Programming with Python for Engineers

Lecture-3
Lecture : Week-3
Subject : Introduction to Python
- Numbers and Boolean values,
- Container data (str, tuple, list, dict, set);
- Mutable - immutable data;
- Aliasing problem

Lecturer: Hüseyin SAYIN

E-Mail : hsayin@metu.edu.tr
Coordinating Assistant : Alperen Dalkıran
Support E-Mail : 2xx@ceng.metu.edu.tr
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 1
 Objectives
• In this chapter, you will learn:
– Introduction to Python:
* Numbers and Boolean values in Python,
* Container data in Python
- str
- tuple
- list
- dict
- set
* Mutable - immutable data;
* Aliasing problem
- Labs starting next week.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 2
 Dive into Python

• How a computer works,

• How we solve problems with computers,
• How we can represent data in binary,

We are ready to interact with Python

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 3

 Dive into Python

• The Python interpreter waits for our

computational demands if not executing
something already.
• Those demands that describe an
algorithm have to be expressed in
Python as a sequence of ‘actions’.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 4

 Dive into Python

Each Python action can serve two broad

purposes
• Creating or modifying data
- Perform sequential,
- Conditional or
- Repetitive
execution on the data, and produce other
data.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 5

 Dive into Python

Interacting with the environment:

Creating or modifying data
- Usually involve interacting with the
user,
- The peripherals of the computer to take
in (input) data or take out (output) data.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 6

 Expression

• An expression specifies a calculation,

which, when evaluated (performed),
yields some data as a result. An
expression can consist of:
- Basic data or container data,
- Expressions involving operations
among data and other expressions,
- Functions acting on expressions.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 7

 Statement

• A statement does not return data as a

result and can be either basic or
compound:
- Compound statements are
composed of other statements and
- Executing the compound statement
means executing the statements in
the compound.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 8

 Naming and Printing Data

Variables:
• In programming languages, we can
give a name to data and use that
name to access

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 9

 Naming and Printing Data

Printing data:
• Python provides the print() function to
display data items on screen.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 10

 What is Data?
CPU can only understand two types of data:
• Integers numbers (int in short)
• Floating point numbers (float in short)
The following are not directly understandable
by a CPU:
• Characters (‘a’, ‘A’, ‘2’, …)
• Strings (“apple”, “banana”, …)
• Complex Numbers
• Matrices
• Vectors
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 11
 What is Data?
But, programming languages can
implement these data types

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 12

 Basic Data in Python
Basic number types in Python
• Integers numbers (int in short)
• Floating point numbers (float in short)
• Complex numbers

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 13

 Basic Data in Python
Basic number types in Python
• Integers numbers (int in short)
- As we are used to from your math
classes,
- Have any number of digits (Unlimited
size) in Python
- The internal mechanism of Python
switches from the CPU-imposed fixed-size
integers to some elaborated big-integer
representation silently when needed.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 14
 Basic Data in Python
Basic number types in Python
• Floating point numbers (float in short)
- IEEE754 standard (32bit, 64bit)
- The scientific notation (a×10b) to write
floating point numbers.
- float 0.0000000436 can be written in
scientific notation as 4.36×10−8 and in
Python as 4.36E-8 or 4.36e-8

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 15

 Basic Data in Python
Basic number types in Python
• Complex numbers
- Can be created by using j after a floating
point number (or integer) to denote the
imaginary part.
- e.g. 1.5-2.6j for the complex number
(1.5+2.6i).

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 16

 More on Integers
int data type for integers and
float data type for floating point numbers.

indicates type int.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 17

 More on Integers
• In Python version 3,
- integers do not have fixed-size
representation (unbounded
representation) and their size is only
limited by your available memory.
• In Python version 2,
- There were two integer types:
- int, which used the fixed length
representation supported by the CPU,
- long type, which was unbounded.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 18
 More on Floats
• Python uses the 64-bit IEEE754
standard, which allows representing
numbers in the range
• [2.2250738585072014E-308,
1.7976931348623157E+308].

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 Useful Operations on Numbers
• abs(<Number>): Takes the absolute
value of the number.
• pow(<Number1>, <Number2>): Takes
the power of <Number1>, i.e.
<Number1><Number2>
• round(<FloatNumber>): Rounds the
floating point number to the closest integer.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 20

 Useful Operations on Numbers
Functions from the math library:
• type(<data>) function
• sqrt(),
• sin(),
• cos(),
• log(), etc.
(see the Python documentation for a full
list).

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 21

 Useful Operations on Numbers
Functions from the math library (Numeric and
Mathematical Modules):
• numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
• math — Mathematical functions
• cmath — Mathematical functions for complex
numbers
• decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point
arithmetic
• fractions — Rational numbers
• random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
• statistics — Mathematical statistics functions

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 Useful Operations on Numbers
This requires importing from the built-in
math library first as follows:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 23

 Boolean Values
• Provides True and False.
For example,

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 24

 Boolean Values
• Python converts several instances of other data
types to some certain boolean values, if used in
place of a boolean value. For example,
- 0 (the integer zero)
- 0.0 (the floating point zero)
- "" (the empty string)
- [] (the empty list)
- {} (the empty dictionary or set)
are interpreted as False.
• All other values of similar kinds are interpreted
as True.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 25
 Useful Operations with Logical Operators
• negation or inverse, and and or
operations. For example,

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 26

 Useful Operations with Logical Operators
• logical and
- Returns true if both conditions are true
• logical or
- Returns true if either of its conditions
are true
• logical not, logical negation
- Reverses the truth/falsity of its condition
- Unary operator, has one operand

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 27

 Useful Operations with Logical Operators
• Useful as conditions in loops

Expression Result
true and false false
true or false true
not false true
not true false

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 Useful Operations with Logical Operators
• Useful as conditions in loops

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 Useful Operations with Logical Operators

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 Problems with Precedence

• The precedence of some operators

produces problems when they create
behaviours which are unexpected.

31
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python
 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
Solution to Precedence Problems
When in doubt…

Use parentheses!!!

Better still, use parentheses anyway

- You may not be in doubt, but the next
reader may be

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python

 Container Data

• Up to this point we have seen the basic

data types. Certainly needed for
computation.
• But many world problems for which,
- Vectors,
- Matrices,
- Ordered and unordered sets,
- Graphs,
- Trees

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 33

 Container Data
• Vectors and matrices are used in
almost all simulations/problems of the
physical world;
• Sets are used to keep any property
information as well as orders of items,
equivalences;

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 34

 Container Data
• Graphs are necessary for many spatial
problems;
• Trees are vital to representing
hierarchical relational structures, action
logics, organizing data for a quick
search.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 35

 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• String ("str"),
• List ("list"),
• Tuple ("tuple"),
• Dictionary ("dict"),
• Set ("set")

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 36

 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• String ("str"):
 Hold a sequence of characters or
only a single character.
 Can not be modified after creation.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 37

 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• List ("list"):
 Hold ordered sets of all data types
(including another list).
Elements can be modified after
creation.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 38

 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• Tuple ("tuple"):
Very similar to the list type but the
elements cannot be modified
after creation (similar to strings)..

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 39

 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• Dictionary ("dict"):
Very efficient method to form a
mapping from a set of numbers,
booleans, strings and tuples to
any set of data.
Dictionaries are easily modifiable
and extendable.

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 Container Data

Five container types for these:,

• Dictionary ("dict"):
Querying the mapping of an
element to the ‘target’ data is
performed in almost constant time
(regardless of how many elements
the dictionary has).
In Computer Science terms, it is a
hash table.

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 Container Data

Five container types for these:

• Set ("set"):
Be equivalent to sets in
mathematics.
The element order is undefined.
(We deemphasize the use of set).

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 Sequential Containers

• String, List, Tuple:

- Consist of consecutive elements
indexed by integer values
Starting at 0.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 43

 Sequential Containers

• Dictionary:
- Is not sequential.
- Element indexes are arbitrary.

• All these containers have external

representations which are used in
inputting and outputting them (with all
their content).

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 Mutability vs. Immutability

• mutable:
- After created-just can wholly
destroyed.
- But cannot change or delete their
individual elements.
- Strings and Tuples are immutable.
- Lists, Dictionaries and Sets are
mutable.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 45

 Mutability vs. Immutability

• immutable:
- Adding new elements and changing
or deleting existing ones is possible.
- Lists, Dictionaries and Sets are
mutable.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 46

 Accessing elements in s-Containers

• All containers (except set) reveal their

individual elements by an indexing
mechanism with brackets:
- The index is an ordinal number
where counting starts with zero.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 47

 Accessing elements in s-Containers

- A negative index (usable only on

s-containers) has a meaning that
the (counting) value is relative to the end.
- A negative index can be converted to a
positive index by adding the length of the
container.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 48
 Slicing in s-Containers

• Accessing multiple elements of an s-

container is possible via the slicing
mechanism, which specifies a starting
index, an ending index and an index
increment between elements.

-.
-

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 49

 Slicing in s-Containers

- The element at the start index is the

first to be accessed.
- The end index is where accessing
stops (the element at the end index is not
accessed – i.e. the end index is not
inclusive).
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 50
 Slicing in s-Containers

- It is also possible to optionally define

an increment (jump amount) between
indexes.
- After the element at [start] is accessed
first, [start + increment] is accessed next.

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 Slicing in s-Containers

- After the element at [start] is

accessed first, [start + increment] is
accessed next. This goes on until the
accessed position is equal or greater than
the end index.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 52

 Slicing in s-Containers

- For negative indexing, a negative

increment has to work from the bigger
index towards the lesser,
so (start index > end index) is expected.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 53

 Accessing elements in s-Containers

• If the s-container is immutable

(e.g. string and tuple containers) then
slicing creates a copy of the sliced
data.
• If the s-container is mutable
(i.e. the ‘list’ container) then slicing
provides direct access to the original
elements and
• Therefore, they can be updated, which
updates the original s-container.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 54
 Common Operations on Containers

mutable immutable extandable index sequential

String ("str
str"),
str X 0
List ("list
list"),
list X 0
Tuple ("tuple
tuple"),
tuple X 0
Dictionary ("dict
dict"),
dict X X arbitrary not sequential
Set ("set
set")
set X NOT

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 Common Operations on Containers

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 56

 Common Operations on Containers

1. Number of elements
2. Concatenation
3. Repetition
4. Membership

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 Common Operations on Containers

1. Number of elements
- len() is a built-in function
- The count of elements in the
container.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 58

 Common Operations on Containers

2. Concatenation
- String, Tuple and List data types
can be combined using ‘+’ operation.

- Where the containers need to be of

the same type.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 59

 Common Operations on Containers

3. Repetition
- String, Tuple and List data types
can be combined using ‘*’ operation.

- Where the container is copied ‘’ many

times.

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 Common Operations on Containers

4. Membership
- All containers can be checked for
whether they contain a certain item as
an element using ‘in’ and ‘not in’
operation.
- The result is either True or False.
- For dictionaries in tests if the domain set
contains the element,
- For others it simply tests if element is a
member.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 61
 Strings
• Hold a sequence of characters.
• It is a container where each element is a
character.
• Python does not have a special
representation for a single character.
Characters are represented externally as
strings containing a single character only

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 62

 Strings
• Enclosing the character sequence between a
pair of quotes (') or
• Double quotes (").
• A string surrounded with triple double
quotes (""" . . . """) allows to have any
combination of quotes and line breaks within
a sequence.
• Python will still view it as a single entity.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 63

 Strings
.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 64

 Strings
• The backslash (\) is a special character in
Python strings, also known as the escape
character.
• Prefixing a special character with (\) turns it
into an ordinary character. This is called
escaping.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 65

 Strings
• The backslash (\) is a special character in
Python strings, also known as the escape
character.
• It is used in representing certain, the so
called, unprintable characters:
- (\t) is a tab,
- (\n) is a newline,
- (\r) is a carriage return.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 66

 Strings
.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 67

 Strings
• The backslash (\) is a special character in
Python strings, also known as the escape
character.
• (\') is the single quote character.
• 'It\'s raining'  It's raining
• (") can be escaped:
- "\"hello\""  "hello"

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 Examples with Strings

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 69

 Examples with Strings

• Strings are immutable.

• An attempt to change a character in a
string will fail.

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 Useful Operations on String

• Creation
- In addition to using quotes for string
creation, the str() function can be used to
create a string from its argument.

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 Useful Operations on String

• Concatenation, repetition and

membership:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 72

 Useful Operations on String

• Deletion from and Insertion to

strings:
- Since strings are immutable, this is
not possible.
- The only way is to create a new
string, making use of slicing and
concatenation operation (using +), then
replacing the new created string in
same place of the former one.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 73

 Useful Operations on String

• Deletion from and Insertion to

strings:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 74

 List and Tuple

• Both data types are sequential

containers:
- Contain any other data type (including
other tuples or lists) as elements.
- Tuples are immutable (after being
created, it is not possible to change,delete
or insert any element)
- Lists are mutable.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 75

 List and Tuple

• Lists are created by enclosing

elements into a pair of brackets and
separating them with commas,
e.g. ["this", "is", "a", "list"].
• Tuples are created by enclosing
elements into a pair of parentheses
e.g. ("this", "is", "a", "tuple").
• The elements can be any data (basic or
container).
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 76
 List and Tuple

• Lists

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 77

 List and Tuple

• Tuples can become list members as

well, or vice versa:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 78

 List and Tuple
• Lists using is generally prefered over tuples
since they allow changing elements.
• Lists (and tuples) are used whenever there is a
need for an ordered set. Here are a few use
cases for lists and tuples.
- Vectors
- Matrices
- Graphs
- Board game states
- Student records, address book, any inventory
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 79
 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Deletion from lists:

1. Assigning an empty list to the slice
that is going to be removed.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Deletion from lists:

2. Using the del statement on the slice
that is going to be removed.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Insertion into lists:

1. Using assignment with a degenerate
use of slicing.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Insertion into lists:

2. The second method can insert only
one element at a time, and requires
object-oriented features, which
will be covered later.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Insertion into lists:

2. The second method can insert only
one element at a time, and requires
object-oriented features, which will be
covered later.
- Takes two parameters: The first
parameter is the index where the item
will be inserted and the second
parameter is the item to be inserted.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 84

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Data creation with "tuple()" and

"list()" functions:
Similar to other data types, tuple and
list data types provide two functions for
creating data from other data types.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 85

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Concatenation and repetition with

"tuple()" and "list()" functions:
Similar to strings, + and * can be used
respectively to concatenate two
tuples/lists and to repeat a tuple/list
many times.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Membership:
Similar to strings, in and not in
operations can be used to check
whether a tuple/list contains an
element.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Membership:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 88

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Example: Matrices as Nested Lists:

In many real-world problems, we often
end up with a set of values that share
certain semantics or functionality, and
benefit from representing them in a
regular grid structure that we call
matrix.

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 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Example: Matrices as Nested Lists:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 90

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Example: Matrices as Nested Lists:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 91

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• Example: Matrices as Nested Lists:

How we can represent matrices in Python.

Each row is represented as a list and a

member of the outer list.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 92
 Dictionary

• Container data type where accessing

items can be performed with indexes
that are not numerical:
- Indexes are called keys.
- Stores an element (value) for each
key.
- Mapping from keys to values

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 Dictionary

• Mapping from keys to values

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 Dictionary

• Represented as key-value pairs, each

separated by a column sign (:) and all
enclosed in a pair of curly braces.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 95

 Dictionary

• Similar to other containers, we usually

store containers under a variable. Let us
assume the dictionary above was
assigned to a variable with the name
conno and look at some examples.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 96

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• remove from – insert to

mappings a dictionary:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 97

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• remove from – insert to

mappings a dictionary:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 98

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• remove from – insert to

mappings a dictionary:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 99

 Useful Operations on Lists and Tuples

• remove from – insert to

mappings a dictionary:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 100

 Dictionary

• The benefit of using a dictionary is ‘timewise’. The

functionality of a dictionary could be attained by using
(key, value) tuples inserted into a list. Then, when you
need the value of a certain key, you can search one-
by one each (key, value)-tuple element of the list until
you find your key in the first position of a tuple
element.
• However, this will consume a time proportional to the
length of the list (worst case). On the contrary, in a
dictionary, this time is almost constant.
• Moreover, a dictionary is more practical to use
since it already provides accessing elements in a key-
based fashion.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 101
 Useful Operations with Dictionaries

• len() and
• membership (in and not in) operations that we have
seen above.
• <dictionary>.values() and
• <dictionary>.keys() to obtain lists of values and keys
respectively.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 102

 Set

• Created by enclosing elements into a pair of

curly-braces and separating them with commas.
• Any immutable data type, namely a number, a string
or a tuple, can be an element of a set.
• Mutable data types (lists, dictionaries) cannot be
elements of a set.
• Being mutable, sets cannot be elements of a sets.

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 103

 Dictionary

• Frozenset:
- An immutable version of the set type.
- Can be constructed using the
frozenset() function.

- Being immutable, frozensets can be a

member of a set or a frozenset.
Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 104
 Useful Operations with Sets
• len() and
• membership (in and not in) operations
that we have seen above.
• sets and frozensets support the
following operators:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 105

 Useful Operations with Sets
• The following are only applicable with
sets (and not with forezensets) as they
require a mutable container:

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python 106

 Questions

Fall 2023 Hüseyin Sayın - Ceng240 – Lecture-3 – Introduction to Python