of z Transform
Properties of z- Transform
Inverse z- Transform

Definition of the z-Transform
1. Definition:The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by


where z = re
jw
is a complex variable. The values of z for which the
sum converges define a region in the z-plane referred to as the
region of convergence (ROC).
2. Notationally, if x(n) has a z-transform X(z), we write


3. The z-transform may be viewed as the DTFT or an exponentially
weighted sequence. Specifically, note that with z = re
jw
, X(z) can be
looked as the DTFT of the sequence r
--n
x(n) and ROC is determined
by the range of values of r of the following right inequation.
ROC & z-plane
Complex z-plane
z = Re(z)+jIm(z) = re
jw
Zeros and poles of X(z)
Many signals have z-transforms that are
rational function of z:



Factorizing it will give:

The roots of the numerator polynomial,
k,
are
referred to as the zeros (o) and
k
are referred
to as poles (x). ROC of X(z) will not contain
poles.
ROC properties
ROC is an annulus or disc in the z-plane centred at the
origin. i.e.
A finite-length sequence has a z-transform with a region
of convergence that includes the entire z-plane except,
possibly, z = 0 and z = . The point z = will be included if
x(n) = 0 for n < 0, and the point z = 0 will be included if x(n) = 0
for n > 0.
A right-sided sequence has a z-transform with a region
of convergence that is the exterior of a circle:
ROC: |z|>
A left-sided sequence has a z-transform with a region of
convergence that is the interior of a circle:
ROC: |z|<
The Fourier Transform of x(n) converges absolutely if
and only if ROC of z-transform includes the unit circle

Properties of Z-Transform
Linearity
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence Rx,
and if y(n) has a z-transform Y(z) with a region of convergence
Ry,

and the ROC of W(z) will include the intersection of Rx and Ry,
that is, Rw contains .
Shifting property
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z),
Time reversal
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence Rx
that is the annulus , the z-transform of the time-
reversed sequence x(-n) is
and has a region of convergence , which is denoted by

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z bY z aX z W n by n ax n w
Z
+ = + =
y x
R R
) ( ) (
0
0
z X z n n x
n Z

| o < < z
) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z
o | 1 1 < < z
x
R 1
Properties of Z-Transform
Multiplication by an exponential
If a sequence x(n) is multiplied by a complex exponential
n
.

Convolution theorm
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence R
x
, and if
h(n) has a z-transform H(z) with a region of convergence R
h
,

The ROC of Y(z) will include the intersection of R
x
and R
h
, that is,
R
y
contains R
x
R
h
.
With x(n), y(n), and h(n) denoting the input, output, and unit-sample
response, respectively, and X(z), Y(x), and H(z) their z-transforms.
The z-transform of the unit-sample response is often referred to as
the system function.
Conjugation
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-transform of the complex
conjugate of x(n) is

) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z n
o o
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z H z X z Y n h n x n y
Z
= - =
) ( ) (
- - -
z X n x
Z
Properties of Z-Transform
Derivative
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-
transform of is

Initial value theorem
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n) and x(n) is
equal to zero for n<0, the initial value, x(0),
maybe be found from X(z) as follows:

dz
z dX
z n nx
Z
) (
) (
) ( lim ) 0 ( z X x
z
=

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy