D I G I TA L LO G I C

D E S I G N

FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND

INFORMATICS, TANTA UNIVERSITY,

IT-211, 2024/2025

LAB 1 : INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO

Eng. Nehal Tarek

Eng. Omar Khaled
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

computer system
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(Microcontroller)
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Embedded systems integrate small computers (microcontrollers) into

objects to enhance functionality and control.

• Embedded systems transform simple devices into smarter, more

functional, and efficient versions.

Embedded system (Microcontroller)

Simple Device Advanced Device
(Limited Features) (More Features, Higher Safety, Increased Comfort)
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W H AT I S A R D U I N O ?

Arduino is a programmable electronic board

used to create embedded system projects.

It was made to make working with embedded

systems easier for everyone.

Normally, building real products with

embedded systems is hard and takes time.

With Arduino, the process is much simpler,

allowing ideas to become real-life projects
easily.

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W H AT I S A R D U I N O M A D E O F ?

Sensors Light sensor Ultrasonic sensor PIR sensor

(LDR). (HC-SR04).
Hardware
Actuators
Arduino

Software IDE Motors Relays servos

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HOW DOES ARDUINO INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT?

• Arduino only understands electrical signals.

• To sense and affect its surroundings, it uses sensors and actuators.
• Sensors: Devices that detect changes in the environment and send
information to the Arduino (e.g., temperature, light, motion sensors).
• Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on signals from the
Arduino (e.g., motors, LEDs, relays).
• The microcontroller reads input signals from various sensors
connected to the board.
• Based on the programmed instructions, it processes the data and
sends output signals to actuators.

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HOW DOES ARDUINO INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT?

Example workflow:

• Sensor detects an environmental change.

• Arduino processes this data according to the
uploaded code.
• Actuator responds (e.g., turning on an LED or
moving a motor).

Example : Automatic Door Opening

• The PIR Sensor detects infrared radiation emitted

by the human body.
• It converts this radiation into an electrical signal for
the Arduino to understand.
• An electric motor is used to open and close the
door automatically.
• When the Arduino receives the signal from the PIR
sensor, it sends an electrical signal to the motor
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TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

Signals

Digital Analog
Signal Signal

Has only two possible states — High or Low, Can take on multiple values between their
represented by 1 or 0. minimum and maximum limits.

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SIGNAL TYPES - INPUT VS OUTPUT

• After identifying whether the signal is Digital or Analog,

INPUT Arduino
we must determine its State:
o Is the signal INPUT (entering the Arduino)? receive
o Or is it OUTPUT (leaving the Arduino)? sends OUTPUT Arduino

Example 1 - Switch :

• The user opens or closes a switch. The Arduino reads

whether the switch is ON or OFF, making it an INPUT
signal.
Example 2 - LED :

• The Arduino sends a signal to an LED to turn it ON or

OFF, making it an OUTPUT signal.

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ADVANTAGES OF USING ARDUINO

• User-Friendly: Simple and accessible for beginners with no

prior experience in electronics or programming.
• Open Source: Large community support with numerous
resources, libraries, and tutorials available.
• Cost-Effective: Affordable for hobbyists, educators, and
students.
• Versatile: Can be used in a wide range of projects, from
simple blinking LEDs to complex IoT systems.
• Extensible: Supports a variety of modules to extend
functionality.

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TYPES OF ARDUINO BOARDS

• Arduino Uno: The most popular board, suitable for beginners

with a good balance of features.
• Arduino Nano: Smaller version of the Uno, ideal for compact
projects.
• Arduino Mega: More digital and analog pins, suitable for
projects requiring multiple I/O connections.
• Arduino Leonardo: Can emulate a keyboard or mouse, useful
for HID (Human Interface Device) projects.
• Arduino Pro Mini: Smaller and less expensive, designed for
advanced users.

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 ARDUINO
HARDWARE

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1-MICROCONTROLLER
• The Microcontroller can be compared to the brain in the
human body.
• It is responsible for processing data and making
decisions to achieve the required tasks.
• Every microcontroller has a set of Input/Output (I/O) Pins:
• These pins allow it to receive signals (from sensors)
and send commands (to actuators).
• The microcontroller used in the Arduino Uno board is the
ATmega328P (Link Provided).

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2 - D I G I TA L I / O P I N S

• The Arduino Uno has 14 Digital I/O pins.

• These pins can be used to connect sensors or
actuators that work with digital signals (0 or 1).
• Out of these 14 pins, 6 pins can also be used with
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).

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3-ANALOG I/O PINS

• The Arduino Uno has 6 Analog input pins.

• These pins are used to connect components that rely
on analog signals (signals that can vary in a range).

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4-POWER PINS
• The Power Pins on the Arduino Uno provide the required
electricity to operate connected electronic components:
1. 5V Pin:
• Provides 5 volts of power, which is suitable for most
electronic components.
2. 3.3V Pin:
• Provides 3.3 volts, required for certain components that
need lower voltage.
3. GND Pins:
• There are 2 ground pins (GND), used as the negative
terminal for the components.

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5-POWER INPUT

• Connect an external battery or power adapter to

provide the required power to the board.

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6-USB

• The USB port allows connection to a computer or

laptop:
• Used to upload code to the Arduino.
• Can also be used to power the board from the
connected device.

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TIME FOR
QUESTIONS
Q1: What is the primary role of a
microcontroller in an embedded system?

A) It only stores data.

B) It processes data, stores information, and
makes decisions.
C) It only provides power.
D) It is used only to connect sensors.

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Q2: Which of the following best describes
an embedded system?

A) A general-purpose computer
B) A system that integrates a microcontroller to
perform a specific task
C) A device used only for gaming
D) A system that cannot be programmed

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Q3: How many Digital I/O pins does the
Arduino Uno have?

A) 6
B) 4
C) 14
D) 20

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Q4: Which of the following signals can
take multiple values between its minimum
and maximum?

A) Digital signal
B) Analog signal
C) Both Digital and Analog
D) None of the above

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Q5: What is the purpose of the USB port
on the Arduino?

A) To connect sensors
B) To upload code
C) To provide power
D) Both B & C

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Q6: What type of signal does a PIR sensor
generate when detecting motion?

A) Analog
B) Digital
C) None
D) Both

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Q7: If the Arduino is receiving a signal
from a sensor, the signal is classified as?

A) Analog
B) Digital
C) Input
D) Output

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Q8: The ATmega328P is used in the
Arduino Uno as

A) A sensor
B) A power pin
C) A microcontroller
D) A USB port

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Q9: When the Arduino reads the value
from a temperature sensor, what type of
signal does it process?

A) Analog
B) Digital
C) Input
D) Output

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Q10: Which of the following considered
as a sensor ?

A) Motor
B) Relays
C) Servos
D) None of them

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Q11: Which Arduino board is best suited
for projects that require multiple I/O
connections?

A) Arduino Mega
B) Arduino Uno
C) Arduino Nano
D) Arduino Pro Mini

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Q12: Which Arduino board is the most
popular and suitable for beginners?

A) Arduino Mega
B) Arduino Uno
C) Arduino Nano
D) Arduino Pro Mini

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Q13: Which Arduino board is smaller, less
expensive, and designed for advanced
users?

A) Arduino Mega
B) Arduino Uno
C) Arduino Nano
D) Arduino Pro Mini

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THANKS

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