Chapter 5

CIRCULAR MOTION

Learning Objectives

1. Describe angular motion.

2. Define angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration.
3. Define radian and convert an angle from radian measure to degree and vice versa.
4. Use the equation S = r and v = r .
5. Describe qualitatively motion in curved path due to a perpendicular force and understand
the centripetal acceleration in case of uniform motion in a circle.
6. Derive the equation and
7. Understand and describe moment of inertia of a body.
8. Understand the concept of angular momentum.
9. Describe examples of conservation of angular momentum.
10. Understand and express rotational kinetic energy of a disc and a hoop on an inclined plan
11. Describe the motion of artificial satellites.
12. Understand that how and why artificial gravity is produced.
13. Understand that the objects in satellite appear to be weightless.
14. Calculate the radius of geo-stationary orbits and orbital velocity of satellites.
15. Describe the Newton's and Einstein's views about gravity.
Circular Motion
“The motion of an object in a circular path is called circular motion”.
In circular motion, the direction of the body continuously changes.

Examples:
P
 A stone whirled around by a string
r
 A satellite in orbits around the earth.
 Motion of electron in atoms
 Motion of CD's.
 Motion of circular saw blade
 Motion of ceiling fan
 Motion of merry go round etc. z

y
O

2
Q.1 Define and explain angular displacement. Show that 1 radian = 57.3

Ans.
Angular Displacement
“The angle subtended at the center of a circle by a body moving along the circumference in a
given time is called angular displacement. It is denoted by ”.

Explanation
Consider a body of mass m moving in a circular path of radius r. Suppose this motion is taking
place by attaching the particle P at the end of massless rigid rod of length r whose other end is
pivoted at the center O. The rod OP rotates in the plane of circle due to motion of the particle P.
The axis of rotation passes through the center of the circle, which is perpendicular to the plane of
circle while OP is rotating.

Suppose at any instant t the position of O makes an angle with x-axis. After some time, t +
its position be O making angle with x-axis. Thus, the angular displacement can be
defined as the angle of OP during time interval For very small values of the angular
displacement is a vector quantity.

Sign Convention

For anticlockwise rotation of OP, the angular displacement is positive while for clockwise
rotation the angular displacement is negative.

Direction of Angular Displacement

To determine the direction of angular displacement, we use the 'right hand rule'

Right hand Rule

Grasp the axis of rotation in right hand with fingers curling in the direction of rotation then the
erect thumb indicates the direction of angular displacement.

3
Units

The SI unit of angular displacement is radian. It is the angle subtended by an arc at the center of
the circle whose length is equal to the radius of circle. Other units are degrees and revolution.
Angular displacement has no dimensions.

Relation between linear displacement and angular displacement

Suppose S is the length of the circle of radius r which makes an angle at the center of the
circle. Then in terms of radian, it can be expressed as,

OR S=r

This is the relation between linear displacement and angular displacement.

Relation between radian and degree

In one complete revolution, the linear distance covered by a particle is equal to the circumference
of the circle i.e., S = 2 r and the angle in radian would be

= 2 radian

So, 2 radian = 360 = 1 revolution

OR 1 rad =

OR 1 rad =

OR 1 radian = 57.3

4
Q.2 Define and explain the term angular velocity?

Ans.

Angular Velocity
“Time rate of change of angular displacement is called as
angular velocity.”

Suppose is the angular displacement during the time . So,

the average angular velocity can be expressed as,

The instantaneous angular velocity can be defined as the limiting value of as the time
interval , following the time t, approaches to zero

So,

Direction

Angular velocity is a vector quantity. Its direction is along the axis of rotation and can be
determine by right hand rule.

Unit

The SI unit of angular velocity is rad/sec. It is also measured in revolution/min and degree/sec.
;
The dimension of angular velocity is [ ].

For Your Information

In pure translational motion, every
particle moves in a straight line and
covers the same distance while in pure
translational motion every particle moves
in circle and covers the same angular
displacement.

5
Q.3 Define and explain the angular acceleration?

Ans.

Angular Acceleration
“The time rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.”

Average Angular Acceleration

When we switch on dm electric fan, the angular velocity goes on increasing. If is the initial
angular velocity and is the final angular velocity at time and respectively. Then the
average angular acceleration during time is can be defined as "the ratio of total change in
angular velocity to the total time interval".

;
=
P
O r
Instantaneous angular acceleration

“The instantaneous angular acceleration can be defined as

For Your Information
the limiting value of as the time interval approaches
When the angular velocity of
to zero, is called instantaneous angular acceleration”. the body is increasing then
angular acceleration is along the
So, direction of angular velocity is
decreasing then ‘d’ is opposite
to the direction of angular
velocity.
Direction

It is a vector quantity. The direction of angular acceleration

Axis of Rotation
is along the axis of rotation.
All particles of a rotating body
move in circles. The line
Unit
joining the centers of these
circles is called axis of
The Sl unit of angular acceleration is rad/ . Its dimension rotation.
;
is [ ].

6
MCQ's
1. One radian is equal to
(a) 77.3 (b) 67.3 (c) 77.3 (d) None
2. It radian is equal
(a) 0 (b) 90 (c) 57.3 (d) 180
3. 30 is equal to
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) 5 (d)
8

4. One radian equal to

π π
(a) 2π rev (b) rev (c) rev (d) π rev

5. 1 revolution is equal to
π π
(a) π radian (b) 2π radian (c) radian (d) radian

6. The angle subtended at the center by circumference of a circle is

π
(a) π radian (b) π radian (c) 2π radian (d) radian

7. 100 radians equal to

(a) 57.3 (b) 573 (c) 5730 (d) 5.73
8. The dimensions of angular velocity Are
;
(a) L (b) L (c) L; (d) ;

9. The direction or angular velocity is found by

(a) Left hand rule (b) Right hand rule (c) Head to tail rule (d) None

10. The dimension of angular acceleration is

; ;
(a) [ ] (b) [L ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
11. The angle through which A body moves is
(a) Angular velocity (b) Angular acceleration (c)Angular displacement
(d) Angular momentum
12. The angular displacement of one revolution is equal to
π
(a) 1 radian (b) radian (c) π radian (d) 2π radian

7
13. The ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter is equal to
π
(a) 2π (b) π (c) 2 (d) One Steradian

14. The direction of angular velocity is along the

(a) Tangent at a point (b) Axis of rotation (c) Radius of circle towards the Centre
(d) Radius of circle away from Centre
15. 1 revolution
(a) 57 (b) 90 (c) 180 (d) 360
16. 30

(a) π rad (b) π rad (c) π rad (d) π rad

17. The S.I unit of angular displacement is

(a) meter (b) degree (c) revolution (d) radian

8
Q.4 Derive the relation between angular and linear velocities.
OR
Show that v = r

Ans.

Relation between Angular and Linear Velocities

Consider a rigid body rotating about z-axis with an angular velocity . Suppose a point P in a
rigid body at a perpendicular distance r from axis of rotation with linear velocity v. As the axis of
rotation is fixed, so the direction of angular velocity always remains the same.

Suppose point P moves through a distance = S in time t during its circular motion. If
reference line OP has an angular displacement during time interval t Then we can write,

S=r

Dividing both sides by t

So, =r

Applying limit

OR v=r

In vector form ⃗ = ⃗⃗

For limit the length of the arc becomes very small and its direction represents the
direction of the circle at point . Thus, the direction of velocity v at any point P is always tangent
to the circular path. So, the linear velocity at point P is called tangential velocity.

9
Q.5 Derive the relation between linear and angular acceleration.

Ans.

Relation between Linear and Angular Acceleration

As the reference line OP is rotating with angular acceleration . The point P also has a linear or
tangential acceleration. As we know,

v=r

Dividing both sides by

=r

On both sides, we have

Applying limit as

OR a=r

In vector form ⃗ =⃗

Where a is the tangential acceleration

Note:

Advantage of rotational motion over translational motion

On a rotating rigid body, the points at different distances have the same angular displacement,
angular speed and angular acceleration. While they have different linear displacement, velocity
and acceleration.

10
Q.6 How can we write the equations of motion in case of angular motion.
Ans.
Equation of Angular Motion
Equation of angular motion are similar to those in linear motion except that S, v and a have been
replaced with , and respectively. Thus

Equations for linear motion

= + at

S= + a

2aS =

Equation for angular motion

= + t

2 θ =

Equation of angular motion hold only if axis of rotation is fixed. In this case, all the angular
vectors have the same direction. So, they can be treated as scalars.

Do You Know?

Direction of motion changes

continuously in circular motion.

11
Example 5.1
;
An electric fan rotating at 3 rev is switched off. It comes to rest in 18.0 s.
assuming deceleration to be uniform, find its value. How many revolutions did
it turn before coming to rest?

Given Data:

;
Initial angular velocity = =3.0 rev

Final angular velocity =0

Time = t = 18.0 sec.

To Find:

i. Angular acceleration = =?
ii. Number of revolution = Angular displacement = =?

Calculation:

(i) As angular acceleration is

;
=

Putting values, we get

;
=
8

;
=
8

;
= 0.167 rev

(ii) As angular displacement

Putting values, we get

12
 2
3 + ( 0.167)

54 + ( 0.083) (324)
54 – 26.4

= 27 rev (Approx.)

MCQ's
1. All points on rigid body rotating about a fixed axis do not have the same

(a)Speed (b) Angular speed (c) Angular acceleration (d) Angular

displacement

2. Which of the following is correct?

(a) ω = vr (b) v = r/ω (c) v = rω (d) ω = r/v

3. A wheel of radius 50 cm having the angular speed of 5 rad/s will have linear speed in
m/s

(a) 1.5 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.5 (d) 4.5

4. When a body moves in a circle, the angle b/w its linear velocity and angular velocity

(a) 180 (b) 90 (c) 0 (d) 45

13
Q.7 Define and explain the centripetal force and derive the relationship for it?
Ans.
Centripetal Force
“The force which bends the normally straight path of a
particle into circular path is called centripetal force”.

OR

“A force which compels a body to move in a circular path

is called centripetal force”.

Explanation

Consider a body attached with a string moving in a circular path. If the string is snapped (broken)
then it would not continue to move in circle. Observation shows, if the string snaps, and when
ball is at A then it will follow the straight-line path AB. So, in the absence of some force which
pulls it toward the center of circle, the ball will not continue to move along circular path. It will
move along the tangent at that point.

Examples of centripetal force: B

 Force acting on electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus. F

 Force acting on artificial and natural satellites. A
O
 Force acting on earth around the sun.

Expression for centripetal acceleration and centripetal force

Consider a particle that moves from point A to B with uniform speed v in a circle of radius 'r'. If
v is the change in velocity, then the acceleration of the particle is

Where t is time required by particle to move from A to B. Let ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ are velocities at points
A and B respectively. Since the speed of the particle is v. So, time taken to travel distance S is,

14
 ⃗⃗⃗

O B

Thus, equation (1) becomes r

⃗⃗⃗
A
a=

OR a=v …………….... (2)

Now we draw a triangle PQR such that PQ is parallel and equal to ⃗⃗⃗ and PR is parallel and
equal to ⃗⃗⃗ . As radius of the circle is perpendicular to its tangent, so ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ are
perpendicular to OA and OB respectively. So, the angle AOB is equal to the angle QPR.
R
Moreover | ⃗⃗⃗ | = | ⃗⃗⃗ | = v and OA = OB (radii of same circle)

So, from isosceles triangles OAB and PQR, we can write Q

⃗⃗⃗
=
⃗⃗⃗

OR = ………………... (3)
P

when point ‘B’ is very close to ‘A’ then length of arc AB nearly equal line

AB. i.e. AB = S

Equation (3) becomes,

OR v = S …………………… (4)

Putting this value in equation (2), we get

a=v

15
 a= …………………… (5)

Where a is the instantaneous acceleration, as this acceleration is caused by centripetal force, so it

is called centripetal acceleration

Direction of acceleration

Since PQ is perpendicular to OA and PR is perpendicular to OB. So QR is parallel to the

perpendicular bisector of AB. As acceleration is parallel to v when AB O. So, direction of
centripetal acceleration is along the radius, towards the center of circle. So,

“The instantaneous acceleration of an object traveling with uniform speed in a circle is directed
towards the center of the circle and is called centripetal acceleration”.

The direction of centripetal force is in the direction of centripetal acceleration.

Expression for centripetal force

As =m

2
And

So =

In angular measurements, this equation becomes

So = (v = r )

OR = mr

;
Unit of centripetal force is Newton and dimensions are [ML ]

16
 Point to ponder Tid - Bits

You may feel scared at the top of Banked tracks are needed to
roller coaster ride in the parks but turns that are taken so quickly
you never fall down even when the friction alone cannot
you are upside down. Why? provided energy for centripetal
force.

Explanation
Explanation
You do not fall out of your
seat when you go upside
down on a roller coaster In circular motion, centripetal
because of many forces on force is provided by force of
the going loop on a roller friction, when speed of a car
coaster the centrifugal and increased at a turn, then
centripetal forces, the force frictional force is not sufficient
of drag, gravity, and to provide centripetal force. The
friction. Due to centrifugal car will move away from the
force, your body is pressed track. To avoid the side-slip, the
with the outer rim. outer edge of the road is raised
through some angle, called the
angle of inclination, the speed of
the car at the turn is v =
g n ∅ where ∅ is angle
inclination or banking.

17
Example 5.2
;
A 1000 kg car is turning around a corner at 10 m as it travels along an arc of a circle, If the
radius of the circular path is 10 m, how large a force must be exerted by the pavement on the
tyres to hold the car in the circular path?

Given Data:

Mass of car = m = 1000 kg

;
Velocity of car = v = 10 m

Radius of circular path = r = 10 m

To Find:

Force required = F =?

Calculation:

The force required to keep the car in circular path will be centripetal force,

So, =

Putting values, we get

= 10000 N

=1 N

18
Example 5.3
A ball tied to the end of a string, is swung in a vertical circle of radius r under the action of
gravity as shown in Fig. What will be the tension in the string when the ball is at the point A of
the path and its speed is v at this point?

Given Data:

As the ball is moving in a circle, thus the force acting on

the ball must provide the required centripetal force. A

W
At point A two forces are acting on the ball. T

(i) Tension in the string T O

(ii) Weight of the ball W

To Find:

Tension in the string = T= ?

Calculation:

These forces (i.e. T and W) act along the radius at Point A, so their vector sum must furnish the
required centripetal force.

T+W=

OR T= W

T= – mg

T= ( g)

If = g, then tension T will be zero and the centripetal force is just equal to the weight.

19
MCQ's
1. A body of mags 8 kg moves along a circle or radius 4m with g constant speed or 8
m/s. the centripetal on the body

(a) 48 N b) 8 N (c) 18N (d) 128 N

2. Centripetal force performs

(a) Maximum work (b) Minimum work (c) Negative work (d) No work

3. The force which do not work on the body on which it acts is

(a) Elastic force (b) Fractional force (c) Centripetal force

(d) Gravitational force

4. Centripetal force acting on a body performs

(a) No work (b) Maximum work (c) Minimum work (d) Both b and c

5. Centripetal force is also called

(a) Tangential (b) Radial (c) Angular (d) Rotational

6. In angular motion the centripetal force is

(a) (b) ω (c) mrω (d) m ω

20
Q.8 Define and explain the moment of Inertia?
Ans.
Moment of Inertia (Rotational Inertia)
Moment of inertia of a particle is defined as the
“Product of mass of particle and square of its perpendicular distance from (pivot) the axis of
rotation”.
It is denoted by I and is given by
I=m

Explanation
Consider a mass attached to a massless rod which can rotate about a frictionless pivot O. Let the
system be in horizontal plane. A force F acts on the mass perpendicular to the rod. So,

F = ma …………………... (1)
This force rotates the mass m about O. as the angular acceleration can be expressed as
a=r
So, equation (1) becomes
F=mr ……………………. (2)
Multiplying both sides by r
rF = m …………………... (3)
Since rF represents the torque
So, equation (3) becomes
=m
Here F is replaced by , a by and m by m . The quantity m is known as moment of inertia I.
It plays the same role in angular motion as mass plays in linear motion. It determines the angular
acceleration of a body.

So, I=m

21
Dependence of moment of inertia

This shows that moment of inertia depends upon the mass m and the square of perpendicular
distance from axis of rotation r. Practically, it also depends upon distribution of mass and
position of axis of rotation.

Moment of inertia of a rigid body

Mostly the bodies have non-uniform mass distribution. Consider a rigid body made up of 'n'
small pieces of masses .......at distance .......from axis of rotation O.

Suppose the body be rotating with angular acceleration . So,

Magnitude of torque acting on

For second mass

For nth mass

The total torque is given by

= + + …………… +

=( + + …………. + )

As the body is rigid, so all the masses rotate with the same angular acceleration. i.e.

= = ……………. = = (say)

Thus,

= ( + + …………. + )

= [∑< ] Or =I

Where ‘I’ is the moment of inertia and it can be expressed as

22
 I=[∑< ]

Thus, the sum of products of masses of the particles in a body and the squares of their respective
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation is called moment of inertia.

Unit

Sl unit of moment of inertia is kg and dimension is [ML ].

Do you know?
Moment of inertia represents the
tendency to maintain its state of
rest or state of uniform angular
motion.

Two cylinders of equal mass,

the one with the larger diameter
has the greater rotational inertia

23
MCQ's
1. Moment of inertia of solid sphere

(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m

5
2. Angular acceleration is produced by
(a) Power (b) Torque (c) Pressure (d) Force
3. The force and torque are analogous to
(a) Velocity (b) Mass and weight (c) Moment of inertia (d) Each other
4. Moment of inertia of thin rod is given by relation
5
(a) ( ) mL (b) mR (c) 12 mL (d) mR
5 7
5. If the angular velocity or the particle rotating in doubled then its moment of inertia
(a) Remains same (b) Becomes half (c) Becomes doubled (d) Becomes 4
times
6. Moment of inertia is measured in
(a) kg/ (b) kg. (c) N sec (d) rad/sec
7. Torque acting on a body is given by
(a) τ = Iα (b) τ = Iα (c) τ = I α (d) τ = I α
8. Moment of inertia is equal to
(a) (b) mr (c) (d)
9. In angular motion the centripetal force is
(a) (b) ω (c) mrω (d) ω
10. The angular acceleration is produced by
(a) Momentum (b) Torque (c) Pressure (d) Power

24
Q.9 Define angular momentum? How can we relate it with moment of inertia?
Ans.
Angular Momentum (Moment of linear momentum)
“The cross-product of position vector with respect to axis of rotation and linear momentum ⃗
of a rotating particle is called angular momentum”.

OR

“A particle is said to have angular momentum about a reference axis if it moves in such a way
that its angular position changes relative to that reference axis”.

Explanation

Consider a body of mass m moving with velocity ⃗ and linear momentum ⃗ relative to origin O
Then its angular momentum can be expressed as

⃗ =
L ⃗

Where is the position vector at that instant with respect to origin

⃗ is given by
The magnitude of L

L=rp n

= r (mv) n

L = mrv n (Since p = mv)

Where is the angle between and ⃗

Direction

The direction of angular momentum is perpendicular to the plane containing and ⃗ . It can be
determined by right hand rule.

25
Unit
;
SI unit of angular momentum is kg /sec or J-sec and dimensions are [ML ].

Show that kg /sec = Js

R.H.S = J sec

= Nms ( J = 1 Nm)

= kg .ms ( 1 Nm = kg )

= kg

R.H.S = L.H.S

Angular momentum of a particle moving in a circle

If a particle is moving in a circle of radius 'r' with uniform angular velocity . The angle
between r and tangential velocity v is So,

L = mrvsin90 ( = 90 ) Point to ponder

Why does the coasting rotating
L = mrv(l) system slow down as water
drips into the breaker?
L = mrv [As v = r ] Explanation

L = mr (r ) When water drips into the

beaker, the mass of the contents
in the beaker increases which
L=m [But m = I] increases the moment of inertia.
Due to increase in moment of
L=I inertia, the angular velocity
decreases according to the law
of conservation of momentum

Another definition of angular momentum

“The product of moment of inertia and angular velocity of a rotating body is called angular
momentum”.

26
Angular momentum of a rigid body

Consider a symmetrical rigid body rotating about a fixed axis through center of mass as shown in
figure. Each particle of the rigid body rotates about the same axis in a circle with same angular
velocity The angular momentum of a particle of mass m, particle,

L =

For second mass

L =

For nth mass

L =

The total angular momentum can be expressed as

L = L + L + …………… + L

=( + + …………. + )

=( + + …………. + )

L=[∑< ] [ I=∑< ]

So, L=I

Where ‘I’ is moment of inertia of the rigid body about axis of rotation.

There are two types of angular momentum

Spin angular momentum

Angular momentum of a spinning body

(i.e. Rotating about its own axis) is called

spin angular momentum ( ).

27
Orbital angular momentum

Angular momentum of a body orbiting in a circular path is called orbital angular momentum
( ).

So, the total angular momentum of a body is equal to the sum of its spin and orbital angular
momentum.

Point object:

When the orbital radius is larger as compared to the size of the body, the body may be
considered as a point object.

Example 5.4

The mass of Earth is 6.00 kg. The distance r from Earth to the Sun is
1.50 m. As seen from the direction of the North Star, the Earth
revolves counter-clockwise around the Sun. Determine the orbital angular
momentum of the Earth about the Sun, assuming that it traverses a circular
orbit about the Sun once a year (3.16 s)

Given Data:

Mass of earth = m = 6.00 kg

Distance = r = 1.50 m

7
Time = T = 1 year = 3.16 s

To Find:

Orbital angular momentum of earth = L =?

28
Calculation:

Using the formula

L = m r ………………... (1)

Where orbital speed and = (as S 2 )

When S 2 = distance travelled in one year then t becomes the time period T.

Thus =

Putting values, we get

5
=

9
=

;
= 2.98 m

Putting the value in equation (1), we get

L = 6.0 2.981 1.5

9
L = 6.0 2.981 1.5

9
L = 26.7

;
L = 2.67 kg

29
Q.10 Define and explain the law of conservation of angular momentum?

Ans. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum

“If no external torque acts on a system, then the total
angular momentum of the system remains constant”.

L = L + L + …………… = constant

Explanation

The effect of law of conservation of angular momentum is apparent if a single isolated spinning
body changes its moment of inertia. For example, a diver pushes off the board with a small
angular velocity. Upon lifting off from the board, the diver's legs and arms are fully extended.
So, the diver has a large moment of inertia 'I' about this axis. But when the diver's legs and arms
are in closed tuck position, the moment of inertia reduces to I .

According to law of conservation of angular momentum.

L L

OR I =I

So, diver must spin faster for small value of moment of inertia to conserve angular momentum.

This enables the diver to take extra somersaults. The direction of angular momentum is along the
axis of rotation which remains fixed. The axis of rotation of an object will not change its
orientation unless an external torque causes it to do so. Earth rotates about the sun experiences
no sizeable external torque act on it, so Earth's axis of rotation remains fixed.

30
MCQ's
1. The S.I units of angular momentum are given by
; ;
(a) J (b) J

(c) J sec (d) None

2. Angular momentum of rigid body is given by

(a) Iω (b) I ω

(c) Iω (d) I ω
3. The angular momentum L is defined by the equation

(a) L = mv (b) L = p r

(c) L = r F (d) L = r p

4. If a gymnast sitting on a stool with his arms stretched lowers his arms
(a) The angular speed decreases (b) The angular speed increases b
(c) Neither inertial nor non-inertial (d) Both inertial and non-inertial
5. The direction of angular momentum of body moving in circle is
(a) Along the tangent (b) Perpendicular to the plane of circle
(c) Radially outward (d) Radially inward

31
Q.11 Define rotational Kinetic Energy and show that = . Also,

write down its practical use.

Ans.

Rotational Kinetic Energy

“The energy possessed by the body due to its rotation about an axis is called rotational kinetic
energy”.

Expression for Rotational K.E

Suppose the body is spinning or rotating about an axis with constant velocity . In order to find
the total K.E of spinning body, we consider that it is composed of small pieces of masses ,
,…….

If masses has distance from axis of rotation. A

K.E of mass is given by

= ω

By putting , we get rotational K.E

= m

Similarly,
A
=

Hence, rotational K.E of the whole body is

32
 =( + + …………. + )

= ( + + …………… + )

2 2
= [∑< ]

= I

Which is rotational K.E of the body.

Use of rotational K.E.

Practically, rotational K.E. is used by fly wheels, which are essential parts of many engines. A
fly wheel stores energy between the power strokes of the pistons, so that energy is uniformly
distributed over the full revolution of the crank shaft and hence, the rotation remains smooth.

Tid-Bits For your Information

As the wheel rolls it has both As the sphere rolls to the bottom of the
rotational and translational kinetic incline, its gravitational P.E is changed
energies. to kinetic energy of rotational and
translational.

Explanation Explanation
𝐄𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐊 𝐄 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬 + 𝐊 𝐄 𝐫𝐨𝐭 P.E = 𝐊 𝐄 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬 + 𝐊 𝐄 𝐫𝐨𝐭

33
Example 5.5

A disc without slipping rolls down a hill of height 10.0 m. If the disc starts
from rest at the top of the hill, what is its speed at the bottom?

Given Data:

Height of hill = h = 10 m

To Find:

Speed of disc at bottom = v =?

Calculation:

Using the formula

v=√

Putting values, we get

98
v=√

v=√

;
v = 11.4 m

34
Q.12 Find the rotational K.E of the disc and hoop. Also derive the relations
for the velocities of disc and hoop moving down an inclined plane.

Ans.

Rotational K.E. of a Disc

As we know

= I

As moment of inertia of a disc is I =

So, = ( )

2 2
=

As we know v = r

2
=

Rotational K.E of a Hoop

As we know

= I

As moment of inertia of a hoop is I=m

So = ( )

2 2
= ( v=r

35
 2
=

When both moves downward on an inclined plane from height h. Then it has both the rotational
and translational motions. If no energy is lost in friction the total kinetic energy of the disc or
hoop on reaching the bottom of the incline must be equal to the potential energy at the top.

P.E = + ……………... (1)

Speed of a Disc

As for disc

2
=

Putting in equation (1)

2 2
P.E = +

mgh = ( 2 + )

:
mgh = ( )

gh =

g
v=√ …………………. (2)

Speed of a Hoop

As rotational K.E for disc is

2
=

Putting in equation (1)

36
 2 2
P.E = +

mgh = ( 2 + )

gh =

v= g ………………… (3)

Equation (2) and (3) shows that the velocity of the disc on reaching the bottom of the inclined
plane is greater than hoop.

Do you know?
Rolling motion is the combination
of translational and rotational
motion.

37
38
MCQ's
1. Speed of hoop at the bottom of an inclined plane is

(a) g (b) 2g (c) √ gh (d) g

2. Rotational K.E of disc is given by

(a) (b) (c) g (d) √ gh

3. The K.E of any hoop of radius 'r' is given by

(a) ω (b) ω (c) ω (d) None
4. Which electromagnetic waves are used for the satellite communication system?

(a) Radio w waves (b) Infrared waves (c) Gamma rays (d) Micro
waves

5. Rotational inertia of two equal masses of cylinders, but one has larger diameter will
be
(a) Lesser (b) Larger (c) Same (d) None of these

6. Which is larger for loop of mass M and radius R that is rolling without slipping, its
translational or rotational kinetic energy?
(a) Translational kinetic (b) Rotational Kinetic energy
(c) Both are same (d) Answer depend upon the radius
7. The rotational kinetic energy is

(a) ω (b) ω (c) w (d) ω

8. A hoop and a sphere of same mass and radius are rolled from top of an inclined
plane and are the velocities of hoop and sphere

(a) > (b) (c) (d) 2

39
Q.13 What are artificial satellites? Find the expression for minimum velocity
and period to put a satellite into the orbit?
Ans.
Artificial Satellite
“Artificial satellites are the man made objects that orbit around the earth”.

Satellite can be launched from earth's surface to circle the earth by mean of rocket. They are kept
into their orbit by gravitational attraction of earth. The satellites which are near the earth have the
acceleration 9.8m/ . Other-wise they would fly off in the straight-line tangent to earth.

Critical orbital velocity

“The minimum velocity required to put a satellite into an orbit close to the earth is called critical
velocity”.

Expression

Consider a satellite of mass 'm' is moving with velocity v close to the earth in a circle of radius
R. The centripetal force acting on the satellite is

For your Information

F= ………………... (1)
 A satellite has escape velocity
of about 11km ; or 40,000
This force being provided by it weight. Hence km/h
 A satellite with initial velocity
mg = [ F = W] of about 8km ; or 27000
km/h moves in circular orbit.
 A satellite with initial velocity
OR (i.e. R = 6.4 m) of 30,000 km/h moves in an
elliptical orbit.
 Close orbiting satellites orbit
Thus g= ……………………. (2) the Earth at a height of about
400 km
Where v is the orbital velocity and R is the radius of earth  24 close orbiting satellites
form the Global Positioning
Thus, from equation (2) System

40
 = gR

v= gR

As g = 9.8m/ , R = 6.4 m

Putting values, we get

=√

7900 m/sec

OR v = 7.9 Km/sec

This is the minimum velocity necessary to move the satellite into orbit. This is called critical
velocity.

Calculation of time period

The time period can be calculated as,

T=

T= (As t = )
earth
v
As = 3.14, R = 6.4 and v = 7900 m/sec

T=
79

T = 5060 sec

5
T= = 84 min (approx.)

Result

If the satellite moves at height ‘h’ from the surface of earth. Then the gravitational acceleration
decreases inversely as the square of distance from center of earth. Thus, higher the satellite, the
slower will the required speed and longer it will take one complete one revolution around the
earth.

41
Note

Closest orbiting satellites orbit the Earth at a height of about 400 km.

MCQ's

1. The time period of artificial satellite is given by

2π 2π π
(a) (b) 2π (c) (d)

2. Which is important in describing the geo stationary orbits?

(a) G (b) M (c) T (d) All above
3. The minimum no. of correctly positioned communication satellites to cover the
whole populated earth is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 200 (d) 100
4. The relation b/w. the escape velocity and the orbital velocity is
(a) = 1/2 (b) = √2 (c) = (d) =2
5. The time period of geostationary satellite around the earth is

(a) I day (b) 84min. Approx. (c) I-month (d) I year

6. Artificial gravity like earth can be achieved when satellite is rotating with
frequency equal to

(a) 2π = √ (b) √ (c) 2π = √ (d) √

2π 2π

42
Q.14 What are real and apparent weight? Find the apparent weight in
different cases for an object suspended by a string and spring balance in an
elevator?

Ans.
Do you know?
Real and Apparent Weight
Your apparent weight differs from
your true weight when the velocity of
Real Weight
the elevator changes at the start and
end of a ride, not during the rest of the
It is the gravitational pull of the earth on the object. ride when that velocity is constant.

Similarly, the weight of an object on the surface of moon is the gravitational pull

of the moon on the object.

Apparent Weight

Generally, weight of an object is measured by a spring balance.

The reading of the spring balance when the object is accelerating up or down is called apparent
weight.

Apparent weight is equal and opposite to the force required to stop it from falling in the frame of
reference.

Apparent weight of an object in a lift

Consider the apparent weight of an object of mass m suspended by a string and spring balance in
a lift, as shown in figure. The tension 'T' in the string can be measured with the help of spring
balance.

CASE 1: When the lift is at rest or moving with uniform velocity

When the lift is at rest, Newton's second law tells us that the acceleration of

object is zero. So, the net force becomes zero. If ‘W’ is the gravitational force.

acting on the object and ‘T’ is the tension in the string.

43
Then, T W = ma

T W=0 (As a = 0)

T=W

OR T = mg

Result:

Hence the apparent weight of an object is equal to the real weight for observer inside the lift.

CASE II: When the lift is moving upward with acceleration ‘a’

When the lift is moving upwards with an acceleration a. So, the upward force of tension T is
greater than downward force of weight W then

Then the net force acting on the body is

T W = ma

OR T = W + ma

T = mg + ma

T = m (g + a)

Result:

Which shows that the apparent weight of object is increased by an amount of 'ma' than its actual
weight.

CASE III: When the lift is moving downward with acceleration ‘a’

Consider the object is accelerating downward along the weight. So, the weight 'W' is greater than
the tension ‘T’.

So, W T = ma

T= W + ma

OR T W ma

44
 T = mg ma

T = m (g a)

Result:

Which shows that the apparent weight is less than the actual weight by an amount equal to ma.

CASE IV: When a lift is falling freely under gravity:

Now we consider that the lift is falling freely under gravity. Then

a=g

As T=W ma

T = mg ma

T = mg – mg

T=0

Result:

So, the apparent weight of object shown by the spring balance is zero. The object seems to be
weightless. Thus, it is state of weightlessness.

45
Q.15 Explain the phenomenon of weightless in satellites and gravity free
system.

Ans.

Weightlessness in Satellite and Gravity Free System

When a satellite is falling freely in space under the action of force of attraction of earth, the sun
or some distance star then the everything within the satellite will be in state of weightlessness.

To show that the earth's satellite is a freely falling object, we consider the behavior of projectile
thrown parallel to horizontal surface of the earth in the absence of air friction.

If the projectile is thrown successively at larger speeds, then during its free fall to the earth, the
curvature of the path decreases with increasing horizontal speeds. If the projectile is thrown fast
enough parallel to the earth. The curvature of the path will match the curvature of the earth as
shown in figure.

In this case projectile, will start orbiting around the earth. The spaceship is accelerating towards
the center of the earth at all times because it orbits around the earth. Its radial acceleration is
simply 'g' the free fall acceleration. In fact, the space-ship is falling towards the center of earth at
all times, but the curvature of the earth prevents the spaceship from hitting the surface of earth.
As spaceship is like a free fall object so all the objects inside it appears to be weightless, thus No
force is required to hold an object falling in the frame of reference of the space satellites. Such a
system is called gravity free system.

Do you know?
Your apparent weight differs from
your true weight when the velocity
of the elevator changes at the start
In 1984, at a height of 100 km above and end of a ride, not during the rest
Hawaii island with a speed of 29000 of the ride when that velocity is
km ; Bruce McCandless stepped into constant.
space from a, space shuttle and became
the first human satellite of the Earth. 46
MCQ’s
1. A mass of 5 kg mass is falling freely the force acting on it will be
(a) 5 N (b) 9.8 N (c) 19.6 N (d) 49 N
2. Satellites are the objects that orbit around
(a) Moon (b) Sun (c) Earth (d) Star
3. Weight of the object at the Centre of the earth is
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Zero (d) Infinite
4. Weight of 60 kg man in moving elevator (downward) with constant acceleration

of g (where g = 10 m/ )

(a) Zero (b) 300 N (c) 600 N (d) 200 N

5. A man standing in an elevator is acted upon:
(a) One force (b) Two forces (c) 3 forces (d) 4 forces

6. A man in an elevator descending with an acceleration will conclude that his height
has
(a) Increased (b) Decreased (c) Reduced to (d) Not
changed
7. The apparent weight of a man in a lift moving down with an acceleration of 9.8
m/ is
(a) 0 (b) 9.8 N (c) Infinite (d) 19.6 N
8. If a body of mass 1 kg is lifted upward with an acceleration of 9.8 m ; . Its
apparent weight be observed as
(a) Zero Newton (b) 9.8 newton (c) 19.6 newton (d) 100 newton
;
9. The weight of a man in an elevator descending with an acceleration of 4.9 m
will become
(a) Twice (b) Half (c) Zero (d) Unchanged
10. The apparent weight of man in ascending lift moving with acceleration "a"

(a) Increase (b) Decreases (c) Becomes zero (d) Remains

constant

47
 11. The weight or a man in elevator moving down with an account acceleration of 9.8
m ; will be
(a) Zero (b) Half (c) Double (d) Unchanged
12. A man or weight W is standing on the elevator which is ascending with an
acceleration of 'a' the apparent weight of the man is
(a) W + ma (b) W ma (c) W (d) ma

Q.16 What is orbital velocity and derive an expression for orbital velocity?

Ans.

Orbital velocity
“Orbital velocity is the tangential velocity to put satellite in orbit around the earth”.

OR

“The velocity of satellite with which it revolves around the earth is called orbital velocity”.

The earth and some other planets revolve around the sun in nearly circular orbits. This type of
motion is called orbital motion. Artificial satellites also revolve around the sun.

Expression for Orbital Velocity

Consider a satellite of mass moving with orbital velocity v around the earth of mass M. If r is
the radius of the orbit, then centripetal force F can be expressed as

= ………………….. (1)

This force is provided by gravitational force of attraction between earth and satellite and is given
by

48
 F=G …………………... (2)

Equating equation (1) and (2), we get

v
r
=G F satellite

OR = earth

OR v=√ ………………… (4)

Where r=R+h

r = radius of the orbit

R = radius of the earth

h = height of the orbit above from the equator

Thus, the mass of satellite is not important in describing the satellite orbit. So, if the speed of
satellite is less than the orbital speed then it will not be able to revolve around the earth and fall
back to the earth.

Example 5.6

An Earth satellite is in circular orbit at a distance of 384,000 km from the

Earth's surface. What is its period of one revolution in days? Take mass of the
Earth M = 6.0 kg and its radius R = 6400 km.

Given Data:

Height of satellite from earth = h = 384,000 km

Mass earth = 6.0 kg

Radius of earth = R = 6400 km

49
To find:

Period of one revolution in days = T =?

Calculation:

Total distance of satellite from earth center = r = R + h

r = 6400 + 384000 = 390400 km

8
r = 3.904 m

As v=√

Putting values, we get

7
v=√
9

v=√ 2 5 satellite

h
OR v=√ 2

; R
v = 10.1 m
Earth
Now T=

Putting values, we get

9
T=

5
T= = 2.427 seconds

7
T= days

T = 28 day

50
Q.17 What is "Artificial Gravity"? Derive expression for frequency of
spaceship required to provide the artificial gravity?

Ans.

Artificial Gravity
Artificial gravity is the gravity like effect produced in an orbiting satellite by spinning it around
its own axis.

Explanation:

There is no force on the space craft in a gravity free space. If the spaceship is to stay in the orbit
for a longer time, this weightlessness creates a lot of problems for astronauts present in the
spaceship. To overcome this difficulty, an artificial gravity is created in the spaceship to perform
the experiments normally by astronauts. The astronaut then is pressed towards the outer rim and
exerts a force on the floor of spaceship in much the same way as on the earth.

Expression for frequency:

Consider a space craft of ring shape, having ‘R’ as its outer radius. It rotates around its own
central axis with angular speed Then its centripetal acceleration is

= (As v = R )

So, =

OR =R

But = , where ‘T’ is the period of revolution of spaceship.

2
So, =R( )

=R

51
 =4 R( 2 ) (As = f)

=4 R

OR =

f= √

As force of gravity provides the necessary centripetal acceleration So,

=g

Hence f= √

When the spaceship rotates with this frequency, then artificial gravity helps the astronauts
perform the work easily.

Q.18 what are geo-stationary orbits and geo-stationary satellites?

Find the orbital radius of geo-stationary satellites?

Ans.

Geostationary orbit
“The orbit in which the period of rotation of satellite is exactly equal to the period of rotation of
earth about its axis, is called geo-stationary orbit”.

Geostationary Satellites
“The satellite which completes its one revolution around earth in 24 hours is called geo-
stationary satellite”.
OR

52
“A satellite whose orbital motion is synchronized with the rotation of the earth about its own
axis is called geo-stationary satellite”.
This type of satellite is the one whose orbital motion becomes equal to the period of rotation of
earth. So, the satellite remains always over the same point on the equator as the earth spins on its
axis.

Applications

Such satellites are used in communication system, weather observation and another military uses.
Expression of orbital radius of geo-stationary satellite:

As the orbital speed, necessary for circular orbit is given by

v=√ …………………... (1)

But this speed must be equal to average speed of satellite in one day. So,

v=

OR v= ……………………. (2)

Where ‘T’ is period of revolution of satellite that is equal to one day. So, the satellite also
complete one rotation in exactly one day.

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get Do you know?

9
1 GHz = Hz
=√
For Your Information
Squaring both sides, we get A geostationary satellite orbits
the Earth once per day over the
equator so it appears to be
= stationary. It is used now
international communications.

⁄
OR r=* +

53
This equation gives the orbital radius of the geostationary satellite.

Putting the values,

;
G = 6.67 N /kg , M = 6 kg

T = 1 day = 24 hours = 24 60 60s = 86400 s

7 8 ⁄
So, r=* +

8
= 0.423 m

7
= 4.23 m

r = 4.23 km

Which is the orbital radius measured from center of the earth for geo-stationary satellite.

A satellite at this height will always stay directly above a particular point on the surface of earth.
This height above the equator comes out to be 36000 km.

Q.19 Write a short note on communication satellites.

Ans. Communication Satellite

Communication satellite system can be set up by placing
several geostationary satellites in orbit over different
point on the surface of earth. Such a satellite covers 120
of longitude. So, the whole of the populated earth's
surface can be covered by three correctly positioned
satellites.

Use of waves for communication

Microwaves are used in communicational network because they travel in narrow beam, in
straight line and can pass easily through atmosphere of the earth.

54
Solar cells provide the energy to amplify and retransmit the signal. About 200 earth stations
transmit and receive the signals via satellite from other countries.

Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)

The largest satellite system, managed by 126 countries is called INTELSAT VI INTELSAT
means international telecommunication, satellite organization.

It works at the microwave frequencies of 4, 6, 11 and 14 GHz and has the capacity of 30,000
two-way telephone circuit plus three T.V channels.

Example 5.7

Radio and TV signals bounce from a synchronous satellite. This satellite

circles the Earth once in 24 hours. So, if the satellite circles eastward above
the equator, it stays over the same spot on the earth because the Earth is
rotating at the same rate. (a) What is the orbital radius for a synchronous
satellite? (b) What is its speed?

Given Data:

Mass of earth = M = 6 kg

Time period = T = 24 hours = 24 60 60 s

;
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 N g;

To Find:

(a) Orbital radius of satellite = r =?

(b) Speed of satellite = v =?

Calculation:

⁄
As r=* +

55
Putting values, wet get

7 ⁄
r=* +

on simplification, we get

7
r = 4.23 m

(c) For orbital speed, we know that

v=

Putting values, we get

2 2
v= 2

5
v=
8

5
v = 0.03074

;
OR v = 3.074 m

;
OR v = 3.074 km

;
OR v = 3.1 km

56
MCQ’s
1. Which is important in describing the geo stationary orbits?
(a) G (b) M (c) T (d) All above
2. The minimum no. of correctly positioned communication satellites to cover the
whole populated earth is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 200 (d) I00
3. The formula for the speed of satellite orbiting around the earth
(a) v = 2g (b) v = 2gR (c) v = gR (d) v = gR M
4. Close orbiting satellite orbit the earth at a height of about
(a) 400km (b) 4000 km (c) 400m (d) 400cm
5. Close orbiting satellites orbit the earth at a height of about
(a) 400km (b) 4000 km (c) 400m (d) 400cm
6. The formula for the speed of satellite orbiting around the earth
(a) v = 2g (b) v = 2gR (c) v = gR (d) v = √
7. Orbital speed of satellite can be determined by
(a) v = 2g (b) v = 2gR (c) v = gR (d) v = √
8. A geostationary satellite occupies a longitude of
(a) 90 (b) 100 (c) 120 (d) 180
9. The largest satellite system managed by the countries
(a) 126 (b) 136 (c) 120 (d) 3
10. The minimum velocity necessary to put a satellite into orbit
(a) 7.1 km/s (b) 7.3 km/s (c) 7.9km/s (d) 8.9 km/s
11. The ratio between the orbital and scape velocities are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) √2 (d) 1 √2
12. A geostationary satellite above the equator of earth is at the height of
(a) 27300 km (b) 30000 km (c) 36000 km (d) 42300 km

57
Q.20 What are the Newton's and Einstein views about gravitation?

Ans.

Newton's Theory about Gravitation

According to Newton's, the gravitation is the intrinsic property of matter that every particle of
matter attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of
their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

In other words, gravitation is due to the force between masses

Einstein's theory about Gravitation:

According to Einstein's theory, Gravity is due to the curvature of space and time caused by
masses.

To observe this, we think the space as a thin rubber sheet. If a heavy weight is hung from it, it
curves.

In Einstein theory, we don't speak of force of gravity acting on bodies but we say that bodies and
light rays move along geodesics (equivalent to the straight line in plane geometry) in curved
space time.

Differences between views

Einstein's theory gives a physical picture of how gravity works. Newton discovered inverse
square law of gravity but give no explanation of why this should be so. However, Einstein's
theory tells us the reason of it (except in strong gravitational fields), but it fully explains the
reason for obeying the inverse square law.

So, Einstein's theory gives us that if gravity and acceleration are exactly equivalent, gravity must
bend light by a definite amount that could be calculated. Newton's theory based on idea of light
as a stream of tiny particles also suggested that light beam would be deflected by gravity. But in
Einstein's theory the deflection of light is twice as great as it is according to Newton's theory.

58
Bending of starlight by the Sun:

When the bending of straight starlight caused by the gravity of the sun was measured during a
solar eclipse in 1919. This measurement found to match Einstein's prediction rather than
Newton.

Therefore, Einstein's theory was considered as scientific triumph.

Do you know?
INTERESTING INFORMATION
The gravity can bend light
Bending of starlight by the Sun. Light from the gravity of a star could
the star A is deflected as it passes close to be used to focus light
the Sun on its way to Earth. We see the star from stars.
in the apparent direction B, shifted by
angle ∅. Einstein predicted that ∅ = 1.745
seconds of angle which was found to be Do you know?
the same during the solar eclipse on 1919.
The whole earth can be
covered by just three
geo-stationary satellites.

MCQ’s
1. According Einstein theory space time is
(a) Linear (b) Curved (c) Circular (d) Elliptical

59
 FORMULAE

Sr.no Description Formula

1 Relation between S, r and S=r , =

2 Average angular velocity =

3 Instantaneous angular velocity

;
4 Average angular acceleration =

5 Instantaneous angular acceleration

6 Relation between v, r and v=r

7 Relation between , r and =r

8 Equations of angular motion = + t , +

9 Centripetal acceleration =

10 Centripetal force =

11 Centripetal force (in angular measures) = mr

12 Moment of inertia of a particle I=m

Torque on a particle rotating about a fixed
13 =m
point

14 Moment of inertia of a thin rod of length L I= ML

15 Moment of inertia of a hoop I=m

16 Moment of inertia of a disc I= m

60
17 Moment of Inertia of a sphere I= m
5

18 2nd law of motion for rotational motion =I

19 Angular momentum ⃗ =
L ⃗

20 Angular momentum (in angular measures) L=m

21 Rotational K.E. = I

2 2
22 Rotational K.E. of disc =

2 2
23 Rotational K.E. of hoop =
Velocity of hoop falling from an inclined
24
plane of height h v= g
Velocity of disc falling from an inclined
25
plane of height h v=√ g
Velocity of sphere falling from an inclined
26
plane of height h v=√7 g

27 Critical orbital velocity v = gR

28 Time period of close orbiting satellite T=

Apparent weight of an object at rest or
29 T = mg
moving up with uniform velocity
Apparent weight of an object moving up
30 T = mg + ma
with uniform acceleration a
Apparent weight of an object moving down
31 T = mg ma
with uniform acceleration a
32 Apparent weight of an object falling freely T=0

33 Orbital velocity of a satellite v=√

Spinning frequency of a satellite about its f= √

34
own axis

⁄
35 Orbital radius of a geostationary satellite r=* +

61
 Four possible answers to each statement are given below. Tick the correct answer.

1. Right hand rule for rotating bodies is used to find direction of

(a) Angular velocity (b) Torque
(c) Angular acceleration (d) All
2. The mud flies off the tyre of a fast-moving car in the direction of
(a) Parallel to moving tyre (b) Antiparallel to tyre
(c) Tangent to moving tyre (d) None of these
3. The correct SI unit of momentum is:
; ;
(a) kgs (b) kgs
; ;
(c) kg (d) kg
4. A 30kg fly wheel is moving with uniform angular acceleration. If radius of flywheel is
2m, then its moment of inertia is:
(a) 120kg (b) 30kg
(b) (c) 2kg (d) 60kg
5. Moment of inertia of 100kg sphere and having radius 5cm is:
(a) 0.1kg (b) 5kg
(c) 500kg (d) 2.5kg
6. The hoop and disc have same mass and radius their rotational K.E. are related by
equation:
(a) = (b) =2

(c) = (d) None

7. Critical velocity of an artificial satellite is:

; ;
(a) 7.9 miles (b) 7.9 miles
; ;
(c) 7.9 miles (d) 790 m
8. In angular motion, Newton's 2nd law of motion is:

62
 (a) F = ma (b) F =

(c) = I (d) All of above

9. A man of weight W is standing in an elevator which is ascending with uniform
acceleration a then its apparent weight is
(a) mg (b) mg ma

(c) mg + ma (d) ma mg

10. If a body of mass 10kg is allowed to fall freely, its apparent weight becomes.
(a) Zero (b) 89N
(c) 9.8N (d) I0N
11. If external torque is zero, then which of these quantity is constant
(a) Angular momentum (b) Force
(c) Linear momentum (d) None of these

12. The acceleration due to gravity on moon is th of that on earth, what will be the mass of

the body on moon, if its mass on earth is m?

(a) (b) 6m

(b) m (d)

13. The value of angular momentum of a body is maximum if is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 45
(c) 90 (d) 180
14. The diver spins faster when moment of inertia becomes
(a) Smaller (b) greater
(c) Remains the same (d) None of these
15. When a body moves in a circle, then its linear and angular velocity are
(a) Parallel (b) Perpendicular
(c) Antiparallel (d) None
16. Torque per unit moment of inertia is equivalent to
(a) Angular velocity (b) Angular acceleration
(c) Inertia (d) Radius of gyration
17. The moment of linear momentum is called

63
 (a) Torque (b) Couple
(c) Impulse (d) Angular momentum
18. The ratio of angular velocities of the hour hand and minute hand of a watch is
(a) 1: 1 (b) 720: 1
(c) 43200: 1 (d) 1: 12
19. If the earth shrinks to half of its radius without change in mass, the duration of the day
will be
(a) 6hrs (b) 12hrs
(c) 24hrs (d) 48hrs
20. The ratio of angular frequency and linear frequency is:
(a) 2 (b)

(c) (d) 2

Short Questions of Exercise

Q.5.1 Explain the difference between tangential velocity and the angular
velocity, if one of these is given for a wheel of known radius, how will you find
the other?

Ans.

Difference between tangential and angular velocities

 Angular velocity is directed along axis of rotation while tangential velocity v is

directed along tangent to the circle.
 Unit of is rad/s while unit of v is m/s.

Determination

We can find the other velocity by using the following equation.

v=r

64
Q.5.2 Explain what is meant by centripetal force and why it must be
furnished to an object if the object is to follow a circular path?

Ans. The force which bends the normally straight path into circular path is called centripetal
force.

OR

The force which compels a body to move along a circular path is called centripetal force.

Mathematically,

Significance:

It is perpendicular to the tangential velocity and directed towards the center of the circular path.

Without centripetal force body, will move along the tangent.

Q.5.3 What is meant by moment of inertia? Explain its significance.

Ans. The moment of inertia of a particle is defined as the product of its mass and the square of
its perpendicular distance from axis of rotation.

Mathematically,

I= (for a point mass)

Physical Significance:

The moment of inertia plays same role during angular motion which is played by mass during
linear motion.

Mass is the measure of linear inertia while moment of inertia is the measure of rotational inertia
of a body. Moment of inertia determine the angular acceleration while mass determine the
linear acceleration.

65
Q.5.4 What is meant by angular momentum? Explain the law of conservation
of angular momentum?

Ans. The product of moment of inertia and angular velocity of a rotating body is called angular
momentum.

It is denoted by ⃗L. Mathematically

⃗ =
L ⃗

L n

L = mvr n

Law of conservation of angular momentum

The total angular momentum of the system remains constant, when no external torque acts on it.
Mathematically,

L = L + L + L + …………… = I = constant

Q.5.5 Show that orbital angular momentum = mvr

Ans. Proof:

Let us consider particle of mass m moving in a circle of radius r as show in figure

As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
L = ⃗

L = rp sin

(where is the angle between r and p)

⃗
So, L = r(mv) sin

Since p = mv

L = mvr sin

As the angle between r and v is 90

66
Hence L = mvr sin90

= mvr (1)

L = mvr (hence proved)

Q.5.6 Describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a satellite, to orbit
close to the earth around it.

Ans.

Critical velocity:

The minimum velocity needed to orbit a satellite close to the earth is called critical velocity.

Calculation:

Consider a satellite of mass m is moving with velocity v in a circle of radius R (i.e radius of the
Earth). Since gravitational force provides the necessary centripetal force

So, mg =

OR = gR (radius of the Earth)

OR v = gR

v=√

v = 7900 m/sec

;
OR v = 7.9 km

Q.5.7 State the direction of the following vectors in simple situations; angular
momentum and angular velocity.

Ans.

Direction of angular momentum and angular velocity:

67
The direction of angular velocity and angular momentum is along the axis of rotation which can
be determined by right hand rule.

Right hand rule

Grasp the axis of rotation in your right hand, curl the fingers along the direction of rotation then
the erect thumb will represent the direction of angular quantity.

Q.5.8 Explain why an object, orbiting the earth, is said to be freely falling.
Use your explanation to point out why objects appear weightless under certain
circumstances.

Ans.

Explanation:

When the object is thrown horizontally fast enough from a certain height, so that the curvature of
its path will match with the curvature of the Earth then the object simply revolves around the
Earth, Now the motion of the object is under the constant acceleration due to gravity (equal to
centripetal acceleration). Hence we can say the orbiting body is freely falling body.

Weightlessness of the body:

A freely falling body moves only under the action of gravitational force so that the object is said
to be in state of weightlessness.

Q.5.9 When mud files off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does
it fly? Explain it.

Ans. The mud flies off along the tangent to the tyre.

Reason:

When speed of bicycle increases then adhesive force (sticking force) between the mud and the
tyre is not sufficient to provide the necessary centripetal force so the mud leaves the tyre and
moves along tangent to tyre.

68
Q.5.10 A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined
plane at the same time. Which one will be moving faster on reaching the
bottom?

Ans. Disc will be moving faster on reaching the ground.

Proof:

Speed of hoop at the bottom of inclined plane is,

= g

Speed of the disc moving down the inclined plane is,

=√ g

OR =√ g

= 1.15

Hence >

Physical reason

Since the moment of Inert a of disc is smaller than the moment of inertia of the hoop. So, angular
velocity of disc is greater than hoop.

Q.5.11 Why does a diver change his body positions before and after diving in
the pool?

Ans. The diver changes his body position to make extra somersaults.

Explanation

When a diver lifts off from the diving board, his legs and arms are full extended, in this case his
moment of inertia is large ( ) but angular velocity ( ) is small.

69
When the legs and arms of the diver are drawn into the closed tuck position, its moment of
inertia is reduced considerably so that its angular velocity will increase to conserve the angular
momentum.

Q.5.12 A student holds two dumb-bells with stretched arms while sitting on a
turn table. He is given a push until he is rotating at certain angular velocity.
The student then pulls the dumb-bells towards his chest. what will be the
effect on rate of rotation?

Ans. Rate of rotation increases when student pulls the dumb-bells towards his chest.

Reason:

According to law of conservation of angular momentum. l constant

When student holds two dumb-bells by stretching his arms, then value of angular inertia is
increased. So, the angular velocity is decreased. When the student pulls the dumbbells towards
his chest, the angular inertia decreases. So, the angular velocity is increased. But during this
whole process the total angular momentum remains constant.

Q.5.13 Explain how many minimum number of geo-stationary satellites are

required for global coverage of T.V transmission.

Ans. Minimum three correctly positioned geo-stationary satellites are required for the global
coverage of T.V transmission.

Explanation:

The whole Earth can be covered by just three geo-stationary satellites.

As each satellite in geo-stationary orbit covers 120 of lonqitude so the whole populated Earth's
surface can be covered by three correctly positioned geo-stationary satellites.

Exercise Problems
70
5.1 A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to
have a diameter of 2.50 m at the Moon, how small must divergence angle be
for the beam? The distance or Moon from the Earth is 3.8 m.

Given Data:

Diameter of beam = length of arc = S = 2.50 m

8
Distance of moon from the earth = r = 3.8 m

To find:

Divergence angle = =?

Calculations:

As S=r

OR =

Putting values, we get

5
=
8

;9
= 6.6 rad

5.2 A gramophone record turntable accelerates from rest to an angular

velocity of 45.0 rev/min in 1.60s. What is its average angular acceleration?

Given Data:

Initial angular velocity = =0

5 5
Final angular velocity = = 45.0 rev/ min = =

= 4.71 rad/sec

71
 Time = t = 1.60sec

To find:

Average angular acceleration = =?

Calculations:

–
=

Putting values, we get

7–
=

= 2.95 rad /

5.3 A body of moment of inertia I = 0.80 kg about a fixed axis, rotates with
a constant angular velocity of 100 rad/sec. Calculate its angular momentum L
and the torque to sustain this motion.

Given Data:

Moment of inertia = I = 0.80 kg

Angular velocity = =100 rad/ sec

To find:

Angular momentum = L =?

Torque = =?

Calculations:

As L=1

Putting values, we get

L = 0.80 100

72
 L = 80 kg /sec

L = 80 Js

Now torque = = I

As angular velocity is constant, So =0

Thus

= (0.80) (0)

=0

5.4 Consider the rotating cylinder

Suppose that m = 5.0 kg, F 0.60 N and r 0.20 m.

Calculate (a) the torque acting on the cylinder, (b) the angular acceleration of
the cylinder.

(Moment of inertia of cylinder = )

Given Data:

Force acting on cylinder = F = 0.60 N

Radius = r = 0.20 m

To find:

(a) Torque acting on cylinder = =?

(b) Angular acceleration of cylinder = =?

Calculations:

(a) As = rF sin

73
As r and F are perpendicular to each other So = 90

= (0.20) (0.60) sin90

= 0.12 Nm

Now for :

As =I

= As for cylinder Moment of inertia =

OR = 2

Putting values, we get

2
=
2 2

= 1.2 rad/

5.5 Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass 2.0 kg and

radius 7.0 km. If it makes one complete rotation about its axis once in
20 days, what is its kinetic energy?

Given Data:

Mass of star = m = 2.0

5 8
Radius of star = r = 7.0 km = 7.0 m

Time for one rotation = T=20 days 20 24 60 60 = 1728 sec

To find:

Angular momentum = L =?

Kinetic energy = K.E =?

Calculations:

74
 L=I

For sphere (star) = I = and =

5

Thus

2
L=
5

Putting values, we get

8 2
L=
5
2 ( 7 8
)

L = 0.1424

L = 1.4 Js

Now

K.E. = I

2
OR K.E. =
5

8 2 2
K.E. = 2 ( )
5 2

5
K.E. = 25.48 J

K.E. = 2.5 J

;
5.6 A 1000 kg car travelling with a speed of 144 km rounds a curve of
radius 100 m. Find the necessary centripetal force.

Given Data:

Mass of car = m = 1000 kg

;
Speed of car = v = 144 km = = 40 m/sec

75
 Radius of curved path = r = 100 m

To find:

Centripetal force = =?

Calculations:

As =

Putting values, we get

= 16000N

= 1.6 N

OR = 1.6 N

5.7 What is the least speed at which an aero plane can execute a vertical loop
of 1.0 km radius so that there will be no tendency for the pilot to fall down at
the highest point?

Given Data:

Radius of loop = r = 1.0 km = 1000 m

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/

To find:

Speed of aeroplane = v =?

Calculations:

As =

As an aeroplane executes a circular loop then centripetal force is supplied by gravity

So, =g
76
Thus g=

OR = rg

OR v= g

Putting values, we get

v=√

;
v = 99 m

5.8 The Moon orbits the Earth so that the same side always faces the Earth.
Determine the ratio of its spin angular momentum (about its own axis) and its
orbital angular momentum. (ln this case, treat the Moon as a particle orbiting
the Earth). Distance between the Earth and the Moon is 3.85 m.
Radius of the Moon is 1.74 m

Given Data:

8
Distance between Earth and Moon = = 3.85 m

Radius of moon = = 1.74 m

To find:

Ratio of spin and orbital angular momentum = =?

Calculation:

The spin angular momentum of the Moon about its own axis is

L =I

L = ……… (1) As for Moon (sphere) I =

5 5

The orbital angular momentum is given by

77
 L =I

L = ………. (2) As for Moon (point mass) I =

Diving equation (1) by equation (2), we get

= 2
Angular speed is same for both

=
5

Putting values, we get

=
5

7
=
5 85

5
=
7 7

= 8.2

5.9 Earth rotates on its axis once a day. Suppose, by some process the Earth
contracts so that its radius is only half as large as at present. How fast will it
be rotating then?

(For sphere 1 = 2/5 MR )

Given Data:

Time period = = 24 hours

2
Moment of inertia of sphere = I MR = MR
5

Original radius = R = R

78
 Radius after contraction = R = R
2

2 R
Moment of inertia after contraction = I MR = M 2
5

To find:

Period of rotation after contraction = T =?

Calculations:

According to law of conservation of angular momentum

I =I

OR = ……………. (1)

As = and =

Putting values in equation (1), we get

OR = 24

= 6 hours

Hence earth would complete its one rotation in 6 hours.

5.10 What should be the orbiting speed to launch a satellite in a circular orbit
900 km above the surface of the Earth? (Take mass of the Earth as 6.0
kg and its radius is 6400 km).

79
Given Data:

Mass of earth = M = 6.0 kg

Radius of earth = r = 6400 km

Height of circular orbit =h = 900 km

To find:

Orbital speed = v =?

Calculations:

As v=√ ……………… (1)

Where r is the distance from the Centre of earth.

satellite
r=R+h
h
Hence r = 6400 + 900
R
r = 7300 km Earth
r = 7300 m

Putting values in equation (1), we get

7
v=√
7

v=√

v = 7.4 m/sec

OR v = 7.4 km/sec

80