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UNIT-6 File I/O Handling and Exception Handling

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***Files***
===========
- File is a collection of related records.
- File is used to store the records permanently.
- File is used to store and access records.
- File is computer resource user for recording data in computer storage device.
- Processing on file is performed using read/write operations.
- Python supports file handling and allows user to handle file.
- We can perform many operations on file like creating file, updating file,
deleting file, etc.
- There are two different types of file
1) Text Files:
- Text files are simple text in human readable format. It is collection of sequence
of text.

2) Binary Files:
- Binary files have binary data i.e 0s and 1s which is understood by the computer.

- We follow below orders while working with file:

I) Open a File.
II) Read or Write Files.
III) Close the file.

Opening file in different Modes:

--------------------------------
- All files in python are required to be open before some operation.
- While opening file, file object got created and by using that file object we will
perform different operations.
- Python has built-in function open() to open a file.
- Syntax:
fileObject=open(FileName[,AccessMode,buffering]);
- Where:
FileName : Name of the file wthat you want to access.
AccessMode: The access mode determines the mode in which the file has to be
opened i.e read,write, append, etc.
buffering: If the buffering value set to 0 then no buffering takes place. If
the buffering value is 1 then buffering is performed while accessing file.
- Example:
file=open("vjtech.txt");

Different Modes of Opening File:

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1) r : Opens file for reading mode.
2) r+ : Opens file for both reading and writing.
3) w : Opens file for writing only.
4) w+ : Opens file for both reading and writing.
5) a : Opens file for appending.
6) a+ : Opens file for both appending and reading.
7) rb : Opens file for reading only in binary format.
8) rb+: Opens file for both reading and writing in binary format.
9) wb : Opens file for writing only in binary format.
10)wb+: Opens file for both reading and writing in binary format.
11)ab : Opens file for appending in binary format.
12)ab+: Opens file for both appending and reading in binary format.

- Example:
 file=open("vjtech.txt",'w');
- In above example vjtech.txt file opens in writing mode.

Accessing contents of file using standard library functions:

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1) file.closed : return true if file is closed.
2) file.mode : return access mode of file.
3) file.name : return name of the file.
4) file.encoding: return encoding of the file.

Closing File:
--------------
- When we are done with all operations to the file then we need to properly close
the file.
- Closing the file will free up the resources that allocated by the file.
- Syntax:
fileobject.close();

==========================
Writing Data to a File:
==========================
- We use write() function to write string in file.
- If we want to write some contents into a file then we have to open the file in
"w" or "a" mode.
- The write() method writes the contents onto the file. It takes only one parameter
and returns the number of characters writing to the file.
- If we open the file in "w" mode then contents of the file got override.
- And if we open the file in "a" mode then new contents added at last.
- There are two different write() methods available for write the data.
1)write(string):
-----------------
- This method write contents of string to the file and return no of characters
written.
- Example:
#write data into a file using write() method
f1=open("vjtech.txt","w");
f1.write("This is Python Language\n");
f1.write("This is Object Oriented Programming Language\n");
f1.write("We are learning this language in VJTech Academy");
print("Data written successfully in file!!!");
f1.close();

2) writelines(list):
---------------------
- It writes sequence of strings to the file and there is no any return value.
- Example:
#write data into file using writelines() method.
f1=open("sample.txt","w");
msg=["VJTech Academy\n","MSBTE\n","Maharashtra\n","Pune\n"];
f1.writelines(msg);
print("Data written successfully into the file!!!");
f1.close();

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Reading Data from File:
==========================
- To read a file in python, we must open the file in reading mode("r" or"r+").
- The read() method in python reads contents of the file.
- This method returns the characters read from the file.
- There are three different read() methods available for read the data.
1) read([n]):
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- This method read the complete contents of the file if you have not specified n
value.
- But if you given the value of n then that much of characters read from the file.
For example, suppose we have given read(3) then we will get back the first three
characters of the file.
- Example:
#read contents of the file using read() method
f1=open("vjtech.txt","r");
print(f1.read(5)); #read first 5 data
print(f1.read(10)); #read next 10 data
print(f1.read()); #read rest of the file data

2) readline([n]):
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- This method just output the entire line.
- But if we spcify the value of n then it will return n bytes of single line of the
file.
- This method does not read more than one line.
- Example:
#read contents of the file using readline() method
f1=open("sample.txt","r");
print(f1.readline()); #read first line
print(f1.readline(3)); #read first three character of line
print(f1.readline(4)); #read next 4 characters of the line

3) readlines():
----------------
- This method is used to read complete lines of the file.
- Example:
#read contents of the file using readlines() method
f1=open("sample.txt","r");
print(f1.readlines()); #read complete lines of the file

-Output:
['VJTech Academy\n', 'MSBTE\n', 'Maharashtra\n', 'Pune\n']

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File Position
==============
- We can change the position of file cursor using seek() method.
- tell() will return the current position of file cursor.
- Syntax:
f.seek(offset,reference_point);
- The position is computed from adding offset to a reference point.
- Reference point can be ommited and default to 0.
- Following values we can use for reference point.
I) 0 : beginning of the file
II) 1 :current position of the file
III) 2: end of the file.
- tell() method is used to find the current position of the file pointer in the
file.
- seek() method is used to move file pointer to the particular position.
- Example:
#file position
f1=open("vjtech.txt","r");
print("current position of file cursor:",f1.tell());
print(f1.read());
print("current position of file cursor:",f1.tell());
f1.seek(0);
print(f1.read());

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Renaming the file
=================
- Renaming the file in python is done with the help of rename() method.
- To rename a file in python, the os module needs to be imported.
- rename() method takes two arguments current file nane and new file name.
- Syntax:
os.rename(current_file_name,new_file_name);
- Example:
#for renaming the file
import os;
print("***Contents of present working directory****");
print(os.listdir());
os.rename("sample.txt","sample123.txt");
print("***Contents of present working directory after rename****");
print(os.listdir());

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Deleting a file
=================
- We can use remove() method to delete files.
- TO remove file, os module need to be imported.
- This method used in python to remove the existing file with the file name.
- Syntax:
os.remove(file_name);
- Example:
#for deleting files
import os;
print("***Contents of present working directory****");
print(os.listdir());
os.remove("sample123.txt");
print("***Contents of present working directory after remove****");
print(os.listdir());

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Directories
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- If there are a large number of files to handle in the python program, we can
arrange the code within different directories to make things more manageable.
- A directory or folder is a colletion of files and sub-directories.
- Python has the os module which provides us with many useful methods to wortk with
directories.

1) Create new directory:

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- We can make new directory using mkdir() method.
- This method takes in the path of the new directory. If the full path is not
specified then new directory is crated in the current working directory.
- Syntax:
os.mkdir("newdir");
- Example:
#create new directory
import os;
os.mkdir("testdir123");
print("new directory created successfully!!!");

2) Get Current Directory:

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- We can get the present working directory using getcwd() method.
- This method return the current working directory in the form of string.
- Syntax:
os.getcwd();
- Example:
#Get current directory
import os;
print(os.getcwd());

3) Changing the directory:

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- We can change the current working directory using chdir() method.
- We can pass new path of directory in this method.
- We can use both forward slash(/) and backward slash(\) to separate path elements.
- Syntax:
os.chdir("dirname");
- Example:
#changing directory
import os;
print(os.getcwd());
os.chdir("F:\Academic 2022\C Language 2022");
print(os.getcwd());

4) List directories and files:

-------------------------------
- All files and sub directories inside a directory can be display using listdir()
method.
- This method takes in a path and return a list of sub directories and files in
that path.
- If path is not specified then it will return from the current working directory.
- Exmaple:
#display lis of files and directories.
import os;
print(os.listdir());

5) Removing directory:
-----------------------
- The rmdir() method is used to remove directories in the current directory.
- Syntax:
os.rmdir("dirname");
- Example:
#display lis of files and directories.
import os;
print("***List of files and directories****");
print(os.listdir());
os.rmdir("testdir123");
print("***List of files and directories after remove****");
print(os.listdir());