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CHAPTER TEN
AC to DC CONVERTER
(Controlled Rectifiers)
Part II
(Three-Phase SCR)
DESIGNED
BY
Prof. SAMEER KHADER
PPU
2020-2021
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Outline

Three-Phase Half – Wave Controlled Rectifier

Three-Phase Full – Wave Controlled Rectifier

Three-Phase Full – Wave Semi Controlled Rectifier

Three-Phase Dual Converter -Controlled Rectifier

Summary
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Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter
Electrical circuit:
Three-phase half wave bridge rectifier is shown on the figure where 3 thyristors are connected to
three-phase arms , each phase has one thyristor, where SCR1=Q1, SCRS2=Q2 & SCR3=Q3..
Simulation circuit:
The following is the simulation circuit using PSIM
platform

Principle of operation : →1-Each thyristor

conducts for maximum time 120;
2- Only this SCR with maximum positive
anode voltage should be fired in order to
conduct…;

3- Each phase supplies power to the load for

maximum of 120  ;
4- There are 3 operation intervals, each
interval belongs to one SCR, i.e SCR1→
SCR2→ SCR3→
5- The firing angle α is detected form the
positive crossing point between two
phases.
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Waveforms: The effect of load character:
Source voltage
Based on the load character, the current
→ =15
waveform is deformed ( reshaped) as clearly
shown when the load has resistive-inductive
character……
2: R-L load
1: R load

Firing sequence: In order to successfully

firing all thyristor in predetermined sequence,
the illustrated example applies the following
sequence: SCR1 ⇒ =30→45;
SCR2 ⇒ =165→180;
SCR3 ⇒ =285→300.
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Electrical circuit: with r & r-L load
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Waveforms:
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Simulation Analysis:
The most important parameters are :Vdc, Idc, Vrms, Irms, Pdc, Prms , TUF, , KVA, PIV, FF, RF, …
- The average output voltage and current :

⇒ - for with 30 :

- The RMS output voltage and current :

→

- Now, for pure resistive load with  30 :

→
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Example (3):
Given a half-wave converter with 120 source voltage, 60Hz, 20 load resistance, and the rate of
average voltage is 86% of the maximum.
Determine:
1- the firing angle, average and rms voltage and current.
2- the average and rms thyristor current.
3- the rectifier efficiency TUF, and FF.
4- Assume Lc =2mH, find the voltage reduction V, and Vdc(LC0);
5- The overlapping angle 
Solution:
Given Vn=86% Vdm; VL-L=120V @ 60Hz V; R=20 . Since Vn=86% , ⇒ =30.
Procedure:
From Vn → VDC → IDC → Vrms → IRMS → ITR, → ITA → PRMS →, TUF, FF & PF…. V.., . ;
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter..
Example (2)…..:

4- The voltage reduction

5- The overlapping angle 

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Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter.. Vb
Example (2)…..:
4- The voltage reduction

5- The overlapping angle 

Overlapping

Who’s 

Refer to our example  =?

 Part II: A- Three-Phase Half-Wave Converter.. 11

Half wave controlled rectifier or 3 pulse converter allows operation in 1st & 4th quadrant .

Depending on the circuit

inductance two current
modes could be obtained, as
well shown from the figure
for two load cases :
1- heavy inductive load
2-pure resistive load .
These operation modes may
allow the circuit operation
in 1st & 4th quadrant (power
consumption & power
generation ) .
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Part II: A- Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter
Electrical circuit:
Three-phase full wave bridge rectifier is shown on the figure where 6 thyristors are connected to
three-phase arms , each phase has two thyristor.
Simulation circuit:
The following is the simulation circuit using PSIM
platform
Principle of operation :
1-Each thyristor conducts for maximum time of 120 ;
2- There are Anode group including SCR1, SCR3, SCR5,
and Cathode group with SCR2, SCR4, & SCR6.
2- Only 2 thyristors operating together each instant
forming 6 operation groups each with maximum duration
3- Each phase supplies power to the load for of 60 .
maximum of 240  ;
4-The firing angle α is detected form the
positive crossing point between two
phases for anode group and from the
negative point between two phases for
cathode group.
5- The full wave converter has maximum
rectified voltage at = 0.
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Part II: B-Three-Phase Full Wave Converter…
Simulation circuit…for R Load


o

The firing instants:

SCRs are fired in predetermined
sequence as follows:
1=45  → 60 SCR1=ON
Where o=1 is
2=105 → 120 SCR2=ON the angle detected
3=165 → 180 SCR3=ON from the zero-
crossing point of
4=225 → 240 SCR4=ON
Va(t), While
5=285 → 300 SCR5=ON =15 is the actual
6=375 → 390 SCR6=ON firing angle .
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Part II: B-Three-Phase Full Wave Converter..
Full wave controlled rectifier or 6 pulse converter allows operation in 1st & 4th quadrant .

Depending on the circuit

inductance two current modes
could be obtained (continuous or
discontinuous mode) .
These operation modes may
allow the circuit operation in 1st
& 4th quadrant (power
consumption & power
generation ) . The source current
is assumed to equal the output
average current with square
wave character.

Meanwhile this character generates rich spectrum of current harmonics especially at

high inductive loads. .
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Part II: B-Three-Phase Full Wave Converter Control Unit..

The above described circuit presents

full Controlled three phase rectifier
with feedback signal and control unit
allows harmonic reduction. ).
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Part II: B-Three-Phase Full Wave Converter..
Simulation circuit…for R –L Load
The following are the output voltage , current
and diode inverse voltage of R-L load . =30
Firing sequence : Anode group:
60-75, 180-195, 300-315
: Cathode group:
120-135, 240-255, 345-360
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Part II: B- Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter..
Example (4):
Given a three- phase full-wave converter with the following parameters :VLL=220V; Resistive load
with R=10; 60Hz; wye connected; the average voltage is 25% of the maximum permissible.
Determine:
1- the firing angle, average and rms voltage and current.
2- the thyristor parameters .
3- the rectifier efficiency TUF, FF and PF.
4- the average voltage reduction if the circuit inductance is 3mH.
5- The overlapping angle 
Solution: Given Vn=25% Vdm; VL-L=220V @ 60Hz V; R=10 .
Procedure:
From Vn → VDC → IDC → Vrms → IRMS → ITR, → ITA → PRMS →, TUF, FF & PF…. V.., . ;
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Part II: B- Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter..
Example (4)…:
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Part II: B- Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter..
Example (4)…:
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Part II: B- Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter..
Example (4)…:

This figure shows

the effect on the
circuit inductance
reflected throughout
the overlapping angle
 at =0, [4] .
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Part II: C- Three-Phase Full-Wave Semi-converter
Electrical circuit:
Three-phase full wave semi-converter is shown on the figure where 3 thyristors and 3 diodes are
connected to three-phase arms , each phase has one thyristor and one diode..
Simulation circuit:
The following is the simulation circuit using PSIM
platform
Principle of operation :
1-Each thyristor conducts for maximum time of 120 ;
2- There are Anode group including SCR1, SCR3, SCR5,
and Cathode group with D4, D6, & D2 with 120 
conduction.
3- Each phase supplies power to the load for 2- Only one SCR & one Diode operating together each
maximum of 240  ; instant forming 6 operation groups each with maximum
duration of 60 .
4-The firing angle α is detected form the
positive crossing point between two
phases for anode group .
5- The full wave converter has maximum
rectified voltage at = 0.
6- The phase current has asymmetrical form
with dominant negative character due to fixed
Diode conduction (120 )
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Part II: C- Three-Phase Full-Wave Semi-converter
Analysis:
Refer to the simulation waveforms, the output
voltage has complex character due to SCRs &
Diodes operation, as shown on the figure.
- The average output voltage and current :

- The normalizing voltage :

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Part II: C- Three-Phase Full-Wave Semi-converter
Analysis…..: .
- The overlapping angle : - The circuit currents when =0 :

Notice: For values of  0

These currents must be determined throughout
direct integration for the conducting intervals
of SCRs and Diodes individually….

Example (5):
A three- phase semi-converter is operated from a 3 source with 220V/60 Hz line voltage . The load
current is ripple free with average value of 150A. The commutation inductance per phase is 0.5 mH.

Determine:
1- The overlapping angle  for =30 and =60 .
2- The net average voltage taking into account the values of  .
Solution:
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Part II: C- Three-Phase Full-Wave Semi-converter
Example (5)…: Solution…:

- The maximum rectified voltage and average voltage drop:

⇒ →  
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Example for various firing angles leading to change in the rectified wave form and
obtained average voltage .
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Part II: Three-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier (Regulation Performances)
1- Voltage regulation as function of loading 2- Converter output average voltage Vd vs α and
current at various firing angles : regulation characteristic with source inductance
and regions for CCM & DCM.

Rectifier Pdc> 0
CCM
DCM

Inversion Pdc< 0

Two operation Modes [5]: * Rectification :For 0  90

*Inversion :For 90   180.
4- Regulation performances Vn= f(  )

3- The effect of overlapping angle  vs  at

various loading levels Id/Idmax..
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Part II: Three-Phase Converter ..Example- DC Drive
Example (6): Three- phase full-wave converter is used to control the speed of 100hp, 600V, 1800rpm
separately excited DC motor with efficiency of 95.5% as shown on the figure . The
converter is operated from 3, 380V, 50 Hz supply source . The motor parameters are
Ra=0.1, La=5mH, C =0.3V/rpm , rated operation. Assume rec= m.
Determine:
A)Motoring operation:
1- find the firing angle
2- the input PF when the motor rotates at speed of
1500rpm .
B)Inversion operation :
1- find the firing angle
2- the input Power factor when the motor operates
in regenerative braking with speed of 1000rpm at

Solution: Givenrated loading .3-for this mode determine the power fed to the source.
Pout=100hp; Vd=600V; m =95.5%; VLL=380V, f=50Hz, and motor parameters.
Procedure: • A) 1- The needed rectified voltage :
From hp , Vd, n →Ea, Ia →Vdc() →  →PF….
✓ General requirements:
• Motor armature current - The firing angle  :

• The back emf :

2- The input power factor:
• The maximum rectified voltage:
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Part II: Three-Phase Converter ..Examples
Example (6)..: Solution: 2- The input power factor:
• The apparent power :

3- The power fed to the source :

The input PF :
Summary;
1- The machine is operating in Motor
mode during the regulation period for
=0..90, where PDC  0 ;
• B) Braking regeneration: 2-The machine is operating in generator mode
In this mode the polarity of Ea is reversed , for  90..180, where PDC  0;
therefore the energy is returned back to the source , 3-Full wave converter allow motor operation
and the rectified voltage becomes; in I & IV quadrant as shown :

1) The firing angle  :

4- To realize 4 quadrants operation, a Dual
Converter should be used, which will be the
subject of the upcoming topic…
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Part II: Three-Phase Full Converter Abnormal Operation
1- When SCR Failed:

Failure region

Normal operation:

Abnormal operation:
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Part II: Three-Phase Full Converter Abnormal Operation
2- When Phase A is
lost:

Normal operation:

Abnormal operation:
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Part II: Three-Phase Converter based on FPGA Triggering
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Part III: A- Single Phase Full-Wave Dual Converter
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Part III: A- Single Phase Full-Wave Dual Converter
The following is principle dual-converter circuit with the required control units…..
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Part III: A- Single Phase Full-Wave Dual Converter
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Part III: B- Three Phase Full-Wave Dual Converter
The following is principle dual-converter circuit with the required
control units operating as Cyclo-converter…..
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This type rectifiers presents

Two anti-parallel connected
Full-wave six pulse rectifiers
With common load with aim
to deliver this load with either
positive and negative voltage .
The envelope of this voltage
over one source period
Presents the output load
frequency .
Also the load voltage is
modulated by applying
sinusoidal reference signal
with purpose to obtain output
load voltage with minimized
voltage and current ripples .
The output voltage frequency
For illustrated example is 25
Hz while the input frequency
is 50 Hz.
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Controlled Rectifiers
Conclusion:
Three-phase Full wave controlled rectifiers are characterized with :

1-In both circuits it’s clearly shown that the voltage and
current ripples being high at great values of , therefore
poor efficiency & TUF;

2- Semi-converters are characterized with dc current

component in the source current (heavy saturated
transformer) , and contains high orders of current harmonics,
while this drawbacks is eliminated in the case of 6 pulse
rectifiers .The output frequency is 6 times the rated ;
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Controlled Rectifiers
Conclusion….:
Three-phase Full wave controlled rectifiers are characterized with…. :
3- Semi-converters only have rectification mode operation i.e
Vn 0 for =0…180. Which means, they can’t return energy
to the source;
4- Adding freewheeling diode avoid energy return to the
source;
5- The overlapping angle depends on  ( at great value of  , 
reduced), and V is independent of  to some extent;
6- The filtering circuit is designed for the worst case of
operation ( at maximum value of ).
7- Dual Rectifiers are used to realize 4 quadrant operation.
These rectifiers are applied in DC traction drive, dual polarities
power supplies, etc..
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Part II: Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier
Related Problems:

1- A Full-Wave three phase rectifier energizes a 3kW power to resistive load throughout 2:1
Y/Y transformer. When a 3 mH inductance is connected the voltage drops by 4%. The source
is 380V/50 Hz.
Design the rectification circuit by selecting the diodes and transformer …

2 Build the simulation model and conduct the following :

(a) add 20mH inductance and record the behaviors of the circuit,
(b) disconnect phase A, and determine the net output dc voltage ,
(c) Add back emf voltage with value of 30%VDC, and record the behaviors of the
circuit.
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Converters
References:

[1] Power Electronics, circuits, devices & applications, by Muhammed H. Rashid, 4th
edition, 2014 .
[2] Power Electronics by Daniel W. Hart, 1st edition, ISBN978-0-07-338067-4, 2010.

[3]PPT, Ch. 10, Power Electronics, circuits, devices & applications, by Muhammed
H. Rashid, 4th edition, 2014.
[4] https://slideplayer.com/slide/8789697 ,
[5]- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXb3a_03pl0
[6.] F. Rahman, Ac-DC Converter. Lecture Notes , The University of New South
Wales School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
[7]- https://www.eeeguide.com/three-pulse-converter-with-freewheeling-diode/

[8]- Geno Peter, Design of single phase fully controlled converter using cosine wave crossing
control with various protections, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4222-4227

[9]- Zero Crossing Detectors and Comparators, https://sound-au.com/appnotes/an005.htm

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