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The document outlines key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism, as well as Java's features. It covers Java basics such as classes, objects, data types, input/output handling, control structures, loops, methods, arrays, and encapsulation with access modifiers. Additionally, it touches on ethics and cyber security, emphasizing the importance of responsible technology use.

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Anirban Chattopadhyay
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2 views

compappln

The document outlines key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) including encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism, as well as Java's features. It covers Java basics such as classes, objects, data types, input/output handling, control structures, loops, methods, arrays, and encapsulation with access modifiers. Additionally, it touches on ethics and cyber security, emphasizing the importance of responsible technology use.

Uploaded by

Anirban Chattopadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

 Principles of OOP:

o Encapsulation: Data hiding within a class.

o Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details.

o Inheritance: Acquiring properties from parent class.

o Polymorphism: Ability to take multiple forms (Method Overloading & Overriding).

 Comparison: Procedure-oriented vs Object-oriented programming.

 Java Features: Simple, Secure, Object-oriented, Portable, Robust, Multithreaded.

Definition: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes software


design around objects, rather than functions and logic.

Short Note: OOP helps in better code organization, reusability, and security. It makes software
development more efficient and maintainable.

2. Java Basics

Class and Objects

 Class: A blueprint for objects.

 Object: An instance of a class.

 Example:

 class Car {

 String model;

 void display() {

 System.out.println("Model: " + model);

 }

 }

Definition: A class is a template for creating objects, which contain both data members (variables) and
methods (functions).

Short Note: A class is like a template, while objects are real-world entities created from that template.

Data Types in Java


 Primitive Data Types: int, float, char, boolean, double, long, short, byte.

 Non-Primitive Data Types: Arrays, Strings, Classes, Interfaces.

 Escape Sequences: \n, \t, \\, \", \'.

Definition: A data type defines the kind of data a variable can store, such as integers, floating-point
numbers, or characters.

Short Note: Primitive data types store simple values, while non-primitive types store complex data
structures.

3. Input and Output in Java

Using Scanner Class:

import java.util.Scanner;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

int num = sc.nextInt();

double d = sc.nextDouble();

String s = sc.next();

Printing Output:

System.out.println("Hello World");

Definition: The Scanner class in Java is used to take input from the user during program execution.

Short Note: Scanner class is used for user input, while System.out.println() is used for displaying
output.

4. Control Structures

Conditional Statements

if Statement:

if (x > 0) {

System.out.println("Positive");

switch-case:

switch (day) {

case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;


case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;

default: System.out.println("Invalid");

Definition: Control structures allow a program to make decisions and execute different code based on
conditions.

Short Note: Control structures help in decision-making in programs.

5. Loops in Java

for Loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

while Loop:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

Definition: A loop is a control structure that repeats a block of code until a specified condition is met.

Short Note: Loops help execute repetitive tasks efficiently.

6. Functions (Methods) in Java

Definition:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

Method Overloading:

int multiply(int a, int b) {

return a * b;
}

double multiply(double a, double b) {

return a * b;

Definition: A method in Java is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be called multiple
times in a program.

Short Note: Methods increase code reusability and modularity.

7. Arrays

Single-Dimensional Array:

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};

Sorting (Bubble Sort Example):

for (int i = 0; i < n-1; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++) {

if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) {

int temp = arr[j];

arr[j] = arr[j+1];

arr[j+1] = temp;

Definition: An array is a collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory
locations.

Short Note: Arrays store multiple values in a single variable and help in organizing data efficiently.

8. Encapsulation & Access Modifiers

Private, Public, Protected:

class Example {

private int num;

public void setNum(int n) {


num = n;

Definition: Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (variables) and methods into a single unit
called a class.

Short Note: Encapsulation hides data within a class, improving security and modularity.

9. Ethics & Cyber Security

 Intellectual Property Rights

 Privacy & Data Protection

 Cybercrime & Hacking

 Software Piracy & Malicious Code

Definition: Cyber Security refers to the protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware,
software, and data, from cyber threats.

Short Note: Ethical computing ensures responsible and legal use of technology.

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