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Python Encapsulation Concepts

The document explains Python encapsulation concepts, highlighting the bundling of data and methods within classes to restrict direct access to object components. It covers the use of getter and setter methods for controlled access to private attributes, data hiding, and name mangling for private attributes. Several examples illustrate how encapsulation ensures valid operations on data while maintaining privacy.

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5 views

Python Encapsulation Concepts

The document explains Python encapsulation concepts, highlighting the bundling of data and methods within classes to restrict direct access to object components. It covers the use of getter and setter methods for controlled access to private attributes, data hiding, and name mangling for private attributes. Several examples illustrate how encapsulation ensures valid operations on data while maintaining privacy.

Uploaded by

yoeurthsaiyann20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python Encapsulation Concepts

1. Basic Encapsulation
Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single
unit, or class. It restricts direct access to some of the object's components.

class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, age, salary):
# Private attributes
self.__name = name
self.__age = age
self.__salary = salary

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

def set_name(self, name):


self.__name = name

def get_salary(self):
return self.__salary

def set_salary(self, salary):


if salary < 0:
print("Salary cannot be negative.")
else:
self.__salary = salary

emp = Employee("John", 30, 50000)


print(emp.get_name()) # John
emp.set_salary(55000)
print(emp.get_salary()) # 55000

2. Controlling Access with Getter and Setter Methods


Getters and setters allow controlled access to private attributes. The setter can contain logic to
validate changes.

class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, age, salary):
self.__name = name
self.__age = age
self.__salary = salary

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

def set_name(self, name):


self.__name = name

def get_age(self):
return self.__age

def set_age(self, age):


if age > 18:
self.__age = age
else:
print("Age must be greater than 18")

emp = Employee("Jane", 25, 60000)


print(emp.get_age()) # 25
emp.set_age(17) # Age must be greater than 18

3. Data Hiding Example


Encapsulation hides data from direct access, providing controlled access through public methods.

class Account:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance # Private attribute

def deposit(self, amount):


if amount > 0:
self.__balance += amount
else:
print("Deposit amount must be positive.")

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance

acc = Account(1000)
acc.deposit(500) # Deposit 500
print(acc.get_balance()) # 1500

4. Controlling Access Example


Using encapsulation, we control access to an object's data, ensuring that only valid operations are
performed.

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, account_number, balance):
self.__account_number = account_number
self.__balance = balance

def deposit(self, amount):


if amount > 0:
self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance

acc = BankAccount("12345678", 2000)


acc.deposit(1000) # Deposit 1000
print(acc.get_balance()) # 3000

5. Name Mangling in Encapsulation


Python uses name mangling to make private attributes less accessible by renaming them internally.

class Employee:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name # Private attribute

emp = Employee("Mike")
print(emp._Employee__name) # Access private attribute using name mangling

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