P.

7 TERM ONE SOCIAL STUDIES NOTES

WORLD CONTINENTS IN ORDER OF THEIR SIZES

The world is made of seven continents.
Continent Size (km2)
Asia 43,008,000
Africa 30,335,000
North America 25,349,000
South America 17,611,000
Antarctica 13,340,000
Europe 10,498,000
Australia 7,682,000

Location of continents in the world. (MK BK 7 Pg vii)

POINTS TO NOTE
- Africa is regarded as a cradle land of man because the skull of Zinjanthropus was
discovered there by Dr. Louis Leakey in Tanzania at Olduvai Gorge.
- Africa was regarded as a dark continent because the foreigners new nothing about
its interior.
- Antarctica continent is too cold to support human life.
- Australia is the smallest continent while Asia is the largest one.
- Continents were formed by continental drifting
AFRICA AS A CONTINENT

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▪ A continent is a large mass of land surrounded by water bodies.
▪ Africa is located in the central region on the world map.
▪ It is the second largest continent.
The location of Africa on the world map is determined by:
✓ Water bodies surrounding it
✓ Latitude lines and longitude lines
✓ Neighbouring continents
NB. Africa is wide in the North and thinner in the South.
Water bodies that surround Africa.
- Mediterranean Sea in the North.
- Atlantic Ocean in the West.
- Red Sea in the North East.
- Indian Ocean in the East.
OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA.
1. Cape- A mass of land stretching into the sea.
Examples of capes in Africa:
o Cape Verde –to the West.
o Cape Guardafui-to the East.
o Cape Agulhas to the South East.
o Cape Ras ben to the North.
o Cape of Good Hope to the South.
o Cape Blanc to the Northern Africa.
2. Gulf-A large area of the sea partly enclosed by land.
Examples of gulfs:
• Gulf of Aden
• Gulf of Sirte
• Gulf of Gabes
• Gulf of Guinea
3. A strait- A narrow water passage between two land masses and connecting large
water masses
E.g. The Strait of Gibraltar-which is the nearest point between Africa and Europe.
4. Isthmus-A narrow land connecting two land masses.

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5. Island-A piece of land completely surrounded by a water body.
Examples of island countries of Africa
➢ Madagascar (Indian Ocean) - the largest island in Africa
➢ Seychelles(Indian Ocean) - smallest country in Africa
➢ Mauritius(Indian Ocean)
➢ Comoros(Indian Ocean)
➢ Cape Verde(Atlantic Ocean)
➢ Reunion(Indian Ocean)
6. Peninsula- A piece of land with three sides surrounded by water.
Or- A piece of land nearly surrounded by water with a section attached to the main
land by an Isthmus.
LOCATION AND POSITION OF AFRICA USING LINES OF LATITUDE AND
LONGITUDE
❖ The method of locating places using latitude and longitude lines is called Grid
reference.
❖ Latitude lines(parallels) are imaginary lines drawn on the map from East to West.
❖ Longitude lines\ Meridians are imaginary lines drawn on the map from North to South.
❖ Longitude is the distance East or West of the Prime Meridian.
❖ Latitude is the distance North or South of the Equator.
❖ Africa is located between latitude lines 370N – 35oS and longitude lines 170w – 520E
.
❖ Africa is crossed by three major latitude lines namely:
1. Equator- 00
2. Tropic of cancer- 23½0 N.
3. Tropic of Capricorn-23½0S.
A diagram showing the major latitude lines

Other major lines of latitude include:

- Arctic circle- 66 ½0 N
- Antarctic circle- 66½0S
The biggest part of Africa lies within the tropics.
The Equator is marked 00 because it is the starting point of measuring latitude.
The Equator crosses Gabon, Congo Brazzaville, DRC, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia
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 The Prime Meridian is the major line of longitude that crosses Africa.
Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali and Algeria are crossed by the Greenwich Meridian.
The Greenwich meridian is used to determine international time.
The international dateline is another major longitude (180 0) which separates one day
from another or determines the date.
MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING ITS LOCATION BY LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE

Activity
1. On the map drawn, mark and name the following;
- Indian Ocean
- Atlantic Ocean
- Red sea
- Mediterranean sea
- Gulf of Guinea, Gabes
- Gulf of Aden, sirte
- Suez Canal
- Strait of Gibraltar
- All the capes
- Zanzibar and Pemba islands

Calculating time
Every 150 moved to East of the Greenwich Meridian, an hour is added while to the West,
an hour is deducted.
Example

a) It is 1:00pm at GMT. What is the time at town Y 30 0 East?

150E -----+1hour
300E------+(30/15)hours
=+2hours
1:00PM
+2:00HOURS
3:00PM

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 Activity
b) It is 6:00pm at Mombasa 450E. What is the time at Accra?

COUNTRIES IN EACH REGION OF AFRICA

Africa is divided into regions;
a) Northern Africa
b) Central Africa
c) Southern Africa
d) East Africa
e) Horn of Africa.

1. Countries in the Western region of Africa.

Country Capital City Country Capital City
Ghana Accra Liberia Monrovia

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Mali Bamako

Cape Verde Cape Verde Mauritania Nouakchott

Ivory Coast (Cote Yamoussoukro Niger Niamey

d’Ivoire

Togo Lome Sierra Leone Freetown

Guinea Bissau Bissau Nigeria Abuja

Gambia Banjul Senegal Dakar

Guinea Conakry Benin Porto Novo

1. Countries in East Africa.

Country Capital City Country Capital City

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 Uganda Kampala Tanzania Dodoma
Kenya Nairobi Burundi Bujumbura
Rwanda Kigali

2. Countries in central Africa

Country Capital City Country Capital City

Central African Rep Bangui Chad N’Djamena

Congo Brazzaville Brazzaville DRC Kinshasa

Equatorial Guinea Malabo Gabon Libreville

SaoTome and SaoTome

Principe

LESSON 5
3. Countries in Northern Africa

Country Capital City Country Capital City

Algeria Algiers Libya Tripoli

Morocco Rabat Tunisia Tunis

Egypt Cairo Sudan Khartoum

South Sudan Juba Western El Aaium

Sahara

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 4. Countries in Southern Africa

Country Capital City Country Capital City

South Africa Pretoria Angola Luanda

Botswana Gaborone Swaziland Mbabane

Lesotho Maseru Malawi Lilongwe

Madagascar Antananarivo Mauritius Port Louise

Seychelles Victoria Mozambique Maputo

Zimbabwe Harare Zambia Lusaka

Namibia Windhoek Comoros Moroni

Reunion Reunion

6. Horn of Africa

Country Capital City Country Capital City

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Djibouti Djibouti

Somalia Mogadishu Eritrea Asmara

Land locked countries of Africa.

- Uganda - Zambia
- Swaziland - Burkina Faso
- Zimbabwe - Rwanda
- Central African Republic - Botswana
- South Sudan - Chad
- Lesotho - Niger

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N.B Lesotho and Swaziland are enclave countries of Africa because they are located
within another country-South Africa.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA

Physical features are natural landforms that give the earth shape.

Africa is made of the following physical features.

Lakes and rivers. - Coastal plains

-Highland / mountains - Islands

-Rift valley - Basins

-Plateau

Plateau

❖ A plateau is a raised flat topped piece of land

❖ A plateau covers the largest part of Africa.

Examples of plateaus in Africa.

- Ahaggar plateau in Algeria.

- Jos plateau inNigeria

- Fouta Djalon/Guinea plateau in Guinea

- Bie plateau in Angola

- Nyikka plateau in Kenya

- Yatta plateau in Kenya

Human activities on a plateau.

- Farming - Tourism

- Mining - Nomadic pastoralism

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- Settlement

Reasons why a plateau is good for human settlement.

- It has fertile soils for farming.

- It has pasture for cattle keeping.

- It is easy to construct houses on a plateau.

- There is easy transport on plateau.

NOTE.

1. The Masai live in the Nyikka plateau of East Africa.

2. The word Nyikka means barren/dry land.

Pastoral tribes in Africa.

- Fulani - Bahima - The Dadoth -The San.

- Karimojong - Hausa - Sotho

Highlands and Mountains

There are three types of mountains in Africa namely;

a) Fold mountains

b) Volcanic mountains

c) Block mountains

Fold Mountains

- Fold Mountains are found near the edges of continents.

- They were formed as a result of folding of young sedimentary rocks/earth’s

rifting.

- This happened when two forces moving against each other made the young
sedimentary rocks to fold upwards.

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 - The rocks that were very old would break

- The lifted parts are called anticlines and sunken parts are called synclines

- Forces that caused folding were compressional forces.

Examples of Fold Mountains in Africa:

a) Atlas mountains in Morocco

b) Cape ranges in South Africa

Anticlines Synclines
Diagram showing the formation of fold mountains.

Opposing forces

Upward movement forms

Land before folds Opposing forces meet
fold mountains

Volcanic Mountains

➢ Volcanic mountains were formed when molten rocks known as magma forced their
way on the surface of the earth as a result of too much heat in the earth’s crust.

➢ They were formed as a result of volcanic activities.

➢ A Vent is an opening / a feature through which hot molten rocks, water, steam or
ash passes to reach the earth’s surface.

➢ Magma are molten rocks found under the surface of the earth.

➢ Lava is the solidified magma that has cooled and it is found on the earth’s surface.

➢ Crater is a depression on an extinct/dead volcano.

➢ Lava may flow over a large area forming plateaus and cones.

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Diagram showing volcanic mountain Sharing our world bk 7 pg.11.

Types of volcanic mountains.

a) Active volcanoes.

b) Dormant volcanoes.

c) Extinct volcanoes.

Active volcanoes:

These are volcanoes that erupt frequently.

Dormant/sleepy volcanoes:

These are volcanoes that have never erupted but show signs of erupting.

Extinct/dead volcanoes:

These are volcanoes that erupted long time ago and stopped. They don’t show any
signs of erupting again.

Examples of volcanoes in Africa:

Mountain Country

Active Volcanoes

Mt. Nyiragongo DRC

Mt. Nyamulangira DRC

Mt. Oldonyo Lengai Tanzania

Mt. Cameroon Cameroon

Dormant Volcanoes

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 Mt. Longonot Kenya

Mt. Muhavura Uganda

Mt. Moroto Uganda

Extinct Volcanoes

Mt. Elgon Uganda

Mt. Kenya Kenya

Mt. Kilimanjaro Tanzania

Ethiopian highlands Ethiopia

Tibesti mountains Chad

LESSON 12

Block Mountains

• Block mountains were formed by faulting.

• Compressional forces acted on the underground rocks leading to the formation of

faults.

• Due to the continuous pushing, the middle block was forced up forming a block
mountain.

Diagram showing the formation of Block Mountains Comprehensive bk 6

Examples of Block Mountains in Africa

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 Mountain Country

Rwenzori Uganda

Usambara Tanzania

Pare Tanzania

Danakil Ethiopia

Great Karas mountains Namibia

Uluguru Tanzania

Map of Africa showing mountains and highlands

LESSON 13

Basin

❖ This is a large low lying land found with in the earth’s surface.

❖ It can be between a plateau and a plateau or a highland.

❖ Africa has the basins below;

- Congo basin - Niger basin

- Okavango basin - Limpopo basin

Victoria basin
- Chad basin
- Zambezi basin
- Nile basin
Orange basin

Human activities in basins

- Farming - sand mining

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- Fishing - Brick making

- Tourism

THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA

• The great rift valley of Africa starts from Jordan in the Middle East ends at Beira in
Mozambique.

• The Rift Valley was formed by the process of faulting due to either Tensional or
compressional forces.

• The faults occurred as a result of disturbances in the earth’s crust.

• The highest floor of the rift valley is found around L.Kivu and the lowest is around
L.Tanganyika.

• Scarps/escarpments are steep sides of the rift valley.

• Scarps are a problem to people who live in a rift valley because they make it
difficult to build roads.

The four arms of the great rift valley of Africa:

a) The Ethiopian Rift Valley

• It enters Ethiopia from Red sea.

• It has L.Abaya and Danakil depression.

b) The Western Rift Valley

• It runs through Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania.

• It has lakes like; L. George, L.Albert, L. Edward, L.Kivu and L.Tanganyika.

c) The Eastern Rift Valley

• It runs through Kenya and Tanzania.

• It has lakes like, Turkana, Nakuru, Natron, Manyara, Magadi, Eyasi, e.t.c.

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d) The Malawian Rift Valley

• It runs through Malawi to Mozambique.

• The lake in this arm is L. Malawi.

Human activities carried in the Rift valley:

-Farming

-Fishing

-Tourism

-Mining

MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY

THE COASTAL PLAIN

It is a low lying region along the coasts of Africa.

The coast is a narrow strip of land between the ocean and the main land.

Some parts of coastal plain have an altitude of 250m above the sea level.

Some plains are wide especially in Eastern Africa and West Africa.

The coastline of Africa is generally regular and narrow.

The African coasts have few natural harbours because the land slopes up gently to
the shore. Or because it is regular and narrow.

Natural harbours occur in areas where there are inlets into the land which form
bays.

A bay is part of the sea partly surrounded by a curve of land.

The West African coast has many lagoons because it is indented.

A lagoon is a lake formed when sea water is separated by sand or mud.

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 Cities like Lagos in Nigeria, Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire and Durban in S.Africa were
built on islands in lagoons.

Lagoons are also found in the Nile delta

The coasts of Africa have coral reefs.

Coral reefs are rocks formed by remains of dead sea creatures found at the bottom
of the sea.

Coral reefs are used to make cement and attract tourists.

They are dangerous to water transport because they damage ships

They also make it difficult for ships to enter the harbour easily

LESSON 16

The economic activities done in the coastal plains.

✓ Farming-crops like cloves,oilpalm, rubber, sugarcane, vines (which produce grapes

for making wine), etc are grown.

✓ Mining- e.g. petroleum

✓ Fishing especially marine fish.

✓ Shipping services.

✓ Trade.

✓ Oil refining.

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF AFRICA

Drainage is the way in which rain water gets collected into different water bodies.

The following are the main features of drainage features:

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Drainage basins Lakes
Rivers Swamps

RIVERS:

-A river is a mass of flowing water

-Tributary is a small river that flows into the main river.

-Distributary is a small river that flows away from the main river.

-Source is where a river starts flowing.

-Mouth is where a river pours its water.

-Confluence is where two or more rivers meet.

-Course is the direction a river moves in.

-Watershed is a line of highland separating two streams which flow into different rivers.

-River bank is a side of a river.

-Estuary is where a river enters its mouth in one wide stream.

-Delta is where a river forms channels into different streams before it enters the sea.

Rivers of Africa:

• Africa is drained by many rivers.

• The rivers are in two types.

a) Perennial or permanent rivers

b) Seasonal rivers

Perennial rivers: are rivers that flow throughout the year.

Seasonal rivers: are rivers that flow mainly during the rainy season.

Examples of seasonal rivers:

i) R. Agago – Uganda

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ii) R. Turkwel – Kenya

Major rivers in Africa:

Rivers Length mouth

R. Nile 6500km Mediterranean sea

Congo 4800km Atlantic Ocean

Niger 4000km Atlantic Ocean

Zambezi 3000km Indian Ocean

Orange 2100km Atlantic Ocean

Limpopo 1700km Indian Ocean

Senegal 1700km Atlantic Ocean

Volta 1100km Atlantic Ocean

LESSON 18

Rivers originate from the following features;

i) Lakes ii) Highlands

iii) Melting snow / Glaciers iv) Springs

River Main tributaries Source Nature of mouth

Congo Ubangi, Kasai, L. Tanganyika and Estuary

Lualaba, Lukaga,
L. Mweru
Luapula

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 Niger Benue Fouta Djallon and Delta
Adamawa Mts.

Orange Vaal Drakensberg Mt Estuary

R.Nile Atbara, Blue Nile, L. Victoria Delta

White Nile, Kafu,
Achwa

Blue Nile L.Tana

Zambezi Kafue, Linyanti Angola plateau Delta

Lipompo Suna, Krocodil High veld Estuary

Magalawena

R. Volta Otti, Black Volta, _____ Estuary

White Volta

Stages of a river:

A river has three stages / courses

i) Upper course / Youthful stage

ii) Middle course/ mature stage

iii) Lower course / old stage

Characteristics of Upper course:

-Waterfalls and rapids are formed.

-The river is narrow.

-The river is so destructive with gorges formed.

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-The river forms steep slopes.

-The river erodes down wards.

-The river flows zig zag course.

Characteristics of the middle course:

-The river is wide.

-It carries many objects.

-It erodes its sides.

-It begins to form meanders.

-It has large amount of water.

Characteristics of the lower course:

-Ox-bow lakes are formed.

-The rivers forms deltas.

Waterfalls:

• Waterfall is where a river falls from high place.

• Waterfalls are formed when water flows over a cliff (steep slope) or hard rock.

Importance of waterfalls:

-They are used to generate hydro electricity.

-They attract tourists who bring income

-They are used for rafting.

NOTE: Waterfalls hinder water transport as the may cause boats to capsize.

Diagram showing the course of a river(Sharing-bk7-pg-16)

Economic importance of rivers

-They attract tourist for income.

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-They help to generate hydro electricity power.

-They provide fish for sale.

-They provide water for industrial use.

-They provide water for irrigation.

-Some rivers are used for transport.

Other uses of rivers

-They help in the formation of rainfall.

-They are used for recreation.

-They provide materials for craft work i.e. clay

-Their banks have fertile soils for farming.

-They provide water for domestic use.

MAP SHOWING MAJOR RIVERS OF AFRICA (GHC STD7-PG8)

DAMS IN AFRICA

Country River Dams

Uganda R. Nile Nalubaale dam, Kiira dam

Sudan R. Nile Sennar dam, Jabel Aulia dam

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 Egypt R. Nile Aswan High Dam

Zambia R. Zambezi Kariba dam, Kafue dam

Kenya R. Tana Seven folks dam

Ghana R. Volta Akasombo dam, Kpong dam

DRC R. Congo Inga dam, Nziro dam

South Africa R. Orange Hedrick dam, Verwoerd dam

Nigeria R. Niger Kainji dam

Mozambique R. Zambezi Cabora Bassa dam

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS

These are projects set up on a river to serve more than one purpose.

Examples of multi purpose river projects in Africa

Project River Country

The volta River project R. Volta Ghana

Aswan High dam R. Nile Egypt

The Kainji project R. Niger Nigeria

Cabora Bassa / Kariba dam R. Zambezi Mozambique / Zambia

The Tana River development R.Tana Kenya

project

Benefits from Multipurpose river projects.

-Generation of Hydro electric power.

-Floods on rivers are controlled.

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-A lake formed is used for fishing.

-A lake formed provides water for irrigation.

-The project attracts tourists.

-The lake is used for transport.

ASWAN HIGH DAM

• Aswan high dam was constructed on R. Nile in Egypt.

• It is the largest dam along R. Nile.

Contributions of Aswan high dam to the economy of Egypt:

i) The dam generates Hydro Electric Power.

ii) It helps to provide water for irrigation.

iii) It helps to control annual floods.

iv) A lake formed is used for transport and fishing.

v) People get water for domestic use.

vi) It creates employment.

ASWAN HIGH DAM (Ref: Map Comprehensive Bk 7pg-151)

Factors to consider when setting up a dam

1. Presence of hard rocks to build on the foundation.

2. Presence of constant fast running water.

3. Availability of ready market to consume the H.E.P.

4. Presence of capital.

LAKES IN AFRICA

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Lakes are formed when very wide holes on the earth’s surface are filled with water.

Types of lakes

• There are different or several types of lakes in Africa.

• These include;

i) Rift valley lakes

ii) Crater lakes

iii) Human made lakes

iv) Depression lakes

v) Volcanic lakes (Lava dammed lakes)

vi) Ox-bow lakes

vii) Lagoon lakes

Rift valley lakes

They are formed when water collects in faulted valley.

Examples of rift valley lakes

i) L. Albert ii) L. Tanganyika iii) L. Malawi

iv) L. Turkana v) L. Magadi vi) L. Edward

Characteristics of rift valley lakes

i)They are deep.

ii)They are narrow

iii)They have regular shapes.

iv) They have more inlets than outlets.

v)They have salty water.

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vi)They are long.

NB: Rift valley lake have salty water because:

i)They have more in-lets than outlets.

ii)They have salty basement rocks.

Crater lakes

-They are formed when water collects in craters of volcanoes.

-Crater lakes were formed by volcanicity.

Examples of crater lakes

- L. Nyungu - L. Nyamunuk

- L. Katwe - L. Basumtwi in Ghana

- L. Muhavura - Panjam in Nigeria

- L. Nyakasura

Volcanic lakes (Lava dammed lakes)

They are formed as a result of lava flowing blocking a river.

Examples of volcanic lakes

-L. Mutanda

-L. Bunyonyi

- L. Tana

Ox-bow lakes

They are formed as a result of river meandering and deposition.

Rivers with ox-bow lakes

i) R. Semiliki –Uganda

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 ii) R. Ngando – Kenya

iii) R. Kilombero – Tanzania

iv) R. Nile – Egypt

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE FORMATION OF OX-BOW LAKES

1. Examples of ox-bow lakes

- L. Ruizi

- L. Gambi on R.Tana

- L. Utange on Rufigi

- L. Manzala on the Nile delta

- L. Kanyaboli on R. Yala

Down warped lakes (depression lakes)

Down warping lakes were formed by the earth’s movement which resulted into the
formation of depressions (basins) where water collected to form lakes.

Examples of these lakes are:

- L. Kyoga - L. Wamala

- L. Victoria - L. Opeta

- L. Chad - L. Kwania.

Formation of down warping lakes

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 Upward forces upward forces

Water fills to form a depression lake

Upward forces upward forces

Characteristics of depressional lakes

- They have fresh water.

- They have both in-lets and outlets.

- They have irregular shape.

- They are shallow.

Human made lakes

These are lakes formed as a result of human activities e.g. pottery, dam construction,
etc.

Before the dam

River Man made lake

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 Dam

Examples of man made lakes

-Lake Kariba on R. Zambezi

-L. Volta on R. Volta – Ghana

-L. Nasser on R. Nile – Egypt.

-L. Kainji on R. Niger – Nigeria

-Kabaka’s lake - Uganda

NB:The largest man made lake is L. Volta on R. Volta in Zambia.

LAGOON LAKES

• A lagoon lake is a lake of sea water separated from the major sea by sand or
mud.

• Most lagoon lakes are found at the West African coast.

• This is because West Africa has an indented coastline yet East Africa has a
smooth coastline.

• The largest lagoon is Keta in Ghana.

• There are many lagoon lakes at the coast of Ghana mainly because it is
indented.

Examples of a lagoon lakes:

- Lagos lagoon

- Nokeu in Benin

- Koule in Ghana

- Igele in Gabon

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Problems facing lakes in Africa.

✓ The water weed.

✓ Water pollution - dumping of wastes.

✓ Drought

✓ Overfishing

Sources of fish (Fishing grounds)

i) Lakes ii) Swamps iii) Oceans

iv) Rivers v) ponds vi) Seas

Methods used to catch fish

i)Using baskets

ii)Using hooks

iii)Using fishing nets (Gill net method)

iv)Using spears

Problems facing the fishing industry

i)Fish poisoning

ii)Poor storage facilities

iii)Poor transport

iv)The water weed

Problems faced by fishermen in Uganda

i)Dangerous marine animals.

ii)Drowning

iii)Fish poisoning

iv)Over fishing

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v)Poor storage facilities

vi)Pirates

Methods of preserving fish

i) Smoking ii) Tinning’

iii) Salting iv) Sun drying

QN. Why isn’t there fish and any other living organisms in L. Katwe?

IRRIGATION SCHEMES

❖ An irrigation scheme is an area where crops are grown under the artificial supply of
water from a natural source.

❖ Irrigation is the artificial supply of water from a water body to a garden.

Reasons for irrigation

i)To increase production of crops.

ii) To prevent crops from drying.

iii) To grow crops throughout the year.

iv) To put the would be useless land to use.

v) To increase crop yields.

Methods of irrigation

i) Canal method / Gravity irrigation.

ii) Over flow method (sprinkler)

iii)Using a watering can.

Advantages of irrigation farming.

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i) Crops are grown throughout the year.

ii)Crops give high yields.

iii)Dry land is put to use.

Examples of irrigation schemes of Africa

Irrigation scheme Country Source of water Crops grown

Gezira scheme Sudan Blue Nile Cotton

Richard Toll Senegal River Senegal Groundnuts

Awash valley Ethiopia River Awash Rice

Mwea Tebere Kenya River Thiba, Rice

Nyamindi

Kilombero valley Tanzania River Kilombero Sugarcane

Doho Uganda River Manafa Rice

Mubuku Uganda River Rice

Shabelle Somalia River Shabelle Bananas

Vaal S. Africa River Vaal Groundnuts

Lake chad Chad River Chad oats

THE CLIMATE OF AFRICA

❖ Climate is the average weather condition of a place recorded for a long period of
time.

❖ Weather is the state of atmosphere recorded for a short time.

The difference between climate and weather is that:

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 Climate is the average weather condition of a place recorded for a long period of time
while weather is the state of the atmosphere of a place recorded for a short time.

Or Weather is recorded for a short time while climate is recorded for a long time.

4. Conditions of weather.

i) Sunny ii) Cloudy iii) Misty

iv) Rainy v) Windy vi) Foggy

vii) Hot or cold weather.

Elements of weather / climate

i) Rainfall v) Sunshine

ii) Temperature vi) Fog

iii) Air pressure vii) Cloud cover

iv) Wind viii) Mist

Factors of climate

i) Temperature v) Air ressure

ii) Rainfall vi) Cloud cover

iii) Mist vii) Sunshine

iv) fog viii) Wind

Terms associated with weather.

i.Isohyets: These are lines drawn on a map to show places with the same rainfall.

ii)Isobars: These are line drawn on a map to show places with the same air pressure.

iii)Isotherms: These are lines drawn on a map to show places with the same
temperature.

iv)Isohels: These are lines drawn on a map to show places with the same sunshine.

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v)Contour lines: These are lines drawn on a map to show places with the same
altitude.

What is weather forecasting?

This is the prediction of future weather changes.

Importance of weather forecasting to;

a)farmers:

i) Helps farmers to know when to plant their crops.

ii) Helps farmers to know when to harvest their crops.

b) Sailor: Helps them to know the right weather for sailing.

c) Pilots: To know the right weather to fly a plane.

Influence of weather to people during,

i) Wet or rainy days

-People plant their crops.

-People put on heavy clothes.

-They weed their garden.

-They spray the crops.

ii)Dry / sunny season

-They harvest their crops.

-They dry their harvests.

-They put on light clothes.

-They prepare land for farming.

-They irrigate their crops.

iii) Windy weather

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-Farmers winnow their seeds.

-People sail.

-People are helped to run the wind mills.

Weather disasters and their effects to people.

Flood is a large amount of water covering an area which is usually dry.

i) Causes of floods:

-It is caused by heavy rainfall.

-It is caused by poor drainage system.

-it is caused by swamp drainage.

-It is caused by silting of swamps and rivers.

a) Effects of floods to people

-People’s property are destroyed.

-Leads to famine by destroying crops.

-Leads to loss of lives,

-Kills domestic animals.

-Leads to spread of diseases.

-Destroys the bridges.

-They cut off road networks.

b) Ways of helping flood victims

-By giving flood victims food.

-By giving flood victims clothes.

-Resettling flood victims.

-By providing medicine to flood victims.

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C) Ways in which floods can be controlled in Uganda.

-By conserving swamps.

- Constructing drainage channels.

ii) Drought is a long period of sunshine.

a)Causes of drought:

-High rate of deforestation.

-Swamp drainage.

-Bush burning

b) Effects of drought

-Famine

-Shortage of water.

-Shortage of pasture for animals.

-Death of animals

c) Solutions for drought / drought effects

-Practicing irrigation farming.

-Afforestation.

-Avoid swamp drainage

-Constructing valley dams and boreholes.

-By carrying out agro-forestry.

iii) Landslide/mudslide is a mass of soil or rock that falls down the slope of a
mountain.

a) Causes landslides:

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-Heavy rainfall

-Over cultivation on mountain slopes.

-Deforestation on mountain slopes.

b) Effects of landslides

-Loss of lives.

-Displacement of people.

-Destruction of property.

-Famine.

c) Solutions to the above problems.

-Avoid over cultivation on mountain slope.

-Avoid deforestation on mountain slope.

-Avoid settling on mountain slopes.

iv) Hailstone is a small ball of ice which falls like rain.

v) Hailstorm is a storm during which hailstones fall from the sky.

-It is caused by heavy rainfall.

b) Effects of hailstones

-Destroys crops.

-Kills animals.

-Leads to soil erosion.

c) Solutions to effects of hailstones

-Stay indoors

CLIMATIC REGIONS OF AFRICA

-Africa has the following climatic regions.

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a) Equatorial climate.

b) Tropical climate

c) Desert climate.

d) Mediterranean.

e) Temperate

f) Montane climate / Mountain climate.

g) Semi-desert climate.

CLIMATIC REGIONS OF AFRICA

Equatorial climate

• Equatorial climate is described as hot and wet throughout the year

• It occurs between 50N – 50S of the equator.

• It receives rainfall throughout the year. The rainfall ranges from 1500mm-
2500mm.

• There is no complete dry month.

• It has double maxima (two periods of high rainfall.)

• Much rainfall is received during equinox.

• The type of rainfall in Equatorial is Convectional.

• It has a high temperature of 240C – 270C.

Countries that experience Equatorial climate.

- Democratic Republic of Congo

- Gabon

- Central African Republic

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 - Congo

- Madagascar

- Liberia

- Sierra Leone

- Ivory Coast

Questions:

1. Mention the countries in Africa with Equatorial climate.

2. Give the characteristics of convectional rainfall.

3. Mention two areas in Uganda with Equatorial climate?

Economic activities in Equatorial regions

- Farming - Tourism

- Lumbering - Mining

- Latex tapping. - Fishing

Crops grown in Equatorial regions

- Oil palm - Cocoa -Bananas

- Rubber -Coffee

Temperature and rainfall from Equatorial region

Months J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp. 0C 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 22 22 22 22 24

R/fall mm 40 10 150 230 205 115 65 80 195 225 150 50

1. How many heavy seasons of rainfall are shown in the table above?

2. Calculate the rainfall range as shown in the table above.

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3. Mention one country in Africa where the climate above was recorded.

4. Mention the three crops suitable for the above climate.

5. In which month was the highest rainfall received?

6. Suggest any one area in East Africa which has the climate shown in the table
above.

7. How does Equatorial climate affect people’s way of living?

a) Dressing

b) Housing

c) Crops grown.

Graph showing equatorial climate region (Sharing pg-44)

Questions?

1. Which month was the average rainfall highest?

2. What was the lowest average temperature recorded?

3. What is relationship do you notice between average rainfall and average

temperature?

4. Describe the above climate.

5. How many rainy seasons are shown on the graph?

6. What measures can the government put in a place to maintain the above climate?

7. Write down the economic activities in the equatorial climatic region.

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8. Mention any four countries in Africa with equatorial climate

LESSON 29

TROPICAL CLIMATIC REGION

• Tropical climate is described as wet and dry.

• This region lies between 50 – 150N and 50 – 150S of the equator.

• It mainly receives convectional rainfall but some mountainous areas receive

relief rainfall.

• The region has two dry and two wet seasons.

• The amount of rainfall decreases with the distance from the Equator.

• The period of the year when the sun overhead the Equator is called Equinox (
around 21st March, 23rd September)

• Tropical climate covers the largest part of Africa.

• It has two parts (the wet and the dry areas)

• The wet area is near equatorial climate while the dry is near desert climate.

• The rainfall ranges between 750mm – 1500mm annually.

Characteristics of tropical climate

- It has two wet and dry seasons. (two marked seasons)

- It has high temperature between 210C – 320C.

Questions:

1.a) Describe the tropical region of Africa.

b) Use the table below to answer the questions.

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Month J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp. 0C 25 27 35 32 35 33 28 27 27 26 26 25

R/fall mm 125 110 110 20 19 - - - 10 15 80 125

a) State the climate described by the table above.

b) Which cash crop is favoured by the above climate?

2. Which activities can be done by a farmer in the month of June, July and August?

3.a) Which month is suitable for planting crops or trees?

b) Give one reason for your answer above.

4. How many rainy seasons are indicated on the table?

Graph showing tropical climate

Questions?

1. Which month was the average rainfall highest?

2. In which month was their no rainfall?

3. What was the lowest average temperature recorded?

4. What relationship do you notice between average rainfall and average temperature?

5. Describe the above climate.

6. How many rainy seasons are shown on the graph?

7. What measures can the government put in a place to modify the above climate?

8. Write down the economic activities in the tropical region.

9. Mention any four countries in Africa with tropical climate.

LESSON 30

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MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE ZONE

• This region has four seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter.

• The summers are hot and dry.

• The winters are warm and wet.

• This region is found along Northern tip of the continent. (Africa)

• It also covers the south Western tip of the continent (Africa).

NB:Mediterranean climate is also called warm temperate western margin.

Countries covered by this climate

-Northern Morocco.

- Algeria

- South Africa (Cape province)

- Tunisia

Main economic activities carried out

- Agriculture (growing of citrus fruits)

- Tourism

- Mining

Characteristics of Mediterranean climate

- Hot and dry summers.

- Warm and wet winters.

- There is moderate rainfall, mainly in winter season.

- This rainfall is brought by westerly winds.

Questions:

1. Describe the following seasons experienced in the Mediterranean climate.

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a) Summer: The warmest season of the year between spring and autumn

b) Winter: The coldest season of the year between autumn and spring

c) Spring: The season between winter and summer when plants begin to grow .

d) Autumn: The season of the year between summer and winter when the weather
becomes

colder.

Questions:

1. In which season does Mediterranean region receive rainfall?

2. Mention the fruits grown in the Mediterranean climate.

3. Describe Mediterranean climate.

Graph showing Mediterranean climate (Sharing bk7 pg 46)

1. In which African country was the above climate recorded?

2. State the type of climate shown in the graph above.

3. Apart from Algeria, mention other three countries with the above type of climate.

4. In which month was the highest temperature recorded?

5. In which way is the rainfall related to temperature according to the graph?

6. State the highest temperature recorded at Algiers.

LESSON 31

TEMPERATE CLIMATIC ZONE

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 • The climate in this zone is experienced in areas of high altitude between
latitudes 200 and 300.

• This region covers the Eastern part of South Africa to the East of the
Drakensberg range

• These parts are referred to as the velds.

• They include;

o -Transvaal

o -Natal provinces

o -Orange free state

• The temperature ranges between 100C – 210C.

• Rainfall range is 500mm – 760mm.

Characteristics:

- Temperate climatic region has warm – wet summers and cool dry winters.

- This climatic region receives moderate rainfall.

- The temperatures decrease with altitude.

Economic activities carried out

- Farming (crop growing and animal rearing) e.g Merino sheep for wool, Afrikander
sheep for meat (mutton), Angola goats for mohair.

- Mining

- Tourism

- Lumbering

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp. 0C 20 30 18 16 13 10 10 13 16 18 18 19

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R/fall mm 112 97 75 61 22 9 8 5 35 69 115 111

Question:

1.In which way is rainfall related to temperature according to the table above?

2. State the month with the highest rainfall.

3. What type of climate is described on the table above?

4. In which African country do we find the above climate?

LESSON 32

SEMI DESERT / DESERT CLIMATE

1. Types of deserts in Africa:

i) Marine desert.

ii) Continental desert.

2.Examples of the above desert.

a) Marine: - Namib desert in Namibia.

b) continental: -Kalahari desert in Botswana.

-Sahara desert in North Africa.

3. Sahara and Kalahari deserts are called continental deserts because they lie inside
the continent.

4.The temperature range of desert climate is between 350C – 500C.

5. Deserts are very cold at night because there are no clouds to hold the warmth.

6. Deserts are caused by dry winds and cold ocean currents

- Hammartan winds and North east winds caused the Sahara desert.

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 - Cold Canary current caused Sahara desert while Benguela currents caused Namib
and Kalahari deserts.

-Ocean currents are caused by the earth’s rotation and winds.

THE MONTHLY RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE FROM NAMIB DESERT

Months J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp. 0C 18.5 19 19 18 17 16 16 14 15 14 18 17

R/fall mm 3 3 7.7 3 3 - - - - - - -

Questions:

1. Which months received the same amount of rainfall?

2. What is the total amount of rainfall received in the above area?

3. Give one reason why Namib desert has low temperature.

4. Mention the tourist attractions found in deserts.

5. In which way are oases important to people in desert regions?

6. What enables a camel to be used for transport in deserts?

7. Give two characteristics of desert climate.

8. Describe desert climate.

9. Mention the economic activities carried out in desert regions.

LESSON 33

MOUNTAIN / MONTANE CLIMATIC ZONE

• This climatic zone is experienced in high altitude areas.

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 • The temperature here reduces with increase in altitude making the higher slopes
to experience cool temperature throughout the year.

Montane climate is experienced in the areas below:

- Drakensberg mountains.

- Ethiopian highlands.

- Mt. Kilimanjaro.

- Mt. Rwenzori

- Mt. Kenya

Qn: Write three mountains in Africa which are snow capped.

i) Mt. Rwenzori

ii) Mt. Kenya

iii) Mt. Kilimajaro

Factors influencing or affecting the climate of Africa

-Altitude

-Ocean currents

-Prevailing winds

-Latitude

-Human activities

-Distance from large water bodies

-Vegetation.

1. Altitude

• This is the height of land above sea level.

• Altitude affects climate by changing the temperature.

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 • Areas on a higher altitude are cooler than areas on a lower altitude.

• The temperature decreases by 20C for every 300 hundred metres (300m)

Question:

1.How does altitude influence climate?

Areas on a higher altitude are cooler than areas on a lower altitude.

THE DIAGRAM SHOWING THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON TEMPERATURE

FUNCTIONAL PG 31)

LESSON 34

2. Ocean currents

• Ocean currents are caused by the movement of wind over a mass of water flowing
in a particular direction.

• Ocean currents can also be caused by the earth’s rotation.

• Ocean currents are either warm or cold depending on their origin.

• If a current flows from a warm area, it is warm and if it flows from a cool area it is
cold.

• Warm currents help to form rainfall because they have moisture while cold
currents do not form rainfall because they are dry.

Examples of warm currents that bring rainfall to Africa are:

i) Mozambique (Agulhas) ocean current.

ii) Guinea ocean current.

iii)Somali ocean current

Examples of cold currents that bring no rainfall to Africa are:

i)Canary current.

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ii)Benguela current.

Qn: How do ocean currents affect the climate of Africa?

-Warm currents help to form rainfall while cold currents bring drought.

MAP SHOWING OCEAN CURRENTS:(comprehensive pg 17)

3. Prevailing winds

• Winds also influence the climate of Africa.

• The North-East trade winds which blow from Arabia are dry.

• They do not bring rainfall.

• The Harmattan winds also do not bring rainfall because they blow over a dry land.

• The South-East trade winds, the south west trade winds and the Westerly winds
bring rainfall because they are warm and moist.

• Winds that blow across a water body bring rainfall in an area because they pick
moisturefrom the water body.

LESSON 35

4. Vegetation

• Places with thick vegetation receive more rainfall unlike places with scattered
vegetation.

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 • Vegetation forms rainfall due to transpiration.

5. Human activities:

• There are human activities that can modify climate.

• These include:-

-Afforestation

- Agro-forestry

- Preserving swamps

- By bush fallowing

Human activities which lead to drought are:-

- Deforestation

- Swamp drainage

- Bush burning

- overgrazing

Qn: How do human activities influence the climate of an area?

Human activities like afforestation and re-afforestion conserve the vegetation of an area
encourage rain formation while others like deforestation and industrialization destroy the
vegetation and discourage rain formation.

6. Latitude

• Areas along the equator are hotter that areas far away from the equator. This is
because the sun is overhead the equator twice a year.

• Also areas along the equator receive more rainfall than other areas. This is
caused by high rate of evaporation and transpiration in the region.

Diagram showing how latitude affects climate: (MK pg 46)

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Influence of climate on human activities

Climate Human activities

Equatorial - People carryout farming, lumbering, latex tapping.

- People put on heavy / thick clothes.

- People build houses with slanting roots to allow water run off.

Tropical - People practice farming, pastoralism, and tourism.

- Livestock farming e.g ranching and dairy farming.

- People put on light clothes.

Temperate - People practice sheep rearing for wool.

- Ranching for beef.

- Growing of maize and barley.

Mediterranean - Growing of citrus fruits e.g oranges, grapes, lemon, etc

Desert / semi - People carryout irrigation farming.

desert
- Nomadic pastoralism by Fulani, Masai, Tuareg, Hausa, etc.

- People build flat houses to control heat from the sun.

- People wear light clothes with turbarns.

Influence of human activities on climate:

-Human activities like swamp drainage, deforestation lead to drought.

-Afforestation, re-afforestation lead to good climate.

Summary

Climate Rainfall Temperature Description

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 Desert Less than 250mm 350C – 500C Hot and dry

Tropical 1000mm – 210C - 320C Wet and dry

1500mm

Equatorial 2000mm – 210C - 270C Hot and wet

2500mm

Mediterranean 500mm – 750mm 100C - 210C winter Hot, dry summers

and warm, wetter
210C - 270C
winters.
summer

Temperate 400mm – 1200 mm 100C - 200C Hot and wet

summer summers and dry
cool winters.

Questions

1. How does climate influence the following?

a) Wildlife

b) Vegetation

c) People’s way of dressing.

2. Explain briefly how water bodies help in the influence of climate.

LESSON 36

VEGETATION OF AFRICA

-It is the Plant cover of an area.

There are mainly two types of vegetation namely;

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-Natural vegetation

-Planted vegetation

Difference between Natural and planted forest:

- Natural forests produce hard wood while planted forests produce soft wood.

- Natural forests have a variety of tree species while planted forests have one tree
species

- Natural forests have thick under growth while planted forests do not have

thick under growth.

- Natural forests take long to mature while planted forests take short time to mature.

- Natural forests do not grow in rows while planted forests grow in rows.

-NB. Natural forests produce hard wood because they take long to mature.

Why do they take long to mature?

- They compete for nutrients.

- They lack conditions for maturing faster

Examples of tree species in planted forests.

- Eucalyptus

-Conifers ( Pines, Cedar, Cypress, Fir)

Natural vegetation: is the plant cover of the area that grows on its own.

Planted vegetation: is the plant cover of an area planted by people.

Vegetation zones in Africa:

- Equatorial / tropical rain forests

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 - Savanna

- Semi desert Desert

- Mediterranean Mangrove

- Temperate Swamps / swampy

vegetation.

ELEMENTS OF VEGETATION

- Trees - Flowers

-Crops - Grass

Examples of trees in natural forests:

- African walnut -Mahogany - Ebony -Rose wood - Mvule

LESSON 37

EQUATORIAL VEGETATION

• This type of natural vegetation grows in areas that experience high rainfall
throughout the year.

• Equatorial rainforests are found along the coast of West Africa in Nigeria, Gabon,
Ghana,Democratic Republic of Congo and around the shores of L. Victoria in
Uganda.

Examples of trees in Equatorial rain forests:

-Mahogany -Greenheart -Mvule - Ebony -Rosewood

Characteristics of Equatorial rain forests:

- The trees produce hardwood.

- The trees have broad leaves.

- The trees have buttress roots, standing above the ground.

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- The trees are very tall.

- The forests form a canopy.

- They have a thick under growth.

- They are ever green.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN EQUATORIAL RAINFORESTS

i)Lumbering iii)Tourism

ii)Latex tapping iv)Farming

Advantages of living near thick forests

i) A lot of rainfall is received in the area.

ii) People can access herbs.

iii) The soil is fertile for farming.

iv) People can get wild meat (hunting).

v) People can easily access timber.

vi) People can easily access wood fuel.

Disadvantages of forests to people

-Forests are breeding places for diseases vectors.

-They promote insecurity in an area since wrong doers hide there.

-Forests keep animals that destroy crops and lives.

Questions

1.Name the Equatorial forests in Uganda.

2.Give one reason why trees in Equatorial forests grow very tall.

LESSON 38

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 GRASSLANDS

There are two types of grasslands in Africa namely:

-Savanna grasslands.

-Temperate grasslands

Savanna grasslands:

-Savanna grassland covers the largest part of Africa.

-Savanna vegetation is basically grassland

- There are two types of savanna vegetation namely;

a) Savanna grassland/Wet Savanna.

b) Savanna woodland/dry Savanna.

Savanna grasslands:

-They are located in tropical regions.

- Savanna grasslands have plenty of grass.

-This explains why most game parks are located there.

Wet Savanna

-It is the most wide spread in Africa.

-It covers places like Senegal, Nigeria, South Sudan, East Africa, Zambia, Angola and
South of DRC.

Characteristics of Wet Savanna vegetation

- It has tall and scattered or a few trees.

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- The grass is short in areas that receive little rainfall and tall grass in areas that receive
a lot of rainfall.

- The trees shed their leaves during dry season.

-The grass leaves go brown and dry in the dry season.

Savanna woodlands/dry savanna:

-The Miombo in Central Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, South Eastern DRC
and Western Madagascar are examples of Savanna woodland.

- The Miombo woods are sparsely populated due to the presence of tsetse flies.

Characteristics of Savanna woodland

- Most trees in the savanna are deciduous i. e they shed their leaves during the dry
season to reduce the rate of transpiration.

-Woodland Savanna has tall thorny trees

-It has short grass.

- The trees have long roots which they use to tap underground waters.

- The woodlands have thorny thickets.

Trees found in savanna vegetation

- Acacia - Baobab - Euphobia

Questions:

1.Suggest any three ways in which tsetse flies can be controlled.

2.Give two reasons why cattle keeping is carried out on a large scale in Savanna
grassland.

3.Identify the area in East Africa which has a lot of tsetse flies.

4.In which way do tsetse flies affect the people in Central Tanzania?

5.Why do you think savanna vegetation covers the largest part of Africa?

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LESSON 39

TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

• The temperate grasslands are found in the temperate regions.

• They are located in Southern Africa.

• The temperate grasslands of South Africa are called the High velds.

• They cover areas of Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal.

Characteristics of temperate grasslands

-It has short grass in the drier region.

-It has few scattered trees and shrubs.

-The grass has short roots.

-They have long and narrow leaves.

-The leaves have hairy covering.

-These conditions help them to survive in the dry seasons (reduce the rate of
transpiration)

Economic activities

-Sheep rearing – Merino for wool.

-Goat rearing – Angora goats for mohair.

-Growing of oak trees.

-Crop growing e.g. citrus fruits, vegetables, maize, sugarcane and wheat.

MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION

-The Mediterranean vegetation is found in the North extreme.

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-It is found along the coast of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya and South West tip
of Africa (at Cape province)

Examples of trees found in the Mediterranean vegetation

-conifers e.g. pine, cedar, cypress and fir.

-Olives -Oak

Characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation

-The trees develop thick bark.

- The trees have long roots to tap water from deep the ground.

-The leaves are wax covered, shiny and hairy to reduce the loss of water (transpiration)

-The roots are widely spread.

-The vegetation consists of short thin stemmed trees.

Economic activities

-Growing of citrus fruits e.g oranges, lemon,tangerines,limes,vines, grapes, etc.

-Sheep and cattle rearing.

-Other crops: wheat, maize. Barley and vegetables.

Questions

1. How does the Mediterranean vegetation contribute to the wine making industry?

2. Identify any three products that can be made from the wood got in Mediterranean
vegetation.

3. Of what value are citrus fruits to a school child?

LESSON 40

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SEMI DESERT VEGETATION

• It is found in areas which receive little rainfall.

• It is found near Sahara and Kalahari- Namib deserts, in Karamoja, North eastern
part of Kenya and South Sudan.

• The common tree species is cactus.

Characteristics of Semi- desert climate:

- It consists of short scrub, bushes and thorny trees.

-It has rough scattered grass.

-It has few trees because of little rainfall received.

-The plants have deep roots tap water from deep the ground.

-The plants have small leaves to reduce transpiration.

DESERT VEGETATION

-It is found in Kalahari, Sahara and Namib deserts.

Characteristics Desert vegetation:

-The ground has bare rock and sand heaps (sand dunes)

-Few trees grow in desert regions

-Trees have very long roots

-Trees have thick bark and thin leaves to reduce transpiration.

Examples of trees in the desert

- Baobab - Cactus

- poppies - thorny bushes

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Economic activities in desert vegetation.

-Oil mining e.g. in Libya

-Nomadic pastoralism

-Irrigation farming

-Tourism

MOUNTAIN VEGETATION:

• It is found in Drakensberg mountains, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kenya, Elgon, Rwenzori

and Ethiopian highlands.

• Mountain vegetation is also called Montane vegetation.

• It changes with the difference in altitude.

• At the foot of the mountain, there is Savanna grassland / Tropical grassland.

• From 1500m to about 3000m there are Equatorial forests / tropical Rain forests.

• Above 3000 – 3500m there are Bamboo forests.

• From 3500m – 4000m there is health and moorland.

• From 4000m – 4500m there are bare rocks.

• Above 4500m there is a snow line.

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Diagram showing types of mountain vegetation:

4500m snow

4000m Bare rock

Health and moorland

3500m Bamboo forests

3000m Tropical Rainforests

1500m Savanna Grassland

LESSON 41

MANGROVE FORESTS

• Mangrove forests grow in coastal waters.

• They are found along the East coast of Africa, the Western part of Madagascar
and Western coast of Africa.

• The forests have hard wood used in boat and ship building.

• This wood is suitable for ship building because it is water proof.

MAP SHOWING VEGETATION OF AFRICA (Functional Bk 7 pg53)

Factors that influence vegetation distribution

-There are a number of factors namely;

-climate (rainfall and temperature)

-Soils

-Altitude

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-Human activities

-Latitude

Importance of vegetation to people and animals

-It helps in the formation of rainfall.

-It is a habitat for wild animals.

-It is a source of pasture for animals.

-It is a source of building materials

-It is a source of wood fuel.

-It creates employment for the people e. g herbalist and carpenters.

-It is a tourist attraction which generates reserve to the country.

Economic / commercial importance of forests / vegetation

-They provide timber for people.

-They attract tourists for income.

-They provide wood fuel.

-Source of building materials like poles and grass.

-It is used for grazing animals.

Reasons why animals live in different vegetation zones.

-Its due to different types of food found in different vegetation zones.

-Its due to the difference in shelter in different vegetation zones.

-Its due to the difference in climate in different vegetation zones.

Questions

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1.Suggest ways in which natural vegetation can be conserved.

2.Mention the products got from planted forests.

3.Give the effect of destroying the natural vegetation.

4.State the influence of vegetation to people.

5.How does vegetation influence the life of animals?

6.In which way do the following influence vegetation?

a) Altitude

b) Latitude

c) Climate

d) Temperature

e) Nature of soils

f) human activities

7. Give the importance of grass to people.

8. What is the greatest cause of environmental degradation in most parts of Africa?

9. How does vegetation influence population distribution?

LESSON 42

TOURISM IN AFRICA

• Tourism is a business of providing services like accommodation, transport,

entertainment to tourists.

• It is also defined as the movement of people to interesting places for leisure, fun
and study purposes

Tourist: He / she is a person who visits a place of interest for pleasure or study
purposes.
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NB:There are two types of tourism. There is domestic and International tourism

Tourism is regarded as an industry because:

- It earns income to the government.

- It creates employment.

It is regarded as an invisible export because:

-It does not involve physical exchange of goods but income is earned.

Examples of invisible exports

- Electricity

- Tourism

- Skilled labour

Factors which promote tourism in Africa

-Political stability

-Good transport.

-Good accommodation facilities

-Availability of tourist attraction.

-Good publicity.

-Good government policies on Tourism.

Factors that hinder the development of tourism industry in Africa

-Political instability

-Lack of publicity.

-Poor transport

-Shortage of tourist attractions.

-Shortage of funds

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-Poor management

-Poor accommodation

Game parks and Game reserves in Africa:

Game park: It is a large area of land set aside by government to preserve wildlife.

Game reserves: Are areas of land set aside by government for future development
into a game park.

Difference between Game park and Game reserve.

-In a game reserve, hunting can be done on permission but in game parks, hunting is
not allowed.

Game rangers:

They are armed people who are employed in game parks to provide security to the
wild animals against poachers.

Game wardens

-People who take care of wild animals in a game park.

Map of Africa showing major National Game Parks in Africa:(MK BK 7 PG 32)

Importance of Game Parks in Africa

-They preserve wildlife for future generation.

-They attract tourists who pay foreign exchange to the country.

-They are sources of Educational information (study purpose).

-They provide employment to people.

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-It facilitates the development of transport system e.g. Air transport.

LESSON 43

Problems facing Game Parks in Africa

-poaching

-Insecurity

-Wild bush fires

-Animal vectors and diseases.

-Drought

-Deforestation (land encroachment)

-Poor management

Solutions to the above problems

-Enforce laws against poaching.

-Ensuring total security to the African countries.

-There should be fighting equipments.

-Employing more veterinary personal.

-Discourage deforestation and encourage afforestation.

-Resettling people far away from game parks.

-Improving on management.

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Classification of animals in game parks

1. Herbivores Buffaloes, antelopes, zebras, kobs,

girrafes

2. Carnivores Lions, Leopards, Hyenas, Foxes

3. Omnivores Wild pigs

4. Scavengers Vultures

5. Birds Ostriches, flamingo birds

Ways of caring for wild animals:

-By feeding

-By treating

-By providing security

-By preserving their habitat.

Animals found in different vegetation zones:

i) Equatorial zone:

-Climbing and fruit eating animals mainly dominate the equatorial vegetation.

-They include: monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees, baboons, apes.

-Others include: elephants, lions and giraffes.

ii) Savanna vegetation:

- Grass eating animals /Herbivores, which include: Buffaloes, gazelles, zebras, kobs,
rabbits,

hare, etc.

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-Flesh eating animals/ Carnivores, which include: Lions, Leopards, Hyenas, Foxes,
etc.

iii) Swamp vegetation:

-Animals adapted to water/Aquatic animals stay in swampy areas.

They include: crocodiles, hippopotamus, frogs, toads, tortoise, etc.

iv) Semi deserts and desert vegetation:

-Animals that need little water and vegetation to feed on.

-They include: snakes, newts, ostriches, squirrels, rats, etc

V) Temperate grasslands:

-Animals adapted to dry and windy conditions:

-They include: wild cats, dogs, wolves, Jaguar, Fox, Jackals, Rhinoceros

Population distribution in relation to vegetation:

-In areas with desert and semi desert vegetation there is low population
because:

i) There is shortage of water

ii) There is little vegetation to provide shade, fuel and building materials.

iii) It is difficult to grow crops.

-In areas with Savanna vegetation there is high population because:

i) It is easy to keep animals.

ii) It is easy to grow crops.

iii) It is easy to build transport routes (roads, railway lines)

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-In areas with Equatorial rainforests there is a low population because:

i) It is difficult to build roads and railway lines

ii) They are hot and humid

iii) There are dangerous wild animals and insects (mosquitoes, tsetse flies).

-In areas with Mediterranean vegetation there is high population because:

i) The vegetation is sparse.

ii) It favours the growing of crops.

-In areas with Mountain vegetation there is high population because:

i) It receives reliable rainfall.

ii) It has fertile soils.

Effects of population on vegetation

a)Big/high/dense population:

The increasing population of Africa has led to the destruction of vegetation through:

-Deforestation -Swamp drainage

-Overgrazing -Industrialization

-Bush burning

-Over cultivation

Massive destruction of vegetation has led to:

-Soil erosion.

-Desertification.

-Soil exhaustion.

-Destruction of animal habitat.

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b) Small population

Small population promotes the conservation of vegetation in Africa.

Ways of conserving vegetation in Africa:

-Through afforestation.

-Through re-afforestation.

-Through agro forestry.

-Through rotational grazing.

-Through environmental education.

-Through making forest reserves

TERM TWO
THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA

VOCABULARY
Ethnic group, Tribe, Clan, Migrations, Ancestors
1. Give the meaning of;
a) Ethnic group: This is a group of people who share the same origin and speak related
languages.
b) Tribes: This is a group of people who share the same ancestors.
c) Clans: This is a group of people who share the same totem.
d) Migration: This is the movement of people from one place to another for settlement.
e)Culture: The accepted way of behavior in society.
f) Customs: The accepted practices of society.
g)Totem: The object that is respected as symbol in a clan.
The people of Africa are grouped under ethnic groups.

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These include the following:
-Bantu
-Nilotes
-Cushites
-Caucasians
-The Pygmies
-Semites
Others:
-The Asians
-Berber
-The Negroes
-The Khoisans

THE BANTU:
-This is the largest ethnic group in Africa.
The Bantu are in four groups namely;
a)Eastern Bantu c)Central Bantu
b)Western Bantu d)Southern Bantu
Western Bantu:
They moved from Cameroon highlands and settled in East Africa at around 100AD
through the Western direction.
Examples of Western Bantu:
Banyoro Batooro
Banyankole Bagwere
Bagisu Bakiga
Baganda Basamia
Basoga etc

The Eastern Bantu:

• They moved from Cameroon highlands and settled in Zambia.
• Then they split into two groups.
• One group moved northwards to Tanzania and Kenya.

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 • Another group moved southwards and formed the Southern Bantu.
Examples of Eastern Bantu:
-Akamba -Nyamwezi
- Kikuyu -Taita
Examples of Southern Bantu:
-Herero, Ovambo and Griqura in Namibia.
-Tswana in Botswana.
-The Shona in Zimbabwe
-The Sotho: These settled in S.Africa along R.Vaal and Orange.
-The Ngoni: They split and formed tribes like Zulu, xhosa, Ndebele,Venda and swazi
who are in South Africa
NB.The Southern Bantu have click sounds in their language which they borrowed from
Khoisan.
Central Bantu:
They are settled in Congo and Domecratic Republic of Congo.
Examples of Central Bantu:
-Bemba, Lozi of Zambia.
-Bakongo, Balunda and Baluba of Congo.
-Yao, Makwa of Mozambique.
-Nyanja, Chewa of Malawi.
-Mbundu, Ovimbundu of Angola.
Problems faced by the Bantu during their migration:
- Attacks from dangerous wild animals.
- Attacks from hostile tribes.
- Harsh weather conditions.
- Shortage of food.
- Poor transport
- Rough terrain
- Loss of lives and property.
REASONS FOR BANTU’S MIGRATION:
✓ Desire for adventure.
✓ Due to outbreak of diseases in Cameroon highlands.
✓ They were looking for areas with fertile soils for farming.
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 ✓ They wanted areas with reliable rainfall.
✓ Due to internal and external conflicts in their homeland.
✓ Due to population increase in Cameroon highlands

Historical factors that influenced the Bantu’s migration.

i.Outbreak of diseases.
ii.Internal and external conflicts.
iii.Drought in their cradle land.
Effects of Bantu’s migration:
i).They introduced / introduction of new culture.
ii).New crops were introduced.
iii).Population increase in areas of settlement.
iv).New skills were introduced.
v).Intermarriages leading to new cultures.
vi).Some Bantu formed kingdoms
Interlacustine region:
The area between the great lakes of East Africa.
Great lakes of East Africa:
-L. Victoria -L.Kyoga
-L. Tanganyika -L.Edward
-L. Albetr -L.George
-L. Malawi
Kingdoms that were found in the interlacustine region:
-Buganda kingdom -Wanga kingdom
-Ankole kingdom -Toro kingdom
-Karagwe kingdom -Bunyoro kingdom.
Reasons why Bantu settled where they are living today.
-Presence of fertile soils for farming.
-Presence of good climate.
-Areas were free from epidemic diseases.
Problems were faced by Bantu during their settlement.
-They faced a problem of hostile tribes.
-Harsh weather.
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-Diseases.
-Attacks from wild animals
People who formed Wanga kingdom.
Abaluhya
Causes of migration today:
-To look for better jobs.
-To Look for better social services.
-To look for fertile areas for farming.
-To look for areas with good climate.
-To look for better security

THE NILOTES:
The Nilotes are divided into three groups namely;
River- Lake Nilotes are believed to have migrated from Bahr el Ghazel in South
Sudan.
Plain Nilotes are believed to have migrated from Ethiopian highlands.
Highland Nilotes are believed to have migrated from Ethiopian highlands.
The main occupation of the Nilotics was pastoralism.
The River –Lake Nilotes first settled at Pubungu when they came to Uganda.

Examples of River- lake Nilotes

-Acholi of Uganda. -Japadhola of Uganda
-Alur of Uganda - Jaluo of Kenya
Examples of the Plain Nilotes (Nilo- Hamites)
-Karamojongs in Uganda -Kumam of Uganda
-Turkana of Kenya -Masai of Kenya and Tanzania
-Dodoth of Uganda -Pokot of Kenya
-Iteso in Uganda
Examples of the Highland Nilotes
-Sabiny of Uganda -
Kalengin of Kenya
-Kipsigis of Kenya -Nandi
of Kenya
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What made the Nilotes to migrate from their cradle land?
-Due to the outbreak of diseases.
-Due to prolonged drought in Bahr-el-Ghazal.
-Due to internal conflicts.
-Overpopulation in their cradle land.
-Drought and famine.
Questions
1.Give two reasons why most Nilotes have changed from pastorolism (cattle keeping)
to crop farming?
2.Write four pastoral tribes in East Africa.
3.Write the pastoral tribes in Africa outside East Africa.
4.Mention the problems faced by pastoral tribes.
5.Write two disadvantages of nomadic pastoralism.
6.Suggest ways in which nomadic pastoralists can be helped to live a better life.
THE CUSHITES
• The cushites migrated from Arabia and settled in the Horn of Africa.
• They moved southwards into East Africa.
• They were the first people to move and settle in East Africa.
Questions
1.Name the countries that form the Horn of Africa
-Somalia
-Djibuti
-Eritrea
-Ethiopia
2.What was the economic activity of the cushites?
Pastoralism
Examples of Cushitic groups
-Somali
-Boran
-Bahima
-Ttutsi

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-Oromo
-Ogaden

THE SEMITES
• The Semitic group has a mixture of Arabic and Jewish blood.
• The Semites came as a result of intermarriages between the Arabs and the Jews.
• The Semites live in Northern Africa and in the Middle East.
Tribes under Semites
-The Amhara
-Bagara
-Tigreans of Ethiopia
-The Eritrea of Eritrea
-The Nubians of Sudan and Uganda
-The Arabs of Sudan.
NB:
The Semites are pastoralists.
THE KHOISANS
-The Khoisans are the earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa.
-They comprise of the Khoi Khoi and the Sans.
-The Khoisan speak a language with click sound.
-They are pastoralists and hunters.
-They were displaced by Bantu and Europeans from their homelands.
-Today they live in Kalahari and Namib deserts.
THE PYGMIES
-They lived in the tropical rainforests of Democratic Republic of Congo.
-They are short and dark skinned with broad nose.
-They are about 137cm tall.
-They are hunters and fruit gatherers.
THE NEGROES
-The Negroes are considered to be Bantu.
-Their origin is from the forests of West Africa.
-They are mainly crop farmers.

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Examples of Negroes in Africa are;
-Mandika / Mande of Mali
-The Asante of Ghana
-The Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria
NB Most Negroes were taken as slaves to America.

MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS IN AFRICA.

Question
How were the people of Africa organized during the pre-colonial time?
-Africans were organized under kingdoms.
-Under clan systems.
-Under chiefdoms
-Under empires
KINGDOMS OF AFRICA
Eastern Western Southern Central
Buganda Ghana Zulu Great Zimbabwe
kingdom kingdom
Toro kingdom Songhai Luba – Lunda
Bunyoro Benin Mwenomutapa
kingdom
Ankole kingdom Kanem Bonu
Wanga Mali
kingdom
Karagwe Asante
kingdom
Rwanda
Kingdom

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 Burundi
kingdom

A map showing kingdoms of Africa

1. How were Africans economically organized in pre-colonial time?

Africans were engaged in many traditional activities such as;
i. Trade iv. Keeping animals
ii. Farming v. Iron working and painting
iii. hunting

2. What is a kingdom?
A state ruled by a king.
Why were kingdoms restored in Uganda?
i).To promote and preserve culture among the people of Uganda.
ii).To promote peace and unity in Uganda.
iii).To unite people for national development.
4.Which constitution abolished kingdoms in Uganda?
The 1967 constitution.
5.Which kingdoms were restored in Uganda by the 1995 constitution?

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i.Buganda Kingdom.
ii.Toro kingdom
iii.Bunyoro Kingdom
iv.Busoga kingdom

6.Give the importance of kingdoms

i.They promote culture.
ii.They promote unity.
iii.They promote morals.
iv.They promote peace.
v. They unite people for national development.

7. Write down two characteristics of a kingdom

i).They have royal regalias.
ii).They have hereditary leadership.
iii).Their kings are the fountain of honor.

8. Mention the factors that led to the expansion of Buganda kingdom.

i).Buganda had a strong leadership.
ii).Buganda had enough food.
iii).Buganda had a good location of being near L. Victoria.
iv).Buganda had acquired guns during the long distance trade.
Buganda had good climate.

9.What caused the decline of Bunyoro-Kitara empire

i). The large size of the empire which was hard to manage.
ii). The out break of epidemic diseases which led to the death of their beloved cow
Bihogo.
iii) The coming of the Luo.
iv). The rise of other independent kingdoms.

10. What were the contributions of Bunyoro-Kitara empire to modern economy?

i).They introduced coffee cultivation.
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ii).They introduced iron smelting.
iii).They introduced long horned cattle.
iv) They introduced bark cloth making

Social contributions
i) They introduced local chess.
ii)They introduced wooden sandals.
iii). They introduced centralized system of government.
iv). They introduced Pet names.
Who were the founders of Bunyoro-Kitara empire?
Abatembuzi
Who was the first and last ruler of the Chwezi?
-The first was Ndahura.
-The last was Wamala.
What caused the rise of Ghana kingdom?
-Ghana had a lot of gold.
-Ghana had a lot of food.
-Ghana had strong weapons made of iron.

What caused the fall of Ghana kingdom?

-Due to external attacks.
-The loss of gold.

FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT

Foreign influence
There were the changes that were brought to Africa by foreigners.
Foreign groups / groups of foreigners that came to Africa
1. The traders
2. The explorers
3. The missionaries
4. The colonialists
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 5. The settlers
NB:
i) The Arab traders were the first foreigners to come to Africa.
ii) The Europeans referred Africa to as a dark continent as they had little knowledge
about its interior.
Reasons why Africa took long to be known to the outside world
-Africa had thick forests.
-Due to hostile tribes.
-Africa had hot deserts.
-Africa has dangerous wild animals.
NB: The above factors were feared by the foreigners.

TRADERS
These foreigners came mainly to trade. They were;
- Asian traders (Arabs and Indians)
- European traders
The Arabs Traders.
• Arabs came from Saudi Arabia and some from Persia.
• They came by means of special boats called dhows which were blown by the
monsoon winds.
• They mainly settled at the eastern coast of Africa
Coastal towns in East Africa
- Kilwa - Sofala
- Mombasa - Mafia
- Malindi - Lamu
- Zanzibar - Dar es Salaam
NOTE. The intermarriages between the Bantu and these coastal Arabs resulted into
Swahili culture
Reasons why Arabs came to Africa
• They came to carry out trade.
• They wanted to spread Islam.
• They were running away from religious conflicts.

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Effects of the coming of the Arabs
a) Positive
- They introduced the Islamic faith.
- They promoted trade.
- They introduced the new ideas of architecture.
- They introduced some crops e.g cloves, rice, sisal.
- They introduced Zebu cows.
- They introduced new styles of dressing.
- Their coming led to the growth and development of coastal towns of East Africa.
- Slave trade was introduced in Africa.
- They introduced many items like guns, beads.
b) Negative.
- They introduced slave trade
- They exchanged valuable items for less valuable items
- They preached against African Traditional Religion
- They exploited Africa’s resources
Items taken by Arabs from Africa
➢ Slaves ➢ Rhino horns
➢ Ivory ➢ Salt
➢ Wax ➢ Hides and skins
➢ Gold
Items that Arabs brought to Africa
Guns Cups
Beads Knives
Plates Mirrors
SLAVE TRADE
What is Slave Trade?
The buying and selling of human beings for hard labour.
What was slavery?
This was the possession of a person by another people illegally
How were slaves obtained?
i).Through night raids.
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ii).By buying them from Chiefs.
iii).Fuelling was between chiefdoms and kingdoms or getting war captives.
iv) Capturing lonely travellers
Why were slaves needed?
i).To provide domestic labour.
ii). To work on mines
iii). To work on plantations
iv) To be used as means of transport
Slave trade markets in Africa
✓ Zanzibar was the largest slave trade market in the world.
✓ Tabora (Kazeh) was the largest slave trade market in the interior.
✓ Gore islands in Senegal
✓ Timbuktu in Mali
EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE
a) Positive
❖ Kings and chiefs gained a lot of wealth.
❖ It led to the growth of some kingdoms and societies.
❖ It led to the growth of towns e.g Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Sofala, etc.
❖ Africas interior was known to the outside world.
❖ It led to the introduction of new items of trade e.g guns, beads, plates, cups, etc.
b) Negative effects
❖ Loss of lives
❖ Human suffering
❖ Displacement of families
❖ Famine
❖ Depopulation
❖ Tribal conflicts emerged
❖ Destruction of property
Reasons why slave trade was difficult to stop
➢ It was supported by most of the African chiefs.
➢ There was a high demand for cheap labour.
➢ Absence of alternative means of transport
➢ It had many trade routes
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People who participated in abolition of slave trade
▪ Sir Samuel Baker
▪ Dr. David Livingstone
▪ Abraham Lincoln
▪ William Wilberforce
▪ Adam Smith
Treaties that were signed to end slave trade
1. Moresby treaty – 1871
It was signed by Capt Moresby and Sultan of Zanzibar
2. Hamerton treaty – 1876
It was signed by Col. Hamerton and the Sultan of Zanzibar
3. Frere treaty – 1878
Frere treaty was signed by Sultan of Zanzibar and Frere
QN. How did the following help to end slave trade?
a) Dr. David Livingstone
- He preached against slave trade
- He made negative reports about slave trade.
b) The railway line
Trains replaced slaves to transport goods to the coast.
c) William Wilberforce
He decampaigned slave trade in the British parliament.
d) The missionaries
They preached against slave trade.
THE INDIAN TRADERS
➢ Most Indians came mainly to construct the Uganda railway.
➢ These Indians were known as the Indian coolies.
➢ The Banyans were the Indian money lenders.
➢ Aldina Visram was the first Indian trader to open up a shop in kampala in 1898
Why Africans refused to work on the Uganda railway
i. They never wanted to leave their families.
ii. They feared fierce lions at Tsavo
iii. They were promised low wages
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Reasons for building the Kenya- Uganda railway
i).To link Uganda to the coast.
ii).To ease colonial administration.
ii).To stop slave trade.
iv). To ease transport
Problems that were faced by the builders of Kenya-Uganda railway
i).Attacks from hostile tribes.
ii).Attacks from lions at Tsavo.
iii).Tropical diseases.
iv).Physical barriers.

Effects of constructing Kenya-Uganda railway

a) Positive effects
• Uganda was linked to the coast
• Slave trade was stopped.
• Transport was made easy.
• It led to the development of towns.
• Trade was promoted.
b) Negative effects
• It sped up the exploitation of Africa’s resources
• It attracted the coming of the white settlers
• It linked only productive areas
QN. How did the following affect the construction of Kenya-Uganda railway?
a) Rift valley
-It was difficult and expensive to construct the railway across escarpments.
b) the Nandi people
-They never wanted the railway to go through their land.
-They killed some builders of the railway line.
-They could steal building materials
c) Lions of Tsavo
They killed the builders of the railway line.

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QN. What role was played by each of the following people during the construction
of the Kenya-Uganda railway?
i).Engineer George White House
He was the chief engineer during the construction of the railway.
ii).Major MacDonald
He was the chief surveyor during the construction of the railway.
iii).Colonel Patterson
He killed the man eating lions of Tsavo.
iv).Sir William Mackinnon
He brought the idea of the construction of the Uganda railway.
v).Sir Guild Ford Molesworth
He was the last engineer to inspect the Uganda railway.
The contribution of Indians to Africa’s development.
➢ They constructed Kenya-Uganda railway.
➢ They opened shops.
➢ They built industries.
➢ They introduced new forms of money e.g the Indian rupees.
➢ They started plantation farming.

THE EUROPEAN TRADERS

• The Portuguese were the first European traders to come to Africa.
Reasons for the coming of European traders
- To find the sea route to India and access control of trade in spices, silk and jewels
- To gain direct access to the gold trade of West Africa
- To find market for their goods
- To get raw materials for their home industries
- To get labour for industries
Trading companies that came to Africa
i) Imperial British East Africa Company.
ii) The Germany East African Company.
iii) The Dutch East Indian Company.
iv) International African Association.
v) British South African Company.
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vi) Livingstone Central African Company.
vii) British Indian Steam Navigation Company.
IMPERIAL BRITISH EAST AFRICA COMPANY
• It was formed by Sir William Mackinnon in 1888.
• Capt. Fredrick Lugard became its representative in East Africa.
Why was IBEACo formed?
-To carryout trade in East Africa.
-To establish British rule in East Africa.
-To protect missionaries.
Qn: What was the role of Fredrick Lugard in the IBEACo?
He signed the agreements in Buganda and Ankole on behalf of the British
government.
Capt. Fredrick Lugard
• He was the representative of IBEACo in East Africa.
• He signed treaties to establish British rule in Uganda.
• He restored Omukama Kasagama of Toro.
• He supported the prostestants against the Catholics.
THE GERMAN EAST AFRICA COMPANY
❖ It was founded by Carl Peters in 1888.
❖ It was formed to carry put trade in Tanganyika and to administer Tanganyika on
behalf of the Germans.
❖ GEACo attempted to colonise Uganda for Germany.
❖ Carl Peters signed treaties with the local chiefs in Tanganyika.
THE TRANS ATLANTIC TRADE
• This was the trade that involved the people of West Africa, America and Europe
across Atlantic Ocean.
• It was also called triangular trade
Items of trade that were got from Europe to Africa
✓ Clothes ✓ Cups
✓ Guns ✓ plates

b) From Africa to America

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 ✓ Slaves
✓ Ivory
✓ Gold

c) From America to Europe

- Sugar - Tobacco
- gold - Tea
- silver - Copper
- cotton

Effects of the Trans-Atlantic trade

✓ Africans were taken as slaves.
✓ New diseases such as small pox and measles were spread
✓ It led to the development of some towns in west Africa
✓ It led to the development of some kingdoms in west Africa
✓ It reduced population in Africa
✓ Introduction of new crops such as cocoa

THE TRANS SAHARAN TRADE

This was the trade between the Berbers and the people of West Africa across Sahara
desert.

Goods that the Berbers brought to West Africa.

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- Salt - camels
- glasses - Cotton clothes
- silk - perfumes
Goods the Berbers got from West Africa
- Ivory
- Gold
- Skins and hides
- Ostrich feathers
Note.
1. salt was on a high demand because it was needed to preserve meat
2. traders moved in caravans for protection
3. camels were the main means of transport used. This was because;
-they have strong lids to protect the eyes from sand dust.
-they have fatty humps that give energy.
-they have large flat hooves to enable them move easily in sand.

THE EXPLORERS IN AFRICA

A person who leaves his country to another country or continent to search for
information.
Why the European explorers came to Africa
❖ To find the source of R. Nile.
❖ To find trade opportunities.
❖ To study geography of Africa.
❖ To create resting bases for sailors
Problems that were faced by explorers in Africa
➢ Hostile tribes
➢ Tropical diseases.
➢ Poor transport
➢ Harsh climate
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 ➢ Shortage of supplies.
➢ Attacks from wild animals
➢ Language barrier.
The effects of the European explorers
Physical features were renamed.
Africa was opened to the rest of the world.
Friendship and links between Africa and Europe started.
They discovered areas of trade.
Explorers gave information to traders and missionaries.
PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS
❖ They mainly came to find a sea route to India.
❖ They were encouraged by Prince Henry the navigator who started a sailing school
at Port Sagres, Portugal.
Personalities involved in the search for the sea route to India
1. Bartholomew Diaz
❖ He was the first explorer to attempt to find a sea route to India.
❖ He got a marine accident at the cape of South Africa and renamed it cape of storms.
❖ He did not complete the journey because;
-He was affected by storms.
-He lacked supplies.
❖ King John II of Portugal later renamed cape of storms as cape of good hope
because there were hopes of finding the sea route to India
2. Pedro da Covilla
He travelled overland from Portugal through Asia in the East and sailed across the red
sea to the East African coast up to Sofala.
3. Vasco da Gama
❖ He sailed from Lisbon in 1497 and followed Bartholomew/s route up to the East
African coast
❖ He was not welcomed by most of the sultans at the coast because;
-they disliked Christianity the Portuguese were spreading
-they never wanted the European interference in their trade
-they never wanted to lose their power to the Europeans.
❖ He was only welcomed by Malindi because its enemy Mombasa had rejected him.
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❖ He was given a guide called Ahmed Bin Majid to guide him to India
❖ He became popular for finding the sea route to India
Problems faced by Vasco Da Gama during his journey to India
- Lack of supplies.
- Storms
- Diseases like scurvy
Why was it necessary for Vasco Da Gama to find the sea route to India?
-To avoid the high taxation from the Ottoman Empire.
-He wanted to ease trade between India and Portugal.
The items of trade the Portuguese wanted from India
- Spices
- Silk
- Gold
-Jewels
EXPLORERS TO WEST AFRICA
Mongo Park
-He tried to find the source of R. Niger
-He died at Bussa Falls.
Other explorers
Richard Lander, John Lander, Gordon Laing and Hugh Clapperton also tried to find the
source of R.Niger
Questions
1. Why was West Africa called the White man’s grave?
Many white men died from there due to many tropical diseases.
2. How did Mungo Park meet his death?
He drowned at Bussa Falls.
3. Mention three problems that were faced by Explorers in West Africa.
i) Hostile tribes.
ii) Tropical diseases.
iii) Attacks from wild animals

EXPLORERS IN CENTRAL AFRICA

Dr. David Livingstone
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-He was from Scotland.
-He crossed Africa from Indian Ocean to Atlantic Ocean.
-He was the first European to see Victoria falls on R. Zambezi in Zambia.
-He treated people suffering from sleeping sickness.
-He spread Christianity.
-He preached against slave trade in East and Central Africa.
-He invited trade companies to promote legitimate trade.

Qn1.Who were the servants of David Livingstone?

- Chuma
- Susi
EXPLORERS IN EAST AFRICA
Sir Samuel Baker
-He followed R.Nile from its mouth.
-He saw L. Albert and Murchison falls.
-He was the first governor of Equatorial province.
-He stopped slave trade in Acholi land.
-He tried to colonise Uganda for Egypt.
-He built A Fort at Patiko.
JOHN SPEKE
-He was the first European to see the source of R. Nile.
-He was the first European to see L. Victoria.
-He renamed Kiira falls as Rippon falls.
Questions
1. Why is it wrong to say that Speke discovered the source of R. Nile?
2. Why were the Europeans interested in finding the source of R.Nile?
3. In which way was R.Nile responsible for the coming of the first Europeans to Africa.

HENRY MORTON STANLEY

-He saw Mt. Rwenzori and named it mountains of the moon.
-He moved around(circumnavigated) L. Victoria to prove Speke’s discovery about the
source of R.Nile.
-He wrote a letter inviting missionaries to Uganda on behalf of Muteesa 1.
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-He came to East Africa three times.

a) 1871 -He came to look for Dr. David Livingstone.

b) 1873 /4-To complete the work of Dr. David Livingstone
c) 1879 -To rescue Emin Pasha
- He saw L. Edward and L. George.
Questions
Other explorers and their contributions
Explorer contributions
Joseph Thompson He saw Mt. Elgon and L. Balingo
Count Teleki He saw L. Turkana
James Bruce He saw L. Tana and Blue Nile
Dr. Fisher He saw L. Naivasha
Johann Rebmann He saw Mt. Kilimanjaro
Jacob Erhardt He attempted to draw the map of East
Africa.
Dr. Steer He built a mission centre at Zanzibar.
Johann Ludwig Krapf He saw Mt. Kenya

THE EFFECTS OF EXPLORERS IN AFRICA

➢ Africa was made known outside the world.
➢ The explorers renamed most of Africa’s physical features.
➢ They led to the coming of missionaries.
➢ They brought some goods in form of gifts.

Questions
1. Why did Stanley call Mt. Rwenzori mountains of the moon?
2. Who requested Stanley to write a letter inviting missionaries?
3. Who took the letter which Stanley wrote?
4. Why did Muteesa I invite christian missionaries to his kingdom?

5. Apart from Dr. David Livingstone, write other explorers that moved to central Africa.

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6.a) Write down two organizations that sponsored the above Explorers.
b) In which ways were the above organizations important to explorers.
7. How did the explorers lead to the exploitation of Africa’s resources?
8. Mention two positive effects of explorers to Africa.
9. How did the coming of explorers affect Africa negatively?

MISSIONARIES IN AFRICA
A missionary is person who leaves his country to another country to spread the word of
God.
Reasons why missionaries came to Africa.
-They came to spread Christianity.
-They came to stop slave trade.
-To introduce formal education.

MISSIONARIES WHO CAME TO AFRICA

1.John Ludwig Krapf
-He was sent to Africa by the Church Missionary Society(CMS).
-He spread Christianity in Ethiopia and Kenya.
-He built a mission station at Rabai Mpya in Kenya.
-He translated the New Testament into Kiswahili.
-He was an explorer as well as a missionary.
Qn1 .How did the mission station at Rabai Mpya contribute to the spread of
Christianity?
It helped people to learn how to read religious books.
Qn2 .How dis Ludwig Krapf contribute to the spread of Christianity in East Africa?
-He build a mission station at Rabai Mpya.
-He translated the New Testament into Kiswahili.
2.Johann Rebmann
-He was a missionary who helped Krapf to start a mission station.
-He was the first European to see Mt. Kilimanjaro.
Qn1.Name the first missionaries to come to East Africa.
-Johann Ludwig Krapf
-Johann Rebmann
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3. Dr. David Livingstone
-He preached Christianity in Central, Southern and South Western part of Africa.
-He helped to start a University mission station in Central Africa.
- His activities attracted the formation of the Universities Mission for Central Africa
(UMCA)
4. Alexander mackay:
-He was a practical missionary who trained people economic skills such carpentry,
tailoring and brick laying.
-He introduced a printing press in Uganda in 1878.
-He built a carpentry workshop at Natete.
-He built a mission station at Mpwampwa in Tanzania.
5.Dr. Albert cook:-He build Mengo Hospital.
-He treated people suffering from sleeping sickness.
6.Bishop Hannington:-He was the first Anglican Bishop to be murdered in Uganda.
-He was murdered in Busoga by Chief Luba on orders of Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda
Kingdom.
7.Apollo kivebulaya-He spread Christianity in Western Uganda and some parts of
DRC.
8.Phillip Mitchell:-He turned or changed Makerere College into a University.
9.Bishop turker:-He requested for funds from Church Missionary Society to support
IBEACo.

Problems which were faced by missionaries in Africa

-Attacks from hostile tribes.
-Tropical diseases.
-Language barriers
-Harsh climate
-Poor transport
-Attacks from wild animals

Questions
1. How did Alexander Mackay contribute the economic development in Uganda?
2. State any two negative effects of missionaries to Africa.
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3. Write any three economic contributions of missionaries to Africa.
4. Give any two social contributions of missionaries to Africa.
5. Mention any two political effects of missionaries to Africa.
6. State any four achievements of missionaries in Africa?
7. How did Dr. Albert Cook promote the health service in Uganda?

COLONIALISTS IN AFRICA
Definition of terms.
❖ Colonialists: These were people who came from Europe to rule Africa.
❖ A colony: Is a country ruled by another stronger country for her citizens to have a
permanent settlement.
❖ A protectorate: It is a weaker country ruled by a stronger country for only economic
exploitation.
❖ A mandate territory: This was a weak country ruled by a powerful country on behalf
of League of Nations.
❖ Trusteeship territory : This was a weak country ruled by a powerful country on
behalf of the United Nations
❖ Scramble for Africa: This was the struggle among European countries to get
colonies in Africa.

❖ Partition of Africa. This was the peaceful division at African territories among
European countries for colonization.
Reasons for scramble / partition of Africa.
a) Economic reasons
✓ The Europeans wanted raw materials for their industries.
✓ They wanted to invest their surplus capital.
✓ They wanted market for their finished goods.
✓ They wanted to settle their unemployed population.
b) Social reasons
✓ They wanted to stop slave trade.
✓ They wanted to spread Christianity.
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 ✓ They wanted to introduce formal education.

THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

❖ It was the meeting held in Berlin city of Germany in 1884 / 5
❖ It was called and chaired by Chancellor Otto Von Bismark to find the peaceful ways
of dividing Africa
Reasons why the Berlin conference was held.
• To agree on how European countries would partition Africa.
• To start trading companies.
Results of the Berlin conference
➢ Africa was partitioned.
➢ Trading companies were started.
➢ European countries were to stop slave trade in their colonies.
➢ Solving international conflicts diplomatically started

Countries that participated in the Berlin conference.

Germany Italy
France Belgium
Britain Spain
Portugal
Colonies and their colonial masters
Britain France Belgium Germany Portugal Spain Italy
South Africa Madagasc Democratic Namibia Angola Equatoria Somalia
ar Republic of l Guinea
Congo
Botswana Chad Congo Tanzania Mozambiqu Libya
Brazaville e
Zimbabwe Niger Rwanda
Zambia Benin Burundi
Malawi Burkina Cameroon
Faso

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Uganda Ivory Togo
coast
Kenya Sierra
Leone
Sudan Guinea
Bissau
Eritrea Gambia
Egypt Mali
Nigeria Mauritania
Ghana Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE

Methods colonialists used to acquire colonies;
✓ Signing treaties.
✓ Military force
✓ Using collaborators
✓ Through trading companies
✓ Promoting transport and communication
✓ Use of missionaries
Methods used by the colonialists to administer their colonies
-Assimilation
-Direct rule
-Indirect rule
Ways Africans reacted towards colonial rule:
-They resisted
-They collaborated

Questions
1. Name the countries in Africa that were not colonized.
2. What name is given to the above countries?

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3. Give reasons why Ethiopia was not colonized.
4. Why was Liberia not colonized?
5. Mention the methods that were used by colonialists to establish their rule in Africa.
6. Write down the methods of administration that were used by colonialists in Africa.
7. What is indirect rule?
8. What was direct rule.
9. What was assimilation?
10. Write the advantages of indirect rule.
11. Why did the colonialists use the direct rule system of administration in their colonies?
12. Mention one country in Africa where direct rule system of administration was used.
13. How did the Africans react to the colonialists?
14. Mention the Africans who resisted against colonial rule.
15. Give some reasons why some Africans resisted against colonial rule.
16. Why were African defeated as they resisted colonialists?
17. Mention the Africans who collaborated with the colonialists.
18. Give reasons why some African collaborated with colonialists.
19. How did the Africans suffer during their resistance against colonialists>
20. What were the characteristics of colonial rule in Africa?
21. Why were Europeans interested in colonizing Africa?
22. What were the positive effects of colonial rule in Africa?
23. What were the negative effects of colonial rule on Africa?
24. Mention the countries in Africa which are known as European colonies.
25. Mention the countries that founded the federation of Central Africa.
26. What were the disadvantages of direct rule where it was applied?
27. Give the humanitarian reasons for the coming of foreigners to Africa.

THE SETTLERS IN AFRICA

It was the last group of foreigners to come and settle in Africa.
The settlers include;
• Europeans
• Asians (Indians, Malaysia, Chinese)
• Arabs

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Countries in Africa where the Europeans settled.
-Kenya -The Republic of South Africa
-Zimbabwe -Namibia -Angola

Reasons for the coming of settlers in Africa

✓ They came to trade.
✓ They came to settle as refugees.
✓ They came to construct the Uganda – Kenya railway.
✓ They came because they were unemployed due to the industrial revolution in Europe.
The Dutch settlers in South Africa.
❖ The Dutch settlers came to South Africa from Netherlands
❖ They were interested in trade especially in spices
❖ The Dutch East Indian Company was formed to promote this trade
❖ Jan Van Riebeck was the leader of the Dutch East Indian Company as well as the
Dutch settlers.
❖ The Dutch came to South Africa after their boat (Harleem) capsized near the Cape
Of Good Hope.
❖ The Dutch later founded the first colony in Africa called Cape colony
❖ The Dutch were encouraged to grow fruits vegetables and keep animals in South
Africa.
❖ The Dutch formed a new race called the Boers.
❖ The word Boers means Dutch farmers.
❖ They speak a language called Afrikaans
❖ In 1805, the British took over the Cape colony.
❖ The British defeated the Boers in 1835 and they moved away from the cape colony.
❖ This movement of the Boers was called the Great Trek.
THE GREAT TREK
This was the journey of the Boers from Cape Colony to the interior of South Africa.
Causes the Great Trek
The Dutch were stopped from carrying out slave trade.
The introduction of English as the official language.
The British imposed harsh rule to the Dutch.
Search for land for settlement and farming
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Problems that were faced by the Dutch during the Great Trek
➢ Shortage of food.
➢ Poor transport.
➢ Disease outbreak
➢ Harsh climate.
➢ They fought wars with the people they met around R.Vaal. (Shaka Zulu)

Results of Great Trek

• New states were formed e.g orange free state, Transvaal state and Natal province.
• There was loss of lives during the battles.
• It led to the discovery of diamond and gold.
• New crops were introduced e.g maize.
• Africans lost their land to the Boers.
• The Cape was declared a British colony
Apartheid Policy in South Africa.
❖ Apartheid was a policy of racial segregation in South Africa.
❖ It was started in 1948 and ended in 1994
How apartheid laws were practiced in South Africa
➢ Marriage between whites and blacks was illegal.
➢ The blacks and whites never shared schools
➢ There were separate residential places for the blacks called Bantustans.
➢ The whites and blacks never shared schools
➢ The whites and the blacks never shared hospitals
➢ Africans were denied freedom of movement
➢ Sports activities were preserved for the Whites only
Effects of Apartheid policy in South Africa
• It caused disunity in South Africa.
• It led to loss of land by Africans.
• It led to loss of lives.
• It led to high rate of poverty among Africans
• It led to high rate of illiteracy among Africans
• It led to suffering of the Blacks in Bantustans

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• It created mistrust for the whites by Africans
Bantustans in South Africa
These were the homes created for the Blacks in South Africa during apartheid era.
Examples of the Bantustans
• Kwazulu • Transkei
• Venda • Kwandebele
• Ciskei • Qwaqwa
• Lebowa

Reasons why Bantustans were created

To separate the blacks from the whites
To create reserve for cheap labor
To limit the growth of African nationalism
To promote superiority of the whites
Problems Africans faced in Bantustans
- Poor hygiene
- Congested houses
- Food shortage
- High Crime rate

The role of Nelson Mandela in the struggle against Apartheid

He led the African National Congress, a political party that opposed apartheid
He organized demonstrations against apartheid policy.
He spoke against racism
He mobilized the entire world to help to stop apartheid.
He fought for the rights of Africans.
NOTE
➢ Nelson Mandela was jailed from Robben Islands for 27 years.
➢ Mandela became the president of South Africa in 1994 and willingly gave out the
power to Jacob Zuma in 1999.
➢ The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was formed to unite the Whites and
Africans.

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➢ This commission was chaired by Bishop Desmond Tutu.
The role played by the OAU
❖ OAU regarded Apartheid as an evil against man-kind.
❖ OAU extended financial support to the liberation movements.
❖ OAU demanded for the release of political prisoners in South Africa.
The role of United Nations Organization (UNO)
✓ The UN security council imposed an arms ban on South Africa.
✓ The UN member states imposed economic sanction against south Africa
✓ The UN universal declaration of human rights defined apartheid as an evil against
mankind
Frontline States
These were the countries that offered military training and assistance to the guerillas
against apartheid.
Examples of the frontline states.
o Tanzania
o Zimbabwe
o Zambia
o Malawi
The roles of the frontline states
• They provided military training to the guerillas against apartheid
• They provided the guerillas with war logistics like food, medicine
• They imposed trade embargo on South Africa
• They provided asylum or protection to political figures from South Africa
The role of the African National Congress
✓ It founded a newspaper which helped to promote nationalism in South Africa
✓ The members of ANC composed songs and slogans against apartheid
✓ The ANC caused urban black workers to strike against the mistreatment by the
racist employers
The role played by the Common Wealth of Nations (CWN)
It suspended South Africa from participating in the Common wealth games
Personalities who fought against apartheid policy in South Africa
- Chief Albert Luthuri - Robert Sobukwe

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- Oliver Tambo - Bishop Desmond Tutu
- Chris Hani
Effects for the coming of foreigners.
a) Political
-Africans lost their independence
-New laws were introduced.
-New states were created.
b) Economic.
-New goods were introduced.
-Led to exploitation of raw materials
-Led to the development of roads and railway lines
-New crops were introduced.
c) Social
-Weakened African culture.
-Led to inter marriages
-Led to introduction of Christianity
-Foreign languages were introduced
-Led to introduction of formal education

TOPIC 7: NATIONALISM AND THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

Language competences:
1. Nationalism: It is the love for one’s country.
It is the way a person gets committed to work or fight for his country.
2. A nationalist: A person who gets committed to work or fight for his country.
A person who has strong love for his / her country.
3. Patriotism: Love for one’s country and willingness to defend it.
4. Pan-Africanism: It was a movement of people who believed in brotherhood and
sisterhood of black people.
5. Detention: The state of being kept in a place without leaving as a punishment.
6. Feeling of nationalists:
-They work hard for economic development of their countries.
-They are proud of their countries.
-They want their countries to be free from bad rule.
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People who practice the spirit of nationalism.
-The army during war time.
-Teachers in schools.
-Doctors and nurses in hospitals.
Examples of Pan Africanists:
1. Marcus Garvey
• He was a black Jamaican.
• He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to promote the
rights of Africans
• He advised Africans to start businesses just as the whites did
• He strongly believed that Africans could get political power after gaining economic
power
2. Henry Sylvester Williams
• He was in West Indies where many blacks lived.
• He sponsored the first Pan-African conference in 1900 in London.
3. Dr. William E. Dubois:
• He encouraged whites to unite and oppose white domination.
• He encouraged Africans to know their rights and defend them.
4. Booker T. Washington
• He encouraged Africans to educate their children
• He encouraged Africans to cooperate and promote their welfare
5. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
• He organized the first Pan African conference in Africa in 1958 in Ghana.
• He demanded for the rights of Africans
6. J.E.K Aggrey.
• He encouraged Africans to value education
• He believed that Africans had to cooperate with the Whites if they are to progress
7. Edward Blyden.
• He preached about the love and unity of the blacks
• He wrote many books that promoted love for Africa
Methods used by Pan Africanists in their struggle:
-Meetings/conferences.

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-Media.
Problems Pan Africanists faced:
✓ Lack of unity.
✓ Lack of enough funds.
✓ Differences in political ideologies.
✓ Pan Africans were imprisoned
✓ Pan Africans were murdered
✓ Pan Africanists media was stopped
✓ There was lack of common language
Leading Nationalist in Africa
i) Kwame Nkrumah - Ghana.
Namdi Azikiwe – Nigeria
Hastings Kamuzu Banda - Malawi
Nelson Mandela – South Africa
Kenneth Kaunda – Zambia
Dr Milton Obote – Uganda
Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya
Julius Nyerere – Tanzania
Samora Machel – Mozambique
Patrice Lumumba - DRC
Emperor Haile Sellassie - Ethiopia.
Abdel Nasser - Egypt.
Reasons why Africans wanted independence
Economic
Africans wanted their land back.
To end unfair taxation.
They wanted freedom of growing cash crops.
Africans wanted higher salaries.

Political
Africans wanted to rule themselves.
They wanted to be represented on LEGCO.
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 Africans chiefs and kings wanted regain their lost authority.
They wanted freedom of electing leaders.
Social
Africans wanted to practice their culture.
They wanted better education.
They wanted freedom of movement.
They wanted racial discrimination to end.
Methods use by nationalists in the struggle for independence.
✓ Formation of political parties
✓ Formation of trade unions
✓ Through rebellions
✓ Through strikes, riots, demonstrations
✓ Through writing articles in newspapers and magazines
Problems faced by nationalists in their struggle
❖ They faced death
❖ They were imprisoned
❖ They were intimidated
❖ They were tortured
❖ Loss of property during rebellions

Political party systems:

❖ It is a group of people who share the same ideas about how the country should be
governed.
❖ It is a group of people aiming at taking over power and exercising it.
Roles of political parties:
➢ To nominate candidates to represent their belief.
➢ To conduct political campaigns.
➢ To monitor the work of the elected officials.
➢ To direct resources towards a common goal.

Multiparty system:
This is where there are more than one political party in a country competing for power.
Advantages of multiparty system:
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➢ There is room to choose better leaders.
➢ It provides peaceful means of changing the government.
➢ It promotes respect for human rights.
➢ The ruling party tries to develop the country in fear of losing the elections.
➢ It develops government organs.
Disadvantages of multiparty system.
➢ It causes confusion, quarrels and conflicts.
➢ It leads to high chances of rigging elections.
➢ It leads to the killing, torture,and imprisonment of members of opposition.
➢ It leads to division among people.
➢ It increases favouritism and corruption.
➢ Decisions and programmes take long to be worked on.
➢ It increases injustice
➢ It leads to more election petitions.

Single party system:

It is a system where only one political party controls the government.
Advantages of single party system:
➢ The leadership is respected.
➢ There are less conflicts.
➢ It is easy to take decisions.
➢ There is less rigging of elections.
➢ There are few election petitions.
➢ It is easy to conduct elections.
Disadvantages of single party system:
➢ It encourages dictatorship.
➢ New ideas are not accepted.
➢ There is less accountability.
➢ Human rights abuse is common.

Political parties in Uganda:

Political party Leader

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 Conservative party Ken Lukyamuzi
Democratic Party Norbert Mao
Forum for Democratic Change Patrick Amuriat Oboi
National Resistance Movement Yoweri Kaguta Museveni
Uganda People’s Congress Olara Otunnu
People’s Progressive Party Jaberi Bidandi Ssali
Questions
1. In which way was education important during the struggle for independence
in Africa.
-Education helped people to form political parties.
-Africans learnt English and French to ease communication.
- Africans were able to write newspapers which mobilized people.
- Africans gained confidence to discuss with colonialists.
- They became responsible and respectable.
2. How did the Second World War help Africans to fight for independence?
- Africans acquired the skills of fighting.
- Africans came to know that whites can be defeated.
Some of the Africans who attended the Pan-African conference of 1945 in
Manchester in England.
- Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
- Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
- Kamuzu Banda of Malawi
-Peter Abrahams of South Africa.
The recommendations of the 1945 Pan-African Conference in Manchester in
England.
- Africans were to start political parties.
- They were to form trade unions.
- To form cooperative societies.
Important Africans who struggled for independence.
1. Kwame Nkrumah
➢ He was a pan-Africanist.

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➢ He formed the convention People’s Party (CPP) which led Ghana to independence
in 1957.
➢ He was the first Prime Minister of Ghana.
➢ He was one of the founder members of OAU.
➢ He hosted the 1958 Pan-African Conference in Accra.
➢ He built Akasombo Dam.
2. Julius Nyerere
He formed TANU which led Tanganyika to independence.
He was the first Prime Minister of Tanganyika.
He agreed with Abed Karume and united Zanzibar and Tanganyika to form
Tanzania in 1964.
He was one of the founders of OAU.
He was one of the founders of the East African community in 1967.
He formed TANU that led Tanganyika to independence.
He called the Chinese to build the Tazara railway.
He built the Hale dam on River Pangani.
Why Tanganyika achieved independence before Uganda and Kenya
-Tanganyika was a mandate territory.
-Governor Richard Turnbull demanded for the independence of Tanganyika.
-The people of Tanganyika demanded for independence before Kenya and Uganda.
Qn: Why was Ghana called Gold Coast?
Ghana had a lot of gold at the coast.
Qn: Why was Gold coast named Ghana after independence?
To remember the famous kingdom of West Africa called Ghana.
3. Jomo Kenyatta
-He led Kenya to independence.
-He was a leader of KANU.
-He was a political leader of MAU MAU rebellion.
-He was one of the founders of OAU.
-He was one of the founders of the East African community.
4. Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria
-He led Nigeria to independence.
-He formed a political party called National Council of Nigerian Citizens.
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-He formed a newspaper called The West African pilot.
5. Patrice Lumumba of DRC
-He was the first Prime Minister of DRC (Zaire)
-He led Zaire to independence.
-He formed the Movement National Congolese.
6. Colonel Gamel Abdel Nasser
-He was the first president of Egypt.
-He attended the Pan-African conference in 1958 in Ghana.
-He helped to build Aswan High Dam.
-He put the Suez Canal under the control of Egyptian government.
-He overthrew King Farouk.
7. Tom Mboya
-He was the General Secretary of Kenya African National Union.
-He helped to form KANU.
-He represented Nairobi to the LEGCO.
-He fought for the release of political prisoners.
8. Emperor Haile selassie
-He helped to fight the Italians who attempted to colonize Ethiopia.
-He was the first chairman of OAU in 1963.
-He formed a new constitution for Ethiopia.
-He improved social services in Ethipia.
9. Kenneth Kaunda.
-He was the first president of Zambia.
-He formed Zambia African National Congress which later became The United Zambia
Independence
Party.
-He was one of the founders of OAU.
10. Dr Apollo Milton Obote
-He formed UPC which led Uganda to independence.
-He was the first executive prime minister of Uganda.
-He was one of the founders of OAU in 1963.
-He formed East African Community.
11. Nelson Mandela.
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❖ He opposed the apartheid policy in South Africa.
❖ He advised his fellow nationalists to create an armed wing of the ANC
❖ This wing was formed and called Umkhonto we Sizwe (spear of the nation)
❖ The armed wing attacked government installations and security personnel
❖ Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years imprisonment with hard
labour
❖ In 1963, many leaders of Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested
❖ While in dock, Mandela called on the people of South Africa to oppose apartheid
system
❖ In 1964, He was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to Robben island prison.
❖ In 1990, he reached an agreement with the racist government and was released from
Prison by Fredrick De Klerk, the last racist president.
❖ In 1994, Mandela won the national general elections and became the first black
president of South Africa.
❖ He resigned in 1999 and died in 2013 at the age of 95.
12. Benedicto Kiwanuka
-He was the first prime minister of Uganda.
-He was the first chief minister of Uganda.
-He was the first chief justice of Uganda.
-He was the leader of Democratic party.
13. Ignatius Kangave Musaazi
-He formed the first political party in Uganda (Uganda National Congress (UNC)
-He formed the Uganda Africa Farmers Union to fight for the rights of the Africa farmers.

Political parties which led some African countries to independence

Political Party Country Nationalist Year of
Independence
Convention Ghana Kwame Nkrumah 1957
People’s Party
(CCP)

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 TANU (Tanganyika Tanganyika Julius Kambarage 1961
African National Nyerere
Union)
KANU (Kenya Kenya Jomo Kenyatta 1963
African National
Union)
UPC (Uganda Uganda Dr. Apollo Milton 1962
People’s Congress) Obote
NCNC (National Nigeria Nnamdi Azikiwe 1960
Council of Nigerian
Citizens)
Movement of DRC Patrice Lumumba 1960
National Congolese
(MNC)
United National Zambia Kenneth Kaunda 1964
Independence Party
(UNIP)
African National South Africa Nelson Mandela Ended apartheid in
Congress (ANC) 1994

POST INDEPENDENCE IN AFRICA

-This is the period when African countries were free from colonial rule.
-African countries formed the organization of African Unity in 1963.
-The Pan – Africa movement was the fore runner of OAU.

THE FORMATION OF OAU

OAU was formed by some leaders of African countries on5th May, 1963.

The leaders who formed OAU include;

-Milton Obote – Uganda -Julius Nyerere – Tanzania

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-Kenneth Kaunda – Zambia -Haile Selassie – Ethiopia
-Kamuzu Banda – Malawi -Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana
-Leopold Senghor – Senegal -Abdel Nasser – Egypt
-Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya
Reasons for forming OAU
-To defend the independence of African countries.
-To remove all kinds of colonialism in Africa.
-To promote unity among African states.
-To improve the standard of living of Africans.
-To promote international co-operation.
Principles of the OAU.
-All member countries were independent and equal.
-Peaceful settlement of disputes.
-Respect for one another.
-No interference in another state’s internal affairs.
Organs of OAU.
-Assembly of heads of state.
-The council of ministers.
-The secretariat.
-The special committee.

Achievements of OAU / successes of OAU.

-OAU helped South Africa to end the apartheid.
-It encouraged the formation of regional bodies.
-It started the African Development Bank. (Headquarters in Abidjan – Ivory Coast)
-It helped some African countries to get independence
e.g : Angola, Namibia, Guinea Bissau
-It promoted International cooperation with united nations.
-It led to the formation of AU.
- states It helped to solve boarder conflicts between some member e.g
i)Between Kenya and Somalia
ii)Between Chad and Libya
iii)Between Morocco and Algeria
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FAILURES OF OAU.
-Failed to have a military force.
-Failed to prevent coups in some African countries.
-Failed to end civil wars in some African countries.
-Failed to promote co-operation between some African countries.
Problems faced by OAU
-Lacked funds to run its activities.
-Civil wars.
-Influence of colonial powers (Neo-colonialism)
-Diseases like AIDS.
-Interference from other international bodies.
-Greed for power by African leaders.
-Different ideologies among African leaders.

THE AFRICAN UNION

-It was formed in 2002 after dissolving OAU.
-Its formation was proposed by Gadaffi – the former president of Libya.
-It was formed by leaders from 53 African countries.
The objectives of African union.
-To promote democracy and good governance.
-To promote regional bodies.
-To Aid development.
-To support and defend African interest.
-To improve the standards of living in Africa.
-To promote and protect human rights.
-To promote trade.
-To promote co-operation.

THE ORGANS OF AFRICAN UNION

The Assembly of the Union
✓ It comprises the Heads of State of all member states.
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✓ They sit yearly to make decisions developing Africa.
The Executive Council of the Union
❖ It is made up of Foreign Affairs ministers from member states.
❖ They meet twice a year.
❖ They coordinate activities of the African union
❖ They prepare the agenda for the assembly meeting
❖ They monitor the implementation of the African Union programs.
The African Union Commission
o This is the secretariat of the Union
o It is headed by the Chairperson.
o Its headquarters are found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Duties
➢ To run the daily affairs of the union
➢ To make the annual budget for the union
➢ To prepare for the African Union meetings.
The Pan African Parliament
❖ It is made up of four members from each national parliament.
❖ It is a forum for Africans to express their ideas and interests.
❖ It gives advice to other organs of the union.
❖ It encourages good governance in Africa.
Other organs of the Union
▪ The court of Justice of the Union
▪ The Peace and Security Council
▪ The Permanent Representative Committee
▪ Financial institutions

Problems facing African Union

-High number of refugees. -Shortage of funds
-Poverty. -Poor roads.
-Diseases like AIDS. -Civil wars e.g. in Somalia
.
ECONOMIC GROUPINGS / COMMON MARKETS / REGIONAL BODIES/ ECONOMIC
BLOCS.
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These are organizations formed by countries to promote trade.
Reasons for the formation of common markets
- To promote regional trade.
- To promote peace and security in the region.
- To promote transport and communication in the region.
- To promote industrialisation in E.Africa.
- To create a wide market for goods and services.
- To promote regional cooperation.
- To reduce taxes on goods.

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (E.A.C)

It was formed in 1967 by the president of East Africa by then.
They were;
- Dr. Apollo Milton Obote from Uganda.
-Julius Nyerere from Tanzania
-Mzee Jomo Kenyatta from Kenya.
NB. The headquarters are at Arusha in Tanzania.
E.A.C Departments
• East African airway (Headquarters) at Nairobi.
• East African post and Telecommunication.
• East African development bank – Kampala.
• The East Africa examination council.
• East Africa virus research.
Services provided by E.A.C
✓ Communication by the East African post and telecommunication.
✓ Education by the East African examinations council.
✓ Banking by the African Development bank.
✓ Transport by the East African airways and the East African Harbors and East African
airways.
✓ Health by the East African virus research at Entebbe.
The collapse of East African community.
It collapsed in 1977.

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Reasons for its collapse.
➢ Political misunderstandings between Uganda and Tanzania.
➢ Kenya was benefiting more than Uganda and Tanzania.
➢ Each country wanted to develop on its own.
➢ Lack of funding
➢ The closure of the boundaries between Kenya and Tanzania
➢ Political differences among leaders
THE REVIVAL OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
It was revived by the presidents of East Africa – 1999.
- Yoweri Kaguta Museveni of Uganda.
- Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania.
-Daniel Arap Moi of Kenya.
Reasons for reviving the E.A.C
- To promote regional trade.
- To promote peace and security in the region.
- To promote transport and communication in the region.
- To promote industrialisation in E.Africa.
- To create a wide market for goods and services.
- To promote regional cooperation.
- To reduce taxes on goods.

ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)

It was formed by the Western African countries in 1975 in Lagos.
Members of ECOWAS are;
-Ghana - Benin -Niger
-Nigeria -Burkina Faso -Liberia
-Togo - Ivory Coast -Sierra Leone
-Senegal - Mauritania
NB.
❖ The headquarters of ECOWAS are in Lagos – Nigeria.
❖ ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) is a security wing for ECOWAS
COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (COMESA)
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• COMESA replaced preferential Trade Area (PTA)
• It is the largest economic grouping in Africa
Member countries of COMESA include;
- Uganda - Ethiopia - Lesotho
- Burundi - Sudan - Comoros
- DRC - Zambia - Mozambique
- Kenya - Madagascar

SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC)

-It was formed in 1979.
Member countries are;
i)South Africa ii)Namibia iii)Botswana iv)Zimbabwe
v)Angola vi)Malawi vii)Zambia viii)Mozambique
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
❖ It was formed in 1986
❖ It replaced Inter Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)
❖ Its headquarters are located in Djibouti
Objectives of IGAD.
➢ To control desertification
➢ To promote water supply in the region
➢ To promote food supply in the region
Member states of IGAD
- Uganda - South Sudan
- Kenya - Somalia
- Eritrea - Ethiopia
- Sudan - Djibouti
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
❖ It unites countries in Central Africa
Member states of ECCAS
- Chad - DRC
- Central African Republic - Sao Tome and Principe
- Cameroon - Equatorial Guinea

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- Congo - Gabon
Benefits of Economic groupings.
-They create a large market for the goods.
-They promote regional co-operation.
-They reduce trade barriers.
- They create employment opportunities
-They ease movement of people and goods within the region.
Challenges facing regional groupings
-Economic differences.
-Different political ideologies.
-Political instabilities
-Shortage of funds.
-Production of Similar goods.
-Poor transport and communication.
- Lack of a common currency
- Lack of a common language

THIRD TERM

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Economy: It is the way goods and services of a country are produced, distributed and
consumed.

Major economic resources of Africa

❖ A resource is any feature of the environment people use to satisfy their needs

❖ Africa’s resources are grouped into renewable and non- renewable resources

❖ Renewable resources replace themselves after sometime

❖ Non-renewable resources can’t be naturally replaced when exhausted.

Economic resources of Africa are;

- Land - Human labour
-Vegetation -Water

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- Minerals -Wildlife
-Climate - Electricity
Importance of land as an economic resource
➢ Land is used for crop growing.
➢ We build industries on land.
➢ We build houses, school, hospitals, e.t.c on land.
➢ We get minerals from land.
➢ We construct roads on land.
➢ We use land for brick making.
➢ We get stones for building from land.
Human labour as a resource
There are three types of labour.
1. Skilled labour.
2. Semi-skilled labour.
3. Unskilled labour.
Give the importance of human labour
-To do work. -To operate machinery.
-To carryout farming -To manage a factory.
-To train new workers. -To carryout mining.
-Providing services like education, medical, transport.
How can we improve labour in Africa?
-By training workers.
-Constructing vocational institutions.
In which way has the unskilled labour affected Africa’s economic development?
-It has created unemployment.
-Africa has failed to exploit the economic resources.
-It has promoted a dependence on developed countries.
-It has caused low industrial development.
-It has led to importation of skilled labour which is expensive.
Importance of vegetation as an economic resource
-It is a source of timber.
-It is a source of wood fuel.
-It is a source of herbs.
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-They attract tourists for income.
-It is a source of rubber.
-We use vegetation to grace animals.
Importance of wildlife as an economic resource
-They attract tourists for income.
-Create employment.
-They provide hides and skins.
-They provide ivory (tusks).
-Sources of wild meat.
Mention the items from skins and hides
-Belts - crafts
-Shoes - Drums
-Bags - Cultural wear
Importance of water bodies as economic resources
-They provide fish to people.
-They provide water for irrigation.
-They are used for water transport.
-They attract tourists for income.
-They generate hydro electricity.
-They provide water for domestic and industrial use.
-They provide sand.
-They provide salt.
Importance of climate as an economic resource.
-Climate supports farming.
-Climate attract tourists for income.
-We get solar energy from the sun.

MINERALS AS A NATURAL RESOURCE

MINING
This is the extraction of minerals from the ground.
What are minerals?
Minerals are substances that are found in rocks of the earth.

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Give examples of minerals.
Petroleum -Gold
Zinc -Silver
Copper -Tin
Diamond -Cobalt
Phosphates -Uranium
Bauxite -Ion
Salt -Limestone
Coal -Asbestos
Importance of minerals
-They earn foreign income to the country.
-They are used as a raw materials in industries.
-They create employment for people.
-They help to improve social services in a country.
Why are most countries in Africa not able to exploit the mineral wealth?
-Due to low level of science and technology.
-Lack of machinery.
-Lack of capital.
-Poor transport network.
-Political instability.
Solutions to the above problems
-Training people skills.
-Importing machinery e.g tractors, excavators
-By getting loans from rich countries and international organizations.
-By constructing better road networks.
-By promoting / encouraging peace talks.
Write down the problems faced by the mining industry in Africa
-The mining centres collapse and kill the miners.
-Price fluctuations of minerals in the world market.
-Poor transport.
-Lack of machinery.
-Political instability.
-Lack of capital.
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Identify the methods used to mine the minerals
i) Open cast method.
ii) Drift method / shaft method
iii) Alluvial mining.
iv) Underground mining
v) Submarine mining
vi) Drilling
Questions
1. Mention the types of mining used when the minerals are in horizontal rocks.
2. What method of mining is used to get minerals found near the surface of the earth?
3. Write down two minerals mined by alluvial method.
4. Which method of mining is used to extract crude oil from the ground?
5. How is underground mining different from submarine method?

MINERALS AND THEIR USES

Petroleum
-It is a source of income.
-It creates employment.
-It is used to make the following;
• Petrol -Diesel
• Kerosene / paraffin -Jet fuel
• Jelly, e.t.c
Gold
-It is a source of income.
-It creates employment.
-It is used to make the following;
• Rings -Necklaces
• Earrings -Watches
-It is used as a medium of exchange.
-It is used to make golden teeth.
-It is used to make expensive medals. Trophies and plates.
Copper

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-It is a source of income.
-It creates employment.
-It is used to make the following;
• Bullets -Electric wires
• Coins -Refrigerators
Diamond
-It is a source of income.
-It creates employment.
-It is used to make the following;
• Jewels
-It is used to make other strong metals e.g padlocks.
Uranium
-It is used in making atomic bombs.
-It is a source of income.
-It creates employment.
Coal
-It is used to make thermal electricity.
Asbestos
-It is used to make roofing sheets and water pipes.

Country Area Minerals

Uganda Hima / Tororo Limestone
DRC Katanga Diamond
South Africa Kimberly Diamond
Wit waters rand Gold and Uranium
Tanzania Mwadui in Shinyanga Diamond
Nigeria Niger delta Petroleum oil
Zambia Zambian copper belt Copper
Nigeria North of Nigeria Zinc

Factors that influences the distribution of resources in Africa

Vegetation influence good climate.

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 Climate influence vegetation.
Vegetation influence wildlife.
Areas where volcanicity took place there are many minerals.
Some countries have rocks with minerals.
Energy resource
Anything that makes work possible.
Give examples of energy resources.
-Coal -Wind
-Sun -Uranium
-Waterfalls -Oil
-Hot springs -Wood fuel
Problems faced in the utilization of resources
✓ Low levels of technology
✓ Shortage of skilled labour
✓ Shortage of capital
✓ Environmental degradation
✓ Poverty
✓ Ignorance
✓ Insecurity in some areas
Caring for natural resources
- Proper land use
- Careful development of minerals
- Conserving natural resources
- Proper health care
- Proper nutrition and education
- Avoiding pollution
INDUSTRIALISATION
This is the development of industries in an area.
Factors influencing industrial development
❖ Availability of raw materials.
Raw materials are processed into finished goods e.g .
-Cotton
-Crude oil
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 -Coal
-Iron ore, e.t.c
❖ Availability of labour
Labour is used to operate machines, to manage industries.
❖ Availability of market.
These are the buyers of industrial products.
❖ Availability of transport.
-It is used to transport industrial products on the market.
-It is used to transport workers to and from the industry.
-It is used to transport raw materials to the industry.
❖ Availability of land
It is where an industry is built / established.
❖ Government policies
-They encourage or discourage industrial development.
-They give tax holiday to new industries.
-They protect workers from mistreatment by industrial owners.
Advantages of industrialization in country.
• Creates employment.
• People get market for their goods.
• The government earns revenue in form of taxes (excise tax)
• Leads to the development of social services.
• People get finished goods.
Disadvantages of industrialization to a country
o Industries pollute the environment.
o Industries displace people during expansion.
o They lead to development of slums.
o They cause environmental destruction e.g deforestation and swamp drainage.

THE LOCATION OF NIGERIA

Nigeria is located in West Africa. It has a coastline. The parts of Nigeria are; Port
Harcout, Port Warri, Port Lagos.

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NEIGBOURS OF NIGERIA
North Niger
North East Chad
East Cameroon
South Atlantic Ocean
West Benin
NIGERIA’S LOCATION

.
Oil drilling in Nigeria
❖ This is the process through which oil is extracted from the ground
❖ Oil is transported from the mines to the refineries through pipelines
❖ A refinery is a place where crude oil is purified.
❖ Nigeria is the biggest producer and exporter of oil in Africa
❖ Nigeria has both offshore and onshore oil
❖ Offshore oil found in the sea while onshore oil is found on the main land
Oil products.
- Plastics - Diesel
- Lubricants - Kerosene
- Petrol
How Has Nigeria Benefited From Petroleum
It earns Nigeria foreign income.
It has created employment to people.
It has led to improvement of infrastructure.
Nigeria gets cheap fuel for home use.
Nigeria gets taxes from oil companies.
Disadvantages of Petroleum to Nigeria
-Leads to air pollution.
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 -Leads to environmental destruction during drilling.
-It has led to low production in other sectors.
Questions
1. Write down member countries of OPEC in Africa.
2. Name food crops grown in Nigeria.
3. Name cash crops grown in Nigeria.
4a) How has Nigeria benefited from her large population?
b) In which way is the population of Nigeria a disadvantage?
5. Compare Uganda and Nigeria in terms of;
a) Population
b) Development
c) Location
d) Economy
e) Historical background
f) Climate
Farming in Nigeria
❖ The chief cash crop of Nigeria is oil palm
❖ It is grown in the Niger delta and it is harvested using a machete
Conditions necessary for oil palm growing
➢ Heavy rainfall
➢ High temperatures
➢ High humidity
➢ Well drained sandy and acidic soils
Oil palm products
- Margarine - Fuel
- Candles - Soap
- Palm wine - Cooking oil
NB. In Uganda, oil palm is grown in Kalangala by BIDCO Oil Company
Problems facing oil palm growing
o Shortage of labour
o Pests and diseases
o Climatic changes
o Poor means of transport
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o Fire outbreaks in the dry season
Other crops grown in Nigeria
- Cocoa - Cassava
- Coffee - Yams
- Rubber - Millet
- Cotton - Sorghum
- Bananas - Ground nuts
- Maize
Pastoralism in Nigeria
❖ Pastoralism in Nigeria is carried out by the Fulani people
❖ The Fulani practice transhumance
❖ Transhumance is the seasonal movement of pastoralists from one place to another
in search of water and pasture for their animals
❖ Animals kept are; cows, bulls, goats, sheep
The Kainji dam river project
It was opened in 1969 to produce electricity for Nigeria
It is found on river Niger
Kainji reservoir was created behind Kainji dam as a man made lake
The electricity generated has helped to promote the industrial sector.
Some electricity is exported to Niger.
Importance of Kainji river project to Nigeria
➢ The dam has helped to control floods on River Niger.
➢ The reservoir acts as a way of transport
➢ It has led to the growth of towns like Ibadan, Kano and Bussa.
➢ It has created jobs for the Nigerians
➢ The project provides water for irrigation

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LIBYA

➢ It is located in North Africa
➢ It has two climatic zones i.e desert (largest) and Mediterranean (along the coast)
➢ Her capital city is Tripoli

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➢ Libya’s economy largely depends on oil.
Oil extraction in Libya
Unlike, Nigeria, Libya’s oil is found on land i.e. onshore oil
Oil wells in Libya
✓ Marsa El Brega ✓ Atshan
✓ Zelten ✓ Dahra
✓ Raguba
Map Showing Oil Wells in Libya

Benefits
of oil
mining
in Libya
-They
earn foreign income to the country.
-They are used as a raw materials in industries.
-They create employment for people.
-They help to improve social services in a country
Why Libya’s oil is on a high demand
➢ Libya’s oil is of high quality and has less sulphur that pollutes the environment
➢ It is nearer to Europe which makes transport costs cheaper to European buyers.
Qn. Why do most people in Libya live in the northern part?
1. Availability of employment from the oil mining and refining companies
2. Better social services because of the presence of the capital city in the north
3. The Mediterranean climate along the coast supports farming
4. There are many trade opportunities since it is near Europe
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5. Fishing is carried out in the Mediterranean sea
Tourist attractions in Libya
- Oases - The great man made river
- Sand dunes - Desert climate
- Oil wells and fields - Camels
Differences between Uganda and Libya
Uganda was colonized by Britain while Libya was colonized by Italy.
Uganda is landlocked while Libya has a seaport.
Uganda has tropical climate while Libya has desert climate.
Uganda is a member of EAC and COMESA while Libya is a member of OPEC.
Uganda is located in East Africa while Libya is located in North Africa.
Uganda had a bigger population than Libya.
The economy of Uganda depends on agriculture while the economy of Libya depends
on oil mining.
Uganda is a member of common wealth organization unlike Libya.
Uganda’s official language is English while Libya’s official language is Arabic.

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN DRC

❖ The climate of DRC is mainly Equatorial
❖ She has the richest mineral wealth in Africa
❖ Minerals mined in DRC include; diamond, copper, cobalt, uranium, zinc, tin, lead,
coal, crude oil etc
1. Copper mining in DRC
➢ Copper is the major mineral mined in DRC
➢ It is mined from Katanga region which was formerly known as Shaba province
2. Lumbering in DRC
Lumbering is the felling of mature trees on a large scale for timber production
Factors that favour lumbering in DRC
Presence of equatorial rainforests
Availability of labour
Availability of ready market
Availability of machines
Favourable government policy
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Importance of lumbering
➢ It is a source of foreign income from timber exports
➢ It provides employment to people
➢ It is a source to raw materials to other industries
➢ The government earns revenue from taxing lumbering companies
Problems facing lumbering in DRC
• Poor means of transport
• Shortage of good equipment to fell the hard wood trees
• A lot of rainfall throughout the year
• Trees are difficult to fell due to their closeness and hugeness
• Man eating animals
3. Farming in DRC
Large areas of Congo basin are fertile and good for crop growing
Cash crops grown in DRC
- Rubber - Oil palm
- Coffee - Cocoa
- Cotton - Tea
Food crops grown in DRC
- Maize - Millet
- Cassava - Yams
- Rice - Sweet potatoes
- Ground nuts

THE LOCATION OF SOUTH AFRICA

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The location of South Africa.
- It is located in South Africa.
- It has a coastline with Atlantic ocean and Indian Ocean.
- It has the following sea ports
* Port Durban
* Port Cape town
* Port Elizabeth
* Port East London
* Port Richard’s Bay
Neighbouring countries of South Africa to the North
- Botswana
- Namibia
- Zimbabwe
- Mozambique
- Swaziland
Qn: Name the enclave country of South Africa.

- Lesotho
4.Describe the climate of South Africa
South Africa has the types of climate below;
i) Mediterranean climate
ii)Temperate climate
iii)Montane climate
iv)Tropical climate
v)Semi-desert climate
vi)Desert climate
Factors that have contribute to the agricultural development of South Africa
- favorable climate
- Fertile soils
- Developed science and technology
- Availability of capital

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- Availability of market
Examples of citrus fruits grown in South Africa
- Lemons
- Oranges
- Vines
- Grapes
Crops grown at Natal province
- Maize
- Sugarcane
- Barley
Qn: Which economic activity takes place to Temperate grasslands (velds)
Sheep rearing for wool / goat rearing
The relief of South Africa
South Africa has Cape Rangers (by folding), Drakensburg mountains (By Vulcanicity,
great Karoos ( by vulcanicity).
Factors that have contributed to the industrial development of South Africa
- Availability of raw materials.
- Labour (skilled and unskilled)
- Availability of markets.
- Availability of capital.
- Good transport.
- Availability of power
Factors that have contributed to the development of the mining sector to South
Africa
- Availability of minerals
- Availability of market.
- Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
- Availability of capital.
- Availability of machinery.
- Good transport network.
Economic advantages South Africa has over Uganda
➢ South Africa has a coastline while Uganda is landlocked.
➢ South Africa has more industries than Uganda.
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 ➢ South Africa had better transport network than Uganda.
➢ South Africa has more foreign investors than Uganda.
➢ South Africa has more skilled labour than Uganda.
➢ South Africa has more mineral resources than Uganda.
➢ South Africa has more developed tourism industry than Uganda.
Benefits of mining in South Africa
- It has provided raw materials to industries.
- It has created employment.
- It is a source of revenue to the country.
- South Africa has improved the infrastructure.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SUDAN

❖ The largest area of Sudan lies in the desert climatic zone
❖ Farming in Sudan is mainly by irrigation.
Gezira irrigation scheme
It is the largest irrigation scheme in Africa.
It found between the Blue Nile and the White Nile
The water for irrigation is drawn from the Blue Nile
The main method of irrigation in this scheme is by canal
The main crop grown in the scheme is cotton.
Other crops grown in Gezira include;
- Sugarcane - Millet
- Ground nuts - Beans
- Maize - Wheat
A map showing Gezira irrigation scheme

NB. It is managed by Sudan Gezira Board

Roles of the Sudan Gezira Board
✓ It provides seeds to tenants
✓ It provides fertilizers to tenants
✓ Looks after irrigation canals
✓ Markets farmers’ produce

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✓ Provides health and education services to tenants
Factors that led to the establishment of Gezira irrigation scheme
• The presence of water from the Blue Nile
• The area was fertile for farming
• The area was gently sloppy for easy flow of water
• The area was sparsely populated
• The area was flat for easy movement of machines
Benefits of Gezira irrigation scheme to the people of Sudan
▪ It is a source of employment
▪ It is a source of food
▪ Source of income to government and people
▪ The scheme helps to provide social services to people
▪ It helps to conserve the environment.
▪ It provides cotton for the textile industries
Problems faced by Gezira irrigation scheme
➢ Shortage of labour especially during harvesting
➢ Shortage of capital
➢ Price fluctuations of cotton in the world market
➢ Silting of canals
➢ Crop pests
➢ Diseases
➢ Dangerous weed
Solutions
- Spraying to control pests
- Spraying herbicides to control weeds
- By dredging the silted canals
- By diversification

CHALLENGES FACING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

a) Political

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For more lesson notes, please visit www.freshteacheruganda.com
United Nations
❖ This is the largest organization in the world
❖ It replaced the League of Nations that had been formed after the First World War to
prevent more world wars.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
➢ A world war is a war that involves almost all the countries in the world
➢ The First World War took place from 1914- 1918.
Cause of the First World War
- The assassination of Arch Duke of Australia.
- The rise of nationalism.
Effects of the First World War.
Loss of lives.
Destruction of property.
High number of refugees / displacement of people.
It led to the formation of League of Nations.
Tanganyika suffered most in World War I because it was a colony of Germany which
started the First World War
NB. After the World War I, Germany lost all her colonies as a punishment for starting
the First World War

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

❖ League of Nations was formed in 1919 after the First World War
❖ It was formed to prevent more world wars.
Countries that formed the League of Nations:
-Britain - France-
-Italy - Germany (Joined later)
Reasons why the League of Nations failed or collapsed.
-It lacked a military force.
-It lacked funds.
-It had few member countries.
-Members countries were interested in their domestic affairs.
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Note: All the above resulted into the Second World War

THE SECOND WORLD WAR

The Second World War took place from 1939 – 1945.
Causes of the Second World War
• There was need for independence.
• The weakness of the League of Nations.
Effects of the Second World War
-Loss of lives.
-Destruction of property.
-The formation of United Nations.
Countries that participated in the Second World Wa
o Germany
o Britain
o Italy
o France and their allies.

United Nations Organization (UNO)

➢ It was formed in1945
➢ It replaced the League of Nations.
Reasons why UNO was formed.
✓ To maintain peace and security worldwide.
✓ To promote co-operation among member countries.
✓ To promote respect for human rights.
✓ To promote cultural interaction among member states
✓ To promote economic development among member states
The organs of UN.
1. The Security Council.
2. The secretariat.
3. Economic and social council.
4. International court of justice.
5. General assembly.

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 6. Trusteeship council.
Role played by each of the organs of UN.
The secretariat
Its headquarters are located in New York, USA
It is headed by the Secretary General who is elected by the General Assembly.
Roles;
-It runs the day to day affairs of United Nations.
-It makes the budget for the general Assembly.
-It makes the agenda for the UN General assembly.
-Organizes UN international conferences
-It monitors peace keeping operations
-It interprets International speeches into different international languages
-Finds solutions to international disputes
Security Council
It comprises of 15 members of which 5 are permanent members.
The permanent members are;
1. United Kingdom
2. United States of America.
3. France
4. Russia
5. China
❖ It sends peace keepers to countries with political instability.
❖ It encourages peace talks.
General Assembly
✓ It is composed of representatives of all the member nations.
✓ It admits new members.
✓ It approves the UN budget
✓ It elects the Secretary General of the UN
International Court of Justice
• Its headquarters are located in Hague, Holland.
• It consists of 15 judges who are elected by the General assembly and the Security
Council

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• It safeguards the UN charter
• It settles disputes among member countries.
• It helps to solve border conflicts
NB: The UN Trusteeship Council organ is no longer operational as all trusteeship
territories gained their independence
Economic and social council
It works through UN agencies to make life better for people.

The United Nations Agencies

❖ These are specialized organization under United Nations.
❖ The UN agencies work hard to improve the social and economic welfare of people.
Examples of UN agencies
• IMF – International Monetary Fund.
• UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund.
• FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization.
• IBRD -International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
• ILO – International Labour Organization.
• WHO – World Health Organization.
• UNHCR- United Nations High Commissioner for Refufees
• UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• WFP – World Food Programme
• UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organization
N.B
The UN agencies get funds from United Nations Organization.

How the UNICEF improves the welfare of people

o It provides drugs for immunization.
o It funds schools / provided books to schools.
o It constructs health centres.
o It provides safe water to schools.
o It constructs latrines in schools.
How FAO is important to African countries

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 It helps in providing quality seeds to farmers.
It provided food to countries affected by famine.
It helps to teach farmers better methods of farming.
International Monetary Fund
➢ It lends money to poor nations to pay their debts.
➢ Advises poor nations on how to run their economy.
International Labour Organization
It creates a good working relationship between employers and employees.
NB. Labour day is celebrated on 1st May every year.
The United Nations Human Rights Charter
❖ It was formed as a result of seeing millions of people being tortured for their beliefs,
race, nationalities and origins
❖ Many people were executed and others jailed without trial in courts of law
❖ After World War II, the UN deemed it necessary to have fundamental rights clearly
stated in a special document.
❖ This document was called the Universal Declaration of Human rights (UDHR)
❖ The UN requires all countries to adopt and observe these rights.
Examples of human rights.
• No slavery
• No torture
• All people are equal before the law
• No unfair detention
• The right to life.
• The right to own property
• The right to nationality
• Freedom of worship
• We are born free and equal.
• No discrimination
Ways human how rights are violated
o By killing people
o By discrimination
o By forcing people into exile.

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o Deliberate starvation of people
o By practicing human trafficking
o Through racism
o Through rape
o Through genocide.
NOTE:
a) Genocide refers to a massive killing of people of a single race,orgin or religion.
b) Human rights are basic freedoms all people are entitled to because the human
beings.
Ways of respecting human rights.

▪ By providing good health care to save lives.

▪ By building schools for education.
▪ By introducing universal education.
▪ By enforcing laws against child labour.
▪ By promoting democracy.
▪ By providing tight security to people.
▪ By treating people fairly.
▪ By trying criminals in courts of law before detention.

Achievements of United Nations Organization

- It has maintained world peace since its formation.
- It has promoted respect for human rights through.
- It has settled border conflicts.
- It has lived up to today trying to improve the welfare of people.

Challenges of United Nations Organization

➢ It has failed to maintain peace in some parts of the world.
➢ It has failed to eradicate poverty in some parts of the world.
➢ It has failed to control AIDS.

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THE COMMON WEALTH ORGANISATION
❖ It is the organization that unites colonies, dominion and protectorate of Great Britain.
❖ It is headed by the Queen of England.
❖ It was formed in 1931.
❖ It has its headquarter in London.
❖ The current secretary general of common wealth is Patricia Scotland from Dominica.
Dominions:
They regard the queen as their head.
They use laws made by British Parliament. For example Canada, Australia, New
Zealand.

Colony:
They were formerly controlled by Britain with the aim of making settlements e.g Kenya,
Zimbabwe.

Protectorate:
Countries controlled by a stronger country for only economic exploitation.
THE AIMS OF THE COMMON WEALTH
• It was formed to assist former British colonies, in matters of education, health and
agriculture.
• To unite member states into one big family.
• To promote trade among member state.
Benefits of common wealth to member states
o They get common fund to improve agriculture and industrialization.
o They get scholarship.
o Sharing of expertise e.g Doctors.
o Participating in common wealth games.
o Grants and donations.
The things that Common Wealth countries share
✓ They use English as their official language.
✓ They regard the Queen of England as their head.
✓ They are similar education system.

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The activities of common wealth
▪ The common wealth heads of government meeting.
▪ The common wealth games.
▪ Organises trade fair.
▪ Monitoring elections.
The challenges of common wealth
- Constant civil wars in some member countries.
- Failure to remove dictatorship from power.
- Poverty among some member countries.
- Failure to promote democracy.

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