How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

2. Getting started
O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE

The design process

Introduction
The introduction of European standards to UK This guide is intended to assist the designer determine all the design
construction is a significant event. The ten design information required prior to embarking on detailed element design. It
standards, known as the Eurocodes, will affect covers design life, actions on structures, load arrangements, combinations
all design and construction activities as current of actions, method of analysis, material properties, stability and
British standards for design are due to be imperfections, minimum concrete cover and maximum crack widths.
withdrawn in 2010.
The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result
This publication is part of the series of guides of using Eurocode 21, although much of the detail may change – as
entitled How to design concrete structures using described in subsequent guides in this series.
Eurocode 2. Their aim is to make the transition to
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures as easy Detailing is not covered in these guides, but the process will not vary
as possible by drawing together in one place key significantly from current practice. Guidance can be found in Standard
information and commentary required for the method of detailing 2. With regard to specification, advice can be found in
design of typical concrete elements. the guide Introduction to Eurocodes3. Concept designs prepared assuming
that detailed design would be to BS 8110 may be continued through to
The cement and concrete industry recognised that detailed design using Eurocode 2.
a substantial effort was required to ensure that
the UK design profession would be able to use In the long-term it is anticipated that Eurocode 2 will lead to more
Eurocode 2 quickly, effectively, efficiently and economic structures.
with confidence. With support from government,
consultants and relevant industry bodies, the
Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG) was Design life
formed in 1999 and this Group has provided the
guidance for a co-ordinated and collaborative The design life for a structure is given in Eurocode: Basis of structural
approach to the introduction of Eurocode 2. As design 4. The UK National Annex (NA) to Eurocode presents UK values
a result, a range of resources is to be made for design life; these are given in Table 1 (overleaf). These should be used
available through The Concrete Centre to help to determine the durability requirements for the design of reinforced
designers during the transition period (see back concrete structures.
cover for details).

Actions on structures
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures5 consists of 10 parts giving details of
a wide variety of actions. Further information on the individual codes
can be found in the first guide in this series, How to design concrete
structures using Eurocode 2: Introduction to Eurocodes. Eurocode 1, Part 1–1:
General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings6 gives
the densities and self-weights of building materials (see Table 2 overleaf).

The key change to current practice is that the bulk density of reinforced
concrete has been increased to 25 kN/m3. The draft National Annex to
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 1
Indicative design working life (from UK National Annex to Eurocode) this Eurocode gives the imposed loads for UK buildings and a selection
is reproduced in Table 3. It should be noted that there is no advice
Design life (years) Examples
10 Temporary structures given for plant rooms.
10–30 Replaceable structural parts
15–25 Agricultural and similar structures At the time of writing not all the parts of Eurocode 1 and their National
50 Buildings and other common structures Annexes are available; it is advised that existing standards are considered
120 Monumental buildings, bridges and other civil for use where European standards have not yet been issued.
engineering structures

Table 2
Load arrangements
Selected bulk density of materials (from Eurocode 1, Part 1–1)
The term load arrangements refers to the arranging of variable actions
Material Bulk density (kN/m3)
Normal weight concrete 24.0 (e.g. imposed and wind loads) to give the most onerous forces in a
Reinforced normal weight concrete 25.0 member or structure and are given in Eurocode 2 and its UK NA.
Wet normal weight reinforced concrete 26.0
For building structures, the UK NA to Eurocode 2, Part 1–1 allows any
of the following sets of load arrangements to be used for both the
Figure 1
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state:
Alternate spans loaded

Load set 1. Alternate or adjacent spans loaded

The design values should be obtained from the more critical of:
■ Alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads
with other spans loaded with only the design permanent load (see
Figure 1). The value of gG should be the same throughout.
■ Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and
permanent loads with other spans loaded with only the design
permanent load (see Figure 2). The value of gG should be the
same throughout.

Figure 2 Load set 2. All or alternate spans loaded

Adjacent spans loaded
The design values should be obtained from the more critical of:
■ All spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads
(see Figure 3).
■ Alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads
with other spans loaded with only the design permanent load (see
Figure 1). The value of gG should be the same throughout.

Generally, load set 2 will be used for beams and slabs in the UK as it
requires three load arrangements to be considered, while load set 1
will often require more than three arrangements to be assessed.
Alternatively, the UK NA makes the following provision for slabs.

Load set 3. Simplified arrangements for slabs

The load arrangements can be simplified for slabs where it is only
necessary to consider the all spans loaded arrangement (see Figure 3),
provided the following conditions are met:
Figure 3
All spans loaded ■ In a one-way spanning slab the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2
(a bay means a strip across the full width of a structure bounded
on the other sides by lines of support).
■ The ratio of the variable actions (Qk) to the permanent actions (Gk)
does not exceed 1.25.
■ The magnitude of the variable actions excluding partitions does not
exceed 5 kN/m2.

2
 2. Getting started

Combination of actions Standard to BS EN 206–17 (e.g. for class C28/35 concrete the cylinder
strength is 28 MPa, whereas the cube strength is 35 MPa). Typical
The term combination of actions refers to the value of actions to be concrete properties are given in Table 4.
used when a limit state is under the influence of different actions.
Concrete up to class C90/105 can be designed using Eurocode 2.
The numerical values of the partial factors for the ULS combination can For classes above C50/60, however, there are additional rules and
be obtained by referring to Eurocode: Basis of structural design or the variations. For this reason, the design of these higher classes is not
guide Introduction to Eurocodes3. considered in this series of guides.

For members supporting one variable action the ULS combination It should be noted that designated concretes (e.g. RC30) still refer
.( 1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk (derived from Exp. (6.10b), Eurocode) to the cube strength.
can be used provided the permanent actions are not greater than
4.5 times the variable actions (except for storage loads). Reinforcing steel
Eurocode 2 can be used with reinforcement of characteristic
There are three SLS combinations of actions – characteristic, frequent strengths ranging from 400 to 600 MPa. The properties of steel
and quasi-permanent. The numerical values are given in Eurocode: Basis reinforcement in the UK for use with Eurocode 2 are given in
of structural design. BS 4449 (2005): Specification for carbon steel bars for the
reinforcement of concrete 8 and are summarised in Table 5 (on page 4).
A characteristic yield strength of 500 MPa has been adopted by the
Material properties UK reinforcement industry. There are three classes of reinforcement,
A, B and C, which provide increasing ductility. Class A is not suitable
Concrete where redistribution of 20% and above has been assumed in the
In Eurocode 2 the design of reinforced concrete is based on the design. There is no provision for the use of plain bar or mild steel
characteristic cylinder strength rather than cube strength and should reinforcement, but guidance is given in the background paper to the
be specified according to BS 8500: Concrete – complementary British National Annex9.

Table 3
Selected imposed loads for buildings (from draft UK National Annex to Eurocode 1, Part 1–1)

Category Example use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)

A1 All uses within self-contained dwelling units 1.5 2.0
A2 Bedrooms and dormitories 1.5 2.0
A3 Bedrooms in hotels and motels, hospital wards and toilets 2.0 2.0
A5 Balconies in single family dwelling units 2.5 2.0
A7 Balconies in hotels and motels 4.0 min. 2.0 at outer edge
B1 Offices for general use 2.5 2.7
C5 Assembly area without fixed seating, concert halls, bars, places of worship 5.0 3.6
D1/2 Shopping areas 4.0 3.6
E12 General storage 2.4 per m height 7.0
E17 Dense mobile stacking in warehouses 4.8 per m height (min. 15.0) 7.0
F Gross vehicle weight ≤ 30kN 2.5 10.0

Table 4
Selected concrete properties based on Table 3.1 of Eurocode 2, Part 1–1

Symbol Description Properties

fck (MPa) Characteristic cylinder strength 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 28a 32a
fck,cube (MPa) Characteristic cube strength 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 35 40
fctm (MPa) Mean tensile strength 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 2.8 3.0
b
Ecm (GPa) Secant modulus of elasticity 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 32 34
Key
a Concrete class not cited in Table 3.1, Eurocode 2, Part 1–1
b Mean secant modulus of elasticity at 28 days for concrete with quartzite aggregates. For concretes with other aggregates refer to Cl 3.1.3 (2)

3
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 5
Characteristic tensile properties of reinforcement Structural analysis
Class (BS 4449) and designation (BS 8666) A B C
The primary purpose of structural analysis in building structures is to
Characteristic yield strength fyk or f 0.2k (MPa) 500 500 500
establish the distribution of internal forces and moments over the
Minimum value of k = ( ft /fy ) k ≥ 1.05 ≥ 1.08 ≥ 1.15 < 1.35
whole or part of a structure and to identify the critical design
Characteristic strain at maximum force e uk (%) ≥ 2.5 ≥ 5.0 ≥ 7.5
conditions at all sections. The geometry is commonly idealised by
Notes
1 Table derived from BS EN 1992–1–1 Annex C, BS 4449: 2005 and BS EN 1008010 . considering the structure to be made up of linear elements and plane
2 The nomenclature used in BS 4449: 2005 differs from that used in BS EN 1992–1–1 two-dimensional elements.
Annex C and used here.
3 In accordance with BS 8666, class H may be specified, in which case class A, B or C
may be supplied. The type of analysis should be appropriate to the problem being
considered. The following may be used: linear elastic analysis, linear
Table 6 elastic analysis with limited redistribution, and plastic analysis. Linear
Bending moment and shear co-efficients for beams elastic analysis may be carried out assuming cross sections are
Moment Shear uncracked (i.e. concrete section properties); using linear stress-strain
Outer support 25% of span moment 0.45 (G + Q) relationships, and assuming mean values of elastic modulus.
Near middle of end span 0.900 Gl + 0.100 Ql
At first interior support – 0.094 (G + Q) l 0.63 (G + Q)a For the ultimate limit state only, the moments derived from elastic
At middle of interior spans 0.066 Gl + 0.086 Ql analysis may be redistributed (up to a maximum of 30%) provided
At interior supports – 0.075 (G + Q) l 0.50 (G + Q) that the resulting distribution of moments remains in equilibrium with
Key the applied loads and subject to certain limits and design criteria (e.g.
a 0.55 (G + Q) may be used adjacent to the interior span.
limitations of depth to neutral axis).
Notes
1 Redistribution of support moments by 15% has been included.
2 Applicable to 3 or more spans only and where Qk ≤ G k. Regardless of the method of analysis used, the following principles apply:
3 Minimum span ≥ 0.85 longest span.
4 l is the effective length, G is the total of the ULS permanent actions, Q is the total ■ Where a beam or slab is monolithic with its supports, the critical
of the ULS variable actions.
design hogging moment may be taken as that at the face of the
support, but should not be taken as less than 0.65 times the full
Table 7 fixed end moment.
Exposure classes
■ Where a beam or slab is continuous over a support that may be
Class Description considered not to provide rotational restraint, the moment
No risk of corrosion or attack calculated at the centre line of the support may be reduced by
X0 For concrete without reinforcement or embedded metal where there (FEd,sup t/8), where FEd,sup is the support reaction and t is the breadth
is no significant freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical attack. of the support.
Corrosion induced by carbonation ■ For the design of columns the elastic moments from the frame
XC1 Dry or permanently wet action should be used without any redistribution.
XC2 Wet, rarely dry
XC3/4 Moderate humidity or cyclic wet and dry Bending moment and shear force co-efficients for beams are given in
Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from seawater
Table 6; these are suitable where spans are of similar length and the
other notes to the table are observed.
XD1 Moderate humidity
XD2 Wet, rarely dry
XD3 Cyclic wet and dry
Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
Minimum concrete cover
XS1 Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:
XS2 Permanently submerged
cnom = cmin + D cdev Exp. (4.1)
XS3 Tidal, splash and spray zones
Freeze/thaw with or without de-icing agents Where cmin should be set to satisfy the requirements below:
XF1 Moderate water saturation without de-icing agent ■ safe transmission of bond forces

XF2 Moderate water saturation with de-icing agent ■ durability

■ fire resistance
XF3 High water saturation without de-icing agent
and D cdev is an allowance which should be made in the design for
XF4 High water saturation with de-icing agent or sea water
deviations from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm,
Chemical attack (ACEC classes)
unless fabrication (i.e. construction) is subjected to a quality assurance
Refer to BS 8500–1 and Special Digest 111
system, in which case it is permitted to reduce D cdev to 5 mm.

4
 2. Getting started

Figure 4
Sections through structural members, showing nominal axis distance, a National Annex (Table 4.3 (N) (BS)) gives durability requirements that
comply with BS 8500, but which significantly modify the approach
taken in Eurocode 2. To determine the minimum cover for durability
(and also the strength class and minimum water cement ratio) either
the UK National Annex or BS 8500 can be used.

The various exposure classes from BS 8500 are given in Table 7. Selected
recommendations are given in Table 8 (on page 6) for the concrete
strength, minimum cement ratio, minimum concrete cover and maximum
cement content for various elements in a structure based on the exposure
of that element. This is taken from How to use BS 8500 with BS 811013,
which may be referred to for further advice.
Table 9
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for columns with
rectangular or circular section – method A
Design for fire resistance
Eurocode 2 Part 1–2: Structural fire design14, gives several methods
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance Column width ( bmin)/axis distance (a) of the main bars for determining the fire resistance of concrete elements; further
Column exposed on more Exposed on one side guidance can be obtained from specialist literature. Design for
than one side ( m f i = 0.7) ( m f i = 0.7) fire resistance may still be carried out by referring to tables to
R 60 250/46 155/25 determine the minimum cover and dimensions for various elements,
350/40 as set out below.
R 120 350/57* 175/35
450/51*
Rather than giving the minimum cover, the tabular method is based
R 240 † 295/70
on nominal axis distance, a (see Figure 4). This is the distance from the
Notes
1 Refer to BS EN 1992–1–2 for design limitations.
centre of the main reinforcing bar to the surface of the member. It is
2 m fi is the ratio of the design axial load under fire conditions to the design resistance a nominal (not minimum) dimension. The designer should ensure that
of the column at normal temperature conditions. Conservatively m fi may be taken
as 0.7.
a ≥ cnom + f link + f bar /2.
* Minimum 8 bars.
† Method B indicates 600/70 for R 240 and m fi = 0.7 and may be used.
See EN 1992–1–2 Table 5.2b.
There are three standard fire exposure conditions that may be satisfied:
R Mechanical resistance for load bearing
E Integrity of separation
Minimum cover for bond I Insulation
The minimum cover to ensure adequate bond should not be less than
the bar diameter, or equivalent bar diameter for bundled bars, unless Tables 9 and 10 give the minimum dimensions for columns and slabs
the aggregate size is over 32 mm. to meet the above conditions. The tables offer more flexibility than
BS 8110 in that there are options available to the designer e.g. section
Minimum cover for durability sizes can be reduced by increasing the axis distance. Further information
The recommendations for durability in Eurocode 2 are based on is given in Eurocode 2 and subsequent guides in this series, including
BS EN 206–112. In the UK the requirements of BS EN 206 –1 are design limitations and data for walls and beams.
applied through the complementary standard BS 8500. The UK

Table 10
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs

Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)

fire Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the average axis distance and bmin is the width of the rib
resistance
One-way Two-way spanning slab Flat slab Ribs in a two-way spanning ribbed slab
spanning slab l y /l x ≤ 1.5 1.5 < l y /l x ≤ 2
REI 60 hs = 80 80 80 180 bmin = 100 120 ≥200
a= 20 10 15 15 a= 25 15 10
REI 120 hs = 120 120 120 200 bmin = 160 190 ≥300
a= 40 20 25 35 a= 45 40 30
REI 240 hs = 175 175 175 200 bmin = 450 700 –––
a= 65 40 50 50 a= 70 60
Note
Refer to BS EN 1992–1–2 for design limitations.

5
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 8
Selected a recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes
and cover to reinforcement for at least a 50-year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size

Exposure conditions Cement/ Strength classc, maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination
(Refer to Table 7) combination content (kg/m3), and equivalent designated concrete (where applicable)
designationsb
Typical example Primary Secondary Nominal cover to reinforcementd
15 + D c dev 20 + D c dev 25 + D c dev 30 + D c dev 35 + D c dev 40 + D c dev 45 + D c dev 50 + D c dev
Internal mass
X0 All Recommended that this exposure is not applied to reinforced concrete
concrete
Internal elements C20/25,
(except humid XC1 All 0.70, 240 <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
locations) or RC25
Buried concrete C25/30,
in AC-1 ground XC2 AC-1 All ___ ___ 0.65, 260 <<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
conditions e or RC30
Vertical surface C40/50, C32/40, C28/35, C25/30,
protected from All except IVB ___ 0.45, 340 0.55, 300 0.60, 280 0.65, 260 <<< <<< <<<
direct rainfall or RC50 or RC40 or RC35 or RC30
C40/50, C32/40, C28/35,
Exposed vertical
XF1 All except IVB ___ 0.45, 340 0.55, 300 0.60, 280 <<< <<< <<< <<<
surfaces
XC3 or RC50 or RC40 or RC35
& C40/50,
XC4 XF3 All except IVB ___ 0.45, 340f <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
or RC50XFf
Exposed horizontal
surfaces C28/35, C25/30,
C32/40,
XF3 (air
All except IVB ___ ___ 0.55, 300
0.60, 280 0.60, 280
<<< <<< <<<
entrained) plus air f, g plus air f, g, h
plus air f, g
or PAV2 or PAV1
Car park elements
subject to airborne XD1 XC3/4 All except IVB ___ ___ C40/50, C32/40, C28/35,
<<< <<< <<<
0.45, 360 0.55, 320 0.60, 300
chlorides only

IIB-V, IIIA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C35/45, C32/40, C28/35,
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
Car park decks and
areas subject to XC3/4
CEM I, IIA, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C45/55, C40/50, C35/45,
IIB-S, SRPC 0.35, 380 0.40, 380 0.45, 360
de-icing spray
IIIB ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C32/40, C28/35, C25/30,
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340

IIB-V, IIIA ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C35/45, C32/40, C32/40,
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
Vertical elements XD3
subject to de-icing
XC3/4 CEM I, IIA, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C45/55, C40/50, C35/45,
+XF2 IIB-S, SRPC 0.35, 380 0.40, 380 0.45, 360
spray and freezing
IIIB ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C32/40, C32/40 C32/40,
0.40, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340

Car park decks, XC3/4 CEM I, IIA, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C45/55, C40/50,
<<<
ramps and external +XF4 IIB-S, SRPC 0.35, 380 f 0.40, 380 f
areas subject to XC3/4 C28/35 C28/35,
freezing and +XF4 (air IIIB ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 0.45, 0.50,
de-icing salts entrained) 360 f, g 340 f, g

IIB-V, IIIA ___ ___ ___ C45/55, C35/45, C32/40,

<<< <<<
0.35, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
Exposed vertical XC3/4 CEM I, IIA, ___ ___ ___ C50/60, C40/50, C35/45,
<<< <<<
surfaces near coast +XF2 IIB-S, SRPC 0.35, 380 0.45, 360 0.50, 340
XS1
IIIB ___ ___ ___ C35/45, C32/40, C32/40,
<<< <<<
0.40, 380 0.50, 340 0.55, 320
Exposed horizontal XC3/4 CEM I, IIA, ___ ___ ___ C50/60, C40/50,
<<< <<< <<<
surfaces near coast +XF4 IIB-S, SRPC 0.35, 380 f 0.45, 360 f
Key d D c dev is an allowance for deviations. ___ Not recommended
a This table comprises a selection of common exposure class combinations. e For sections less than 140 mm thick refer to BS 8500.
Requirements for other sets of exposure classes eg XD2, XS2 and XS3 should be f Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified. <<< Indicates that concrete
derived from BS 8500-1: 2002, Annex A. g Air entrained concrete is required. quality in cell to the left
b See BS 8500-2,Table 1. (CEM I is Portland cement, IIA to IVB are cement combinations.) h This option may not be suitable for areas subject to should not be reduced
c For prestressed concrete the minimum strength class should be C28/35. severe abrasion.

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 2. Getting started

Stability and imperfections Crack control

The effects of geometric imperfections should be considered in Crack widths should be limited to ensure appearance and durability
combination with the effects of wind loads (i.e. not as an alternative are satisfactory. In the absence of specific durability requirements
load combination). For global analysis, the imperfections may be (e.g. water tightness) the crack widths may be limited to 0.3 mm in
represented by an inclination y i . all exposure classes under the quasi-permanent combination. In the
absence of requirements for appearance, this limit may be relaxed (to
y i = (1/200) x a h x a m say 0.4 mm) for exposure classes X0 and XC1 (refer to Table 7). The
where theoretical size of the crack can be calculated using the expressions
a h = (2/Rl), to be taken as not less than 2/3 nor greater than 1.0 given in Cl 7.3.4 from Eurocode 2–1–1 or from the ‘deemed to satisfy’
a m = [0.5 (1 + 1/m)]0.5 requirements that can be obtained from Table 11, which is based on
l is the height of the building in metres tables 7.2N and 7.3N of the Eurocode. The limits apply to either the
m is the number of vertical members contributing to the horizontal bar size or the bar spacing, not both.
force in the bracing system.
Figure 5
The effect of the inclination may be represented by transverse forces at Examples of the effect of geometric imperfections
each level and included in the analysis with other actions (see Figure 5):

Effect on bracing system: Hi = y i (Nb – Na)

Effect on floor diaphragm: Hi = y i (Nb + Na)/2
Effect on roof diaphragm: Hi = y i Na
where Na and Nb are longitudinal forces contributing to Hi.

In most cases, an allowance for imperfections is made in the partial

factors used in the design of elements. However for columns, the effect
of imperfections, which is similar in principle to the above, must be a) Bracing system b) Floor diaphragm c) Roof diaphragm
considered (see How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2:
Columns15).
Figure 6
Determination of steel stress for crack width control

Table 11
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit crack width

Steel wmax = 0.4 mm wma = 0.3 mm

stress
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
(s s)MPa bar bar bar bar
size (mm) spacing (mm) size (mm) spacing (mm)

160 40 300 32 300

200 32 OR 300 25 OR 250
240 20 250 16 200
280 16 200 12 150
320 12 150 10 100
360 10 100 8 50
Note
The steel stress may be estimated from the expression below (or see Figure 6):
ss = fyk m As,req
gms n As,prov d
where:
fyk is the characteristic reinforcement yield stress
gms is the partial factor for reinforcing steel
m is the total load from quasi-permanent combination
n is the total load from ULS combination To determine stress in the reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
As,req is the area of reinforcement at the ULS read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu .
As,req 1
As,prov is the area of reinforcement provided
d is the ratio of redistributed moment to elastic moment
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu (As,prov d)( )

7
 2. Getting started

References
1 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. BSI (4 parts).
2 INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS/THE CONCRETE SOCIETY. Standard method of detailing. ISE/CS. Due 2006.
3 NARAYANAN, R S & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Introduction to Eurocodes (TCC/03/16). The Concrete Centre, 2005.
4 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1991, Eurocode: Basis of structural design. BSI, 2002.
5 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. BSI (10 parts).
6 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1990, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1–1: General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads
for buildings. BSI, 2002.
7 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8500–1: Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206–1– Part 1: Method of specifying and
guidance for the specifier. BSI, 2002.
8 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 4449: Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. BSI, 2005.
9 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Background paper to the UK National Annex to BS EN 1992–1–1. BSI, due 2005.
10 BRITISH STAND ARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete – Weldable reinforcing steel – General. BSI, 2005.
11 BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Special Digest 1: Concrete in aggressive ground. BRE, 2005.
12 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 206–1: Concrete – Part: Specification, performance, production and conformity. BSI, 2000.
13 HARRISON, T A BROOKER, O. How to use BS 8500 with BS 8110 (TCC/03/11). The Concrete Centre, 2005.
14 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1992–1–2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules – structural fire design, BSI, 2004.
15 MOSS, R M & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Columns, (TCC/03/20). The Concrete Centre, 2006.

Further guidance and advice

■ Guides in this series cover: Introduction to Eurocodes, Getting started, Slabs, Beams, Columns, Foundations, Flat slabs and Deflection. For free
downloads, details of other publications and more information on Eurocode 2 visit www.eurocode2.info
■ This guide is taken from The Concrete Centre’s publication, How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 (Ref. CCIP-006)
■ For information on all the new Eurocodes visit www.eurocodes.co.uk

Acknowledgements
The content of this publication was produced as part of the project ‘Eurocode 2: transition from UK to European concrete design standards’. This
project was part funded by the DTI under the Partners in Innovation scheme. The lead partner was the British Cement Association. The work was
carried out under the guidance of the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group, which consists of representatives from:
Alan Baxter and Associates • Arup • British Cement Association • British Precast • Building Research Establishment • Clark Smith Partnership •
Concrete Innovation and Design • Construct • Department for Trade and Industry • Office of the Deputy Prime Minister • The Concrete Centre •
The Concrete Society • Quarry Products Association.

The Concrete Centre – here with everything you need to know about Eurocode 2
To assist you in designing concrete structures to Eurocode 2, The Concrete Centre is offering a series of
seminars and short courses across the UK.
To find out more, visit www.concretecentre.com/ec2events

Published by The Concrete Centre

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other questions relating to the design, use Riverside House, 4 Meadows Business Park,
and performance of concrete contact the Station Approach, Blackwater, Camberley,
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0700 4 500 500 or 0700 4 CONCRETE Tel: +44 (0)1276 606800
Fax: +44 (0)1276 606801
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www.concretecentre.com

Ref: TCC/03/17 All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents
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The Concrete Centre are subject to revision from time to time and they should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the
Published December 2005
latest version. This publication has been produced following a contract placed by the Department for Trade and Industry (DTI); the
© The Concrete CentreTM views expressed are not necessarily those of the DTI.