Dictionary

Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data, used to store data values along with the keys.
Dictionary holds the key : value pair. We can also refer to a dictionary as a mapping between a set of
keys and a set of values. Each key-value pair in a Dictionary is separated by a colon (:). E.g.
dict={ “a": “alpha", “o": “omega", “g": ”gamma” }

CHARACTERISTICS OF PYTHON DICTIONARY:

1. The combination of Key and Value is called Key-Value Pair.
2. Keys and their values are separated by colon(:)
3. Different Key-Value pairs are separated by comma(,).
4. Keys are unique for each Value.
5. Keys of dictionary must be of immutable type like string, number etc.

# Creating an empty Dictionary Output

Dict = {} Empty Dictionary:
print("Empty Dictionary: ") {}
print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with Integer Keys Dictionary with the use of Integer
Dict = {1: ‘AAA', 2: ‘BBB', 3: ‘CCC'} Keys:
print("\nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: ") {1: ‘AAA', 2: ‘BBB', 3: ‘CCC'}
print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with Mixed keys Dictionary with the use of Mixed
Dict = {'Name': ‘Govind', 1: [10, 11, 12, 13]} Keys:
print("\nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ") {'Name': 'Govind', 1: [10, 11, 12, 13]}
print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with dict() method Dictionary with the use of dict():
D=dict({1: 'AAA', 2: 'BBB', 3:'CCC'}) {1: 'AAA', 2: 'BBB', 3: 'CCC'}
print("\nDictionary with the use of dict(): ") Dictionary with each item as a pair:
print(D) {1: 'AAA', 2: 'BBB'}

# Adding elements one at a time Dictionary after adding 3 elements:

Dict={} {0: 'Govind', 2: ‘Prasad', 3: ‘Arya’}
Dict[0] = ‘Govind'
Dict[2] = ‘Prasad'
Dict[3] = ‘Arya’
print("\nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")
print(Dict)
Dictionary after adding set of values:
# Adding set of values {0: 'Govind', 2: ‘Prasad', 3: ‘Arya’ , 'V':
# to a single Key (1, 2,)}
Dict['V'] = 1, 2
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print("\nDictionary after adding set of values: ")
print(Dict) Updated dictionary:
{0: 'Govind', 2: ‘Prasad', 3: ‘Arya’ , 'V':
# Updating existing Key's Value (3, 4,)}
Dict[‘V’] = 3,4
print("\nUpdated dictionary: ")
print(Dict)
# Creating a Dictionary
D = {1: ‘Prasad', 'name': ‘Govind', 3: ‘Arya'}

# accessing a element using key Output

print("Accessing a element using key:") Accessing a element using key:
print(D['name']) Govind

# accessing a element using key Accessing a element using key:

print("Accessing a element using key:") Prasad
print(D[1])

# accessing a element using get() method Accessing a element using get:

print("Accessing a element using get:") Arya
print(D.get(3))
D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'} Output
print("\n all key names in the dictionary, one by one:") all key names in the dictionary, one by
for i in D: one:
print(i, end=' ') 123

print("\n all values in the dictionary, one by one:") all values in the dictionary, one by one:
for i in D: AAA BBB CCC
print(D[i], end=' ')

print("\n all keys in the dictionary using keys() all keys in the dictionary using keys()
method:") method:
for i in D.keys(): 123
print(i, end=' ')

print("\n all values in the dictionary using values() all values in the dictionary using
method:") values() method:
for i in D.values(): AAA BBB CCC
print(i, end=' ')

print("\n all keys and values in the dictionary using all keys and values in the dictionary
items()method:") using items()method:
for k, v in D.items(): 1 AAA 2 BBB 3 CCC
print(k, v, end=' ')

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Built-in functions in dictionary:-

Function Example with output

len():- Returns the length of the D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

dictionary print('Length', '=',len(D))
Output:- Length= 3

dict() :- dict() function creates a D = dict(name = "Aman", age = 36, country = "India")
dictionary. print(D)
Output:-{'name': 'Aman', 'age': 36, 'country': 'India'}

keys():- returns all the available keys D = dict(name = "Aman", age = 36, country = "India")
print(D.keys())
Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'country'])

values()-returns all the available D = dict(name = "Aman", age = 36, country = "India")
values print(D.values( ))
Output:dict_values(['Aman', 36, 'India'])

items():- returns key:value pair as D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

object for k, v in D.items():
print(k, v, end=’#')
Output: 1 AAA # 2 BBB # 3 CCC

get(): returns the value of the item D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

with specified key print(D.get(2))
Output: BBB

update():- inserts the specified items D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

to the dictionary D.update({4:’DDD’})
print(D)
Output : {1: 'AAA', 2: 'BBB', 3: 'CCC',4:’DDD’}

del() – used to delete the key:value D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC', 4:’DDD’ }

pair D.del(2)
print(D)
Output : {1: 'AAA', 3: 'CCC',4:’DDD’}

clear() – removes all elements from D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

the dictionary D.clear()
print(D)
Output : {}

fromKeys() : creates a new dictionary D=(1,2,3)

from the given sequence of elements print(dict.fromkeys(D,None))
with a value provided by the user. Output : {1: None, 3: None,4:None}

copy() : to make a copy of the D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

dictionary D1=D.copy()
print(D1)
Output : {1: 'AAA', 3: 'CCC',4:’DDD’}

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pop() : method removes the specified D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}
item from the dictionary and return print(D.pop(2))
the corresponding value Output : ’BBB’

popitem() : Remove the last item from D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

the dictionary print(D.popitem())
Output : 3: ’CCC’

setdefault() : This method inserts a new D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

key: value pair only if the key does not print(D.setdefault(4,200))
exist and If the key already exists, it returns Output : 200
the current value in both cases. D now is {1: 'AAA', 2: 'BBB', 3: 'CCC', 4: 200}

max() : returns the maximum key D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

value print(max(D))
Output : 3

min() : returns the minimum key value D={1:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

print(min(D))
Output : 1

sorted(): returns the dictionary in D={10:'AAA', 2:'BBB', 3:'CCC'}

sorted order on keys/values print(sorted(D.items()))
print(sorted(D.values()))
Output :[(2, 'BBB'), (3, 'CCC'), (10, 'AAA')]
['AAA', 'BBB', 'CCC']

MIND MAP

MCQ
1. What is the syntax to create an empty dictionary in Python?
a) dict = {}
b) dict = []
c) dict = ()
d) dict = None
Answer: a) dict = {}
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2. Which method is used to add a new key-value pair to a dictionary?
a) append()
b) update()
c) insert()
d) add()
Answer: b) update()

3. How do you access the value of a key in a dictionary?

a) dict[key]
b) dict.key
c) dict.get(key)
d) dict[key][ ]
Answer: a) dict[key]

4. What happens if you try to access a key that doesn't exist in a dictionary?
a) It returns None
b) It raises a KeyError
c) It returns an empty string
d) It returns 0
Answer: b) It raises a KeyError

5. Which method is used to remove a key-value pair from a dictionary?

a) pop()
b) remove()
c) delete()
d) clear()
Answer: a) pop()

6. How do you iterate over the key-value pairs of a dictionary?

a) for key in dict:
b) for key, value in dict.items():
c) for key, value in dict:
d) for key in dict.keys():
Answer: b) for key, value in dict.items():

7. What is the output of dict.keys()?

a) A list of keys
b) A list of values
c) A list of key-value pairs
d) A dictionary
Answer: a) A list of keys

8. Which method is used to add new key value pair if not exists ?
a) get()
b) setdefault()
c) add()
d) insert()
Answer: a) setdefault()

9. How do you merge two dictionaries?

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 a) dict1 + dict2
b) dict1.update(dict2)
c) dict1.merge(dict2)
d) dict1.extend(dict2)
Answer: b) dict1.update(dict2)

10. What is the output of dict.clear()?

a) An empty dictionary
b) A dictionary with one key-value pair
c) A dictionary with all keys removed
d) A dictionary with all values removed
Answer: a) An empty dictionary

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

1. Write a Python function to count the frequency of each word in a given string and store the result
in a dictionary.
e.g.
Input: "Hello world, hello python"
Output: {"Hello": 2, "world": 1, "python": 1}

2. Create a dictionary to store student information, including name, age, and grade. Write a function
to add a new student and another function to retrieve a student's information by name.

3. Given a dictionary of student grades, write a function to calculate the average grade for each
student and return the result in a new dictionary.
Input: {"John": [80, 70, 90], "Jane": [90, 80, 70]}
Output: {"John": 80.0, "Jane": 80.0}

4. Write a function to merge two dictionaries and return the result.

Input: dict1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}, dict2 = {"c": 3, "d": 4}
Output: {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}

5. Create a dictionary to store book information, including title, author, and price. Write a function to
find the average price of books by a specific author.
6. Given a dictionary of employee data, write a function to find the highest salary and return the
employee's name and salary.
Input: {"John": 50000, "Jane": 60000, "Bob": 70000}
Output: ("Bob", 70000)

7. Write a function to remove duplicate values from a dictionary and return the result.
Input: {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 1, "d": 3}
Output: {"a": 1, "b": 2, "d": 3}

8. Create a dictionary to store city information, including name, population, and country.
9. With respect to Q. 8 , Write a function to find cities with a population greater than a given
threshold.
10. Write a small project using the concept learnt so far.

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the syntax to create an empty dictionary? - {} or dict()
2. How do you add a key-value pair to a dictionary? - dict[key] = value
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