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Lecture 2 - Geotechnical design of shallow foundations

The document outlines the principles of geotechnical and structural design related to retaining structures and foundation design, focusing on ultimate and allowable bearing capacities, factors of safety, and Terzaghi's criteria for bearing capacity. It discusses the effects of groundwater on bearing capacity and provides examples for calculating ultimate and allowable bearing capacities for different soil conditions and foundation types. The lecture aims to equip students with essential knowledge for ensuring foundation stability and serviceability under various loading conditions.

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muyideen abdulkareem
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17 views

Lecture 2 - Geotechnical design of shallow foundations

The document outlines the principles of geotechnical and structural design related to retaining structures and foundation design, focusing on ultimate and allowable bearing capacities, factors of safety, and Terzaghi's criteria for bearing capacity. It discusses the effects of groundwater on bearing capacity and provides examples for calculating ultimate and allowable bearing capacities for different soil conditions and foundation types. The lecture aims to equip students with essential knowledge for ensuring foundation stability and serviceability under various loading conditions.

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muyideen abdulkareem
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Geotechincal design: with foundation soil capacity ‘Structural design: structural material capacity Lecture 2 Geotechnical design of shallow|foundations Dr. Morsaleen Chowdhury Civil Engineering & Quantity Surveying Military Technological College MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN 4 Lecture outline At the end of the class, the student should will have gained knowledge on the following concepts: = Ultimate bearing capacity = Allowable/safe bearing capacity = Factor of safety = Terzaghi’s criteria and assumptions on bearing Capacity—* More advanced/genereal equation = Ground water effects on bearing capacity MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Introduction = Ageotechnical engineer must ensure that a foundation satisfies the following two stability conditions: = The foundation must not collapse or become unstable under any conceivable loading. This is called ultimate limit state. (timate limi state)- ULS Settlementlof the structure must be within tolerable limits so as not to impair the design function of the structure. This is called serviceability limit state. Serviceability limit state (SLS) = Both requirements must be satisfied. Often, it is settlement that governs the design of shallow foundations. ill superstructure . b settlement MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity = Terzaghi (1943) derived bearing capacity equations based on Prandtl failure mechanism and the limit equilibrium method. Soil above 1 = Terzaghi assumed the following: footeg D| | \II 4. The soil is a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, weightless, rigid—plastic material. Constant strength and properties along the medium. 2. The embedment depth is less than the width of the footing. p soil angele of fton gf q, = 5.7c for a surface footing. (z~o) = q, =1.3cN, +yzN, +0.3yBN, (circular footing) Lb = q, =1.3cN, +yzN, +0.4yBN, (square footing) = qu=CNe(1+032) + yzN, +0.5yBN, (1 — 0.2%) (rectangular footing) MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Soil: candph’ ~—_- Terzaghi’s Bearing Coefficients™ Trigonomettic functions of gy’ Terzaghi's eq 68. Ny = tan? a « stood Soi era t084 (57.5)'exp(p i OG a LE N.=(N, , ~Heot¢’ = = Noltan-1/tan g 0 & (v, +1)tang’ PNe > 5.7 = The increase in the value of N, from 5.14 to 5.7 is due to the fact that Terzaghi allowed for frictional effects between the foundation and its supporting soil. = The coefficient N, allows for the surcharge effects due to the soil above the foundation level, and N, allows for the size of the footing B (self weight), and N, is the bearing 1 capacity factor related to cohesion. 0 5 10 15 2 2 30 3% 40 45 Effective Friction Angle (4") (°) Bearing Capacity Factor (Nc, Nq, Ny) MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN u-undrained (soil is initially at its natural state with water pressure) overtime, the water pressure dissipate ‘effective parameters" xample 1 =» Arectangular foundation, 2m x 4m, is to be founded at a depth of 1 m below the surface of a deep stratum of soft saturated clay (unit weight = 20 kN/m3)(Undrained and consolidated undrained triaxial tests established the following soil parameters: cu = 24 kPa, g’ = 25°, c'=0.) Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the " Assumption: undrained conditions (pore foundation, pressure is in the soil),25y =O (i) immediately after construction (ii) some years after construction. eee Z Ss Sm Effective fin parameteres: — Beam: + 20kN/m3 MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Solution_Q1 it may be assumed that immediately after construction the clay will be in an undrained state. The relevant soil parameter is cu = 24 kPa. From Chart 1: N, = 5.7, Ng = 1.0, N, = 0.0. Rectangularfootng: gq = CN, (1 +03 2) +y2Nq = Qu = 24x 5.7 (1 + 0.3 x 2/4) + 20 x1x1 © qu= 177.3 kPa cnet = Itcan be assumed that, after some years, the clay will be fully drained so that the relevant soil parameters are @' = 25° and c’ = 0. From Chart 4:(Ne = 25.1, Ny = 12.7. Ny = athe Recheck N-dimensionless these values du = Y2Nq + 0.5yBNy (1 - 0.2 2) with equation Qy = 20x 1 x12.7 + 0.5x 20x 2x 9.7 (1 - 0.2 x 2/4) «© Gy = 428.6 kPa © + ae 0.32) +yzNy + NG - 0.25) (rectangular footing) MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Example 2 (Terzaghi) = Calculate the bearing capacity of a square shallow foundation of width 3 m embedded at 1.5 m below the gound surface, if the properties of the soil are as follows: y = 17.3 kN/m$ , c= 10 kPa and g' = 25°. If* is notin c, then assume itis c'. Effective parameter Undrained —> always uis given MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Solution_Q2 ooting dimension, B= 3 m, D, = 1.5 m=z = Soil properties: y, = 17.3 kN/m*; @ = 25°; and c’ = 10kPa = From Chart 1: for g'=25°(N, = 25.1, Ny = 12.7, Ny = 9.7. For a square footing: S qu = 1.3cN, + yDpNg + 0.4YBNy q, = (1.3 x10 x 25.1) + (17.3x 1.5 x 12.7) + (0.4 x 17.3 x3 x9.7) a= 326 it 330 < 191 c= cohesion =| Qu = 847 kPa phi angle of friction N - bearing c oeff. gamma - soil unit weight z= Df depth of found. B =width qu =1.3cN, +yzN, +0.4yBN,, (square footing) MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN General Bearing Capacity a Ultimate bearing capacity Guir = f(strength [s,, 4’ ], unit weight, geometry, compressibility) Fine-grained soils (short- term) 5 - sand) Terzaghi Ne = 5.7 Total stress analysis (TSA): dy = 5.14¢,5,dei,geb, _(initial- undrained state) All soils (long-term) Effective stress analysis (ESA) : Effective - long term du = CuNeScdeteGebe + YD¢NaSqdqigdghg + O-5YBNySydyi,gyby “ x q, is net ultimate bearing capacity N., N, and N, are bearing capacity factors that are functions of Soy Sa ‘and sy are shape factors —2s shape of foundation oo d, are embedment depth factors depth of foundation on are load inclination factors angle of column load (may not be at 90deg) eh b, are base inclination (base tilt) factors foundation base is not level, angled. a 9, are ground inclination factors. ee is tl ‘the equivalent footing ay MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN © 4 Bearing Capacity Factors = Nq (Terzaghi ,1943) = Ny - Several equations proposed. = Alternative reference equations from Davis and Booker (1971): N, = 0.1054 exp(9.6', ) for rough footing; 4’, is in radians N, = 0.0663 exp(9.36,, ) for smooth footing; 6’, is in radians MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Geometric Parameters - TSA © "| shape depth Toad angie Base angle ‘ground angle S dq, Ie 5 % 14022) 40st | 4-H i’ je u ge 5.1458 147 17 See note 1 Seenote2\s_ B< dpa’ +B’ < 90° B force (load) = The net ultimate load capacity is P =4q,B'L' (pressure x area of foundation) = The allowable load capacityis P, MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Y, 352 Use this value The groundwater level is 5 m below the ground surface, but you should assume that the soil above the groundwater is saturated. The friction angles were obtained from plain strain tests. Determine the allowable bearing capacity for a factor of safety of 3. Example 3 ‘at center of foundation Eccentric: distance from center. = A footing 2 m square, subjected to a centric vertical load, is located at a depth of 1.0 m below the ground surface in a deep deposit of compacted sand. 4’ = 30°, and y,,, = 18 kN/m’). Long term effective capacity z. & EH 2m Case 1 4m saturated soil >2m I Compacted sand 1m | 5m ¢=0 MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN * _7Solution, Q3 Saw Silas + yDyNsedfadabalt 0. 5yBNSS,d i, gyby . i G Make’ ‘a sketch of the» Step 2: Calculate the bearing footing. i= 1.0 (load is centric) Capacity factors and 0 (ground hoz) — geometric factors. 0 (base horz) Co Terzaghai eq. 10, tan? ) °) gamma = 18kNim3 al tan’ (457+ & tan’ (as a 2). 33 + vw 1lm=b N, = 0.1054exp(9.64', )=0.10s4exp(9.6x 25) 37.1 Sede 2.8 | s,=1+ 2 tang, = 142 tan35° = 1.704 “ye L an 4m d,=142ung, (Ising, ) tan eer : . B o(@imas)(1-sinas) a (3). Seennegeee a) 4,=}0 26.57deg £0,464 rads MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN = Step 3: Calculate the ultimate net bearing capacity. Gus = D,N,3,d, + 0.5yBN,s,d, kNim3xim = (18x 133.3% 1.71.13) +(0.5x 18x 2x37. 1x 0.6% 1.0) = 1533 SX KPa kNim3x2m = Step 4: Determine the allowable bearing capacity Allowable 1 = an _ 1533 _ 54 s 3 B kPa WY FS:2-3 “Shenae MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Example 4 = A footing 1.8 m X 2.5 m is located at a depth of 1.5m below the ground surface in a deep deposit of a saturated overconsolidated clay. The groundwater level is 2 m below the ground surface. The undrained shear strength from a direct simple shear test is 120 kPa and ysat = 20 kN/m®. Determine the allowable bearing capacity, assuming a factor of safety of 3, for short-term condition. Neglect the effects of embedment. Assume soil above Overconsolidated clay Spin walen "3 cu=120kPa irieeisiees ight = 20 KNim Short term: Immediately after construction. Fu = Sl4eysedeicgebe 0, phi'=20deg Long term (effective parameters needed: Gu = CuNeSetbekeGebe + YDpNaSqefadab. + 0.5[v2 + (Year — Yw)(B — 2)1NySydyfiyayby Ultimate capacity of SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS MTCC6020: RETAINING STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION DESIGN Solution_Q4 Strategy: Use the equation for the short-term bearing capacity. You do not need to consider the effect of groundwater when you are evaluating short-term condition. Step 1: Calculate the geometric factors. No eccentricity: B’= B, L’=L 1 s=1t02% =14+024=114 d,=1 Step 2: Calculate q, qu = 5.148,8,d, = 5.14 x 120 x 1.14 x 1 = 703 kPa. Step 3: Calculate q, a= tt +yDy = 2 +15 X 20 = 264 kPa

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