A force is a push or pull that one

FORCE object exerts on another.

• It produces or tends to produce
motion and stops or tends to stop
motion (OR Movement)
• Force is a quantity that is
measured using the standard
metric unit known as the Newton.
A Newton is abbreviated by an "N".
• A force is a vector quantity.
Therefore, has both magnitude and
Whenever we are pushing, pulling, lifting, direction.
bending, twisting, tearing, stretching or
squeezing, we are exerting a force. Josephine Dsilva
Changes a force can make;

Accelerates[increasing speed]
or decelerates[decreasing
speed] a body
Rotates or revolves

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BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES

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 Free body diagrams are pictures that
Free body diagrams show the size and direction of all the
forces acting on an object

Steps to drawing free body diagram

1. Pick one object to analyze

2. Draw box to represent the object
3. Draw arrows to represent each
force acting on the object

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 Balanced forces • Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s first law of motion states that a body
will continue in its state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line unless an external
resultant force acts on it.

When two or more  Newton’s First Law of Motion is also known

external forces acting on a body as the law of inertia.
produce no net resultant force, i.e.,  Inertia is a property of mass resisting any
vector sum of forces is zero, we say change from its original state of rest or motion
that the forces are balanced. The lack  An external force is one whose source lies
of resultant force produces no outside of the body being considered. e.g.
net acceleration and hence, the body weight of a body and friction
will remain at rest or moves at its  The resultant force is the vector sum of all
original constant velocity in a external forces exerted on a body.
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straight line.
A body at rest implies that ;
the net resultant force exerted on the body is zero.
BUT it is not necessarily that there is no forces acting on the body
EXAMPLE;a box resting on a table has zero net
resultant force.
But there are two forces acting on the box!
One of the force is the gravitational force due to
the weight of the box, while the other is the
normal force.
Normal force (or reaction force) is an external
force exerted perpendicularly by the surface in
reaction to any body placed against it.

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 Balanced forces
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Newton’s third law states that for every
action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
These forces are act on mutually opposite
bodies
 If body A(for e.g. finger) exerts a
 Forces always occur in pairs – force on body B(for e.g. wall) , then
body B exerts a force of equal
Action force and reaction force. magnitude but in the opposite
 The action and reaction forces are equal in direction on body A.
magnitude, opposite to one another and act
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on different bodies.
 When two or more external forces acting on a
Unbalanced forces body produce a net resultant force, i.e, the
vector sum of forces is not zero, the forces are
unbalanced.
• Newton’s Second Law
of Motion
Newton's second Law states that the For a body of constant mass, Newton’s
resultant force acting on a body Second Law of Motion can be expressed as
produces a net acceleration and causes
the body to accelerate in the direction of
the resultant force.
Where
F = Resultant force( in N)
One Newton is the amount of force required to
give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. m= mass( in kg)
a=acceleration( in ms-2 )
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 If the net resultant force is in the direction of the motion,
the body will accelerate.
 If the net resultant force is against the direction of
motion, the body will decelerate.
 To calculate the acceleration of a body, one should use
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the net resultant force exerted on it.
 Question
Mike's car, which weighs 1,000 kg, is out of gas.
Mike is trying to push the car to a gas station,
and he makes the car go 0.05 m/s/s. Using
Newton's Second Law, you can compute how much
force Mike is applying to the car.

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 Friction
 Friction is the force that resists the motion of
one surface relative to another with which it is
in contact.
 It is parallel to the contact surfaces Example: Pushing a box along the
and opposite to the direction of motion or table. The box will eventually come
impeding motion. to rest.
 It generates heat as the surfaces are moving inThe friction comes from the
opposite directions microscopic surface irregularities of
 SI unit of friction is newton (N). the two surfaces (of the box and the
 It is a vector quantity. table). The surface irregularities
 When a body is in motion, friction will tend catch onto each other and resist
to slow it down. motion.
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 ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
Reduces speed of motion (A box
Able to start of stop motion (Used in
sliding along the floor gradually comes
braking pads to slow down cars)
to a stop)
Causes wear and tear (Gears get worn
Prevents slipping when walking
out and require replacements)
Energy is wasted as work done to
The ridges on the palm of our hands
overcome friction therefore reduces
and fungers help us to grab and hold
the life expectancy of moving parts of
object
a vehicle
Excess of friction means more energy
It helps to support a ladder on a wall to overcome it, therefore wastage of
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NOTE
• When the magnitude of the pushing force is equal to the magnitude of
frictional force on the object, the object will travel at a constant speed.

• When a body is at rest, friction will have to be overcome before the

body can start to move.

• when A body is at rest, the forward pushing force is equal to the

backward resisting or frictional force

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 Uniform circular motion is the motion of an
Circular motion object travelling at a constant or uniform
speed on a circular path.

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 • When an object moves in a circular
path two forces act to maintain its
circular motion;
• Centripetal force; Is a force that pull
the object towards the center of the
circle. The direction of this force is
always towards the center of the
circle.i.e. inwards
• Centrifugal force; Is a force that pulls
the object away from the centre of
the circle. The direction of this force is
always opposite to the centripetal
force that is outwards
• When both forces are equal the
object will move in the circle due to
inertia.
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For motion in a circular path due to a force
perpendicular to the motion:
(a) speed increases if force increases, with mass and radius
constant
(b) radius decreases if force increases, with mass and speed
constant
(c) an increased mass requires an increased force to keep
speed and radius constant
F = mv2 r
Note ; formula not in syllabus

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RECAP

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Addition of vectors
a)Parallel vectors

a)Non parallel vectors

Head to tail method
Parallelogram method

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