Object Oriented Programming

[FECEg-3142]

CHAPTER TWO:
Introduction to Java elements
 Outline

Introduction to the Java development environment

Variables and their declaration

Introduction to classes and objects

input/output

Conditional statements and loops

Arrays

2
Introduction to the Java development
environment
 Java was developed by a team led by Jame Gosling at
Sun Microsystems.
 Originally called Oak, it was designed in 1991 for use
in embedded chips in consumer electronic appliances.
 In 1995, renamed Java, it was redesigned for
developing Internet applications.
 As stated by Sun, Java is simple, object oriented,
distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture
neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded,
and dynamic.
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 The Java Language Specification,
API, JDK, and IDE

The Java language specification and Java API define the
Java standard.

The Java language specification is a technical definition of
the language that includes the syntax and semantics of the
Java programming language.

The application program interface (API) contains
predefined classes and interfaces for developing Java
programs.

The Java language specification is stable, but the API is still
expanding.

4
Cont’d...
 Java is a full-fledged and powerful language
that can be used in many ways.

It comes in three editions:

Java Standard Edition (Java SE),

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), and

Java Micro Edition (Java ME).

JDK consists of a set of separate programs,
each invoked from a command line, for
developing and testing Java programs.

NetBeans(IDE)
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Creating, Compiling, and Executing a
Java Program

Figure (a) Java source code is translated into bytecode. (b) Java bytecode
can be executed on any computer with a Java Virtual Machine.
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 A Simple Java Program

Let us begin with a simple Java program that displays
the message “Welcome to Java!” on the console.

Console refers to text entry and display device of a
computer.
1. public class Welcome {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. // Display message Welcome to Java! to the console
4. System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
5. }
6. }
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Cont’d...

Line 1 defines a class.

Every Java program must have at least one
class.

Each class has a name.

By convention, class names start with an
uppercase letter.

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Cont’d...

Line 2 defines the main method.

In order to run a class, the class must contain a
method named main .

The program is executed from the main method.

A method is a construct that contains statements.

The main method in this program contains the
System.out.println statement.

This statement prints a message " Welcome to Java! "
to the console (line 4).

Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon
( ; ), known as the statement terminator.
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Cont’d...
 Line 3 is a comment that documents what the
program is and how it is constructed.

Comments help programmers to
communicate and understand the
program.

They are not programming statements and
thus are ignored by the compiler.

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Cont’d...
 In Java, comments are preceded by two
slashes ( // ) on a line, called a line comment,
or enclosed between /* and */ on one or
several lines, called a block comment.
 When the compiler sees // , it ignores all text
after //on the same line.
 When it sees /* , it scans for the next */ and
ignores any text between /* and */ .

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Cont’d...
 Here are examples of comments:
// This application program prints Welcome to Java!
/* This application program prints
Welcome to Java! */
/* This application programprints
Welcome to Java! */

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Cont’d...
 A pair of braces in a program forms a block
that groups the program’s components.

In Java, each block begins with an opening brace
( { ) and ends with a closing brace ( } ).

Every class has a class block that groups the
data and methods of the class.

Every method has a method block that groups
the statements in the method.

Blocks can be nested, meaning that one block
can be placed within another.
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Example

14
Identifiers, operators and
Expressions

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Variable and primitive data
type

16
 Identifiers
 The names of things that appear in the program.
 All identifiers must obey the following rules:

An identifier is a sequence of characters that consists
of letters, digits, underscores ( _ ), and dollar signs (
$ ).

An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore
( _ ), or a dollar sign ( $ ).

It cannot start with a digit.

An identifier cannot be a reserved word.

An identifier cannot be true , false , or null .

An identifier can be of any length.
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 Variables and their declaration

Variables are used to store values to be used later in a
program. They are called variables because their values
can be changed.

Variables are for representing data of a certain type.

To use a variable, you declare it by telling the compiler
its name as well as what type of data it can store.

The variable declaration tells the compiler to allocate
appropriate memory space for the variable based on its
data type.

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Cont’d...
 The syntax for declaring a variable is
datatype variableName;
Here are some examples of variable declarations:
int count;
// Declare count to be an integer variable;
double radius;
// Declare radius to be a double variable;
double interestRate;
// Declare interestRate to be a double variable;

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Cont’d...
 If variables are of the same type, they can be
declared together, as follows:
datatype variable1, variable2, ..., variablen;
 The variables are separated by commas.
For example,
int i, j, k;
// Declare i, j, and k as int variables

20
Cont’d...
 Variable initialization.
int count = 1;
This is equivalent to the next two statements:
int count;
count = 1;

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 Data type
 Every variable in Java has a data type.
 Data types specify, the size and type of values that can
be stored
 In java there are two categories of data types:
I. Primitive (Basic/Simple) types: consists of int, float, char
and Boolean.
II. Reference types: consists of interfaces, classes, and
arrays.
 Integer
 Java has four integer data types:
Data Range Storage Size
Type
Byte -128 to 127 1 byte
Short - 32,768 to 32,767 2 byte
Int -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 4 byte
Long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 8 byte
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
 Floating Point Numbers
 Is any number with a decimal point.
 Java has two floating point data types.
 use the double type, because it is more
accurate than the float type.
Data Type Range Storage Size

Float Negative range: -3.4028235E + 38 to -1.4E 4 byte

– 45
Positive range: 1.4E–45 to 3.4028235E +
38
Double Negative range: -1.7976931348623157E + 8 byte
308 to -4.9E–324
Positive range: 4.9E - 324 to
1.7976931348623157E + 308
 Character Data type
 The character data type, char , is used to
represent a single character.
 A character literal is enclosed in single
quotation marks.
Example
char letter = 'A';
char numChar = '4';
 Boolean data type
 Are represented as being either true or false
 Variables declared from the Boolean data
type can accept only one of two values: true
or false.
Example
boolean lightsOn = true;
 The String Type

 The char type represents only one character.

 To represent a string of characters, use the
data type called String.
Example
String message = "Welcome to Java";
 Type casting
 Casting is an operation that converts a value
of one data type into a value of another data
type.
 The syntax is the target type in parentheses,
followed by the variable’s name or the value
to be cast.
Example
double var=3.4;
int var_2= (int)var;
 Operators and Expressions
 is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain
mathematical or Logical manipulations are used in
programs to manipulate data and variables.
 Java operators can be classified into a number of
related categories as below:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
3. Increment and decrement operators
6. Conditional operators
 Arithmetic operators
 are used to construct mathematical expressions
as in algebra
Operators Meaning

+ Addition or unary plus

- Subtraction or unary minus

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulo division (Remainder)

 Relational Operators
 Use to compare two values.
Operator Meaning
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
 Logical operator
 Logical operators, also known as Boolean
operators, operate on Boolean values to create
a new Boolean value.
Operator Meaning

&& Logical AND

|| Logical OR

! Logical NOT
 Assignment operator
 Used to assign the value of an expression to a
variable
 usual assignment operator is =
Y=7+9;
Y=x+z;
 Java has short hand assignment operators like
+= , -=, *=
Y+=7; means similar to y=y+7;
 Increment(++) and decrement(--)
operator
 The operator ++ add 1 to the operand while
subtract 1.
 ++ m or m++ is equivalent to m+1
 ++m and m++ are different when they used in
expression
m=5;
 y=++m; this make both y and m equal to 6
 y=m++; this make m equals 6 but y will be 5
 Conditional Expressions
 The syntax is shown below:
boolean-expression ? expression1 : expression2;
 The result of this conditional expression is expression1
if boolean-expression is true; otherwise the result is
expression2 .
 Suppose you want to assign the larger number between
variable num1 and num2 to max .
 You can simply write a statement using the conditional
expression:
max = (num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2;

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 input/output
 Java uses System.out to refer to the standard
output device and System.in to the standard
input device.
 By default the output device is the display
monitor, and the input device is the keyboard.
 To perform console output, you simply use the
println method to display a primitive value or
a string to the console.

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Cont’d...
 Console input is not directly supported in Java,
but you can use the Scanner class to create an
object to read input from System.in , as
follows:
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

37
Cont’d...
TABLE Methods for Scanner Objects

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Cont’d...
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Create a Scanner object
// Prompt the user to enter a radius
System.out.print("Enter a number for radius: ");
double radius = input.nextDouble() ;
double area = radius * radius * 3.14159; // Compute area
// Display result
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
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 Conditional statements and loops
 Like all high-level programming languages,
Java provides selection statements that let
you choose actions with two or more
alternative courses.
 Selection statements use conditions.
 Conditions are Boolean expressions.

40
Cont’d...
 Java has several types of selection statements:
1. The if statements
2. The if-else statements
3. Nested if statements
4. Switch statements

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 1. The if statement

 if statement executes an action if and only if

the condition is true .
 The syntax for a if statement is shown below:
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s);
}

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Cont’d...

An if statement executes statements if the boolean-expression evaluates to true .

43
Cont’d...
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SimpleIfDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter an integer: ");
int number = input.nextInt();
if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println("HiFive");
if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("HiEven");
}
}
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 2. The if-else statements
 The if statement takes an action if the
specified condition is true . If the condition is
false , nothing is done.
 But what if you want to take alternative
actions when the condition is false ? You can
use a if -else statement.
 The actions that a if-else statement specifies
differ based on whether the condition is true or
false .

45
Cont’d...
 Here is the syntax for a if-else statement:
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

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Cont’d...

An if - else statement executes statements for the true case if the boolean-
expression evaluates to true ; otherwise, statements for the false case are
executed.
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Cont’d...
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println("The area for the circle
of radius " + radius + " is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

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 3. Nested if Statements
 The statement in an if or if ... else statement can
be any legal Java statement, including another
if or if ... else statement.
 The inner if statement is said to be nested
inside the outer if statement.
 The inner if statement can contain another if
statement; in fact, there is no limit to the depth
of the nesting.
 The nested if statement can be used to
implement multiple alternatives.
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Cont’d...

A preferred format for multiple alternative if

statements is shown in (b).
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 4. Switch Statements
 Java provides a switch statement to handle
multiple conditions efficiently.

51
Cont’d...
 Here is the full syntax for the switch statement:
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1:
statement(s)1;
break;
case value2:
statement(s)2;
break;
...
case valueN:
statement(s)N;
break;
default:
statement(s)-for-default;
}
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Cont’d...
The switch statement observes the following rules:

The switch-expression must yield a value of char , byte ,
short , or int type and must always be enclosed in
parentheses.

The value1 , ... , and valueN must have the same data type as
the value of the switch-expression . Note that value1 , ... ,
and valueN are constant expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables, such as 1 + x .

When the value in a case statement matches the value of the
switch-expression, the statements starting from this case are
executed until either a break statement or the end of the
switch statement is reached.

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Cont’d...
 The keyword break is optional. The break statement
immediately ends the switch statement.
 The default case, which is optional, can be used to
perform actions when none of the specified cases
matches the switch-expression .
 The case statements are checked in sequential
order, but the order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter.
 However, it is good programming style to follow the
logical sequence of the cases and place the default
case at the end.
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 The break and continue Statements
 Break
◦ Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do/while or switch
structure
◦ Common uses of the break statement:
 Escape early from a loop
 Skip the remainder of a switch structure

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Cont’d...
 Continue
◦ Skips the remaining statements in the body of a while, for
or do/while statements and proceeds with the next iteration
of the loop.
◦ In while and do/while, the loop-continuation test is
evaluated immediately after the continue statement is
executed.
◦ In the for statements, the increment expression is executed,
then the loop-continuation test is evaluated.

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Cont’d...
public class BreakContinue {
public static void main(String[] args){
int i=0;
while(i<=10){
i++;
if(i==4){
continue;
}
if(i==8){
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
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 Loops
 Loops are constructs that control repeated
executions of a block of statements.
 Java provides three types of loop statements:
1.The while loops
2.The do - while loops and
3. The for loops

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 1.The while Loop
 The syntax for the while loop is as follows:
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// Loop body
Statement(s);
}
 The part of the loop that contains the statements
to be repeated is called the loop body.
 A one-time execution of a loop body is
referred to as an iteration of the loop.
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Cont’d...

The while loop repeatedly executes the statements in the loop body
when the loop-continuation-condition evaluates to true .
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Cont’d...
 Each loop contains a loop-continuation
condition, a Boolean expression that controls
the execution of the body.
 It is evaluated each time to determine if the
loop body is executed.
 If its evaluation is true , the loop body is
executed; if its evaluation is false , the entire
loop terminates and the program control turns
to the statement that follows the while loop.

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 2. The do-while Loop
 The do - while loop is a variation of the while
loop.
 Its syntax is given below:
do {
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);

62
Cont’d...

The do-while loop executes the loop body first, then checks the loop-
continuation-condition to determine whether to continue or terminate the loop.

63
Cont’d...
 The loop body is executed first.
 Then the loop-continuation-condition is evaluated.
If the evaluation is true , the loop body is executed
again; if it is false , the do – while loop terminates.
 The difference between a while loop and a do -
while loop is the order in which the loop-
continuation-condition is evaluated and the loop
body executed.
 The while loop and the do - while loop have equal
expressive power. Sometimes one is a more
convenient choice than the other.
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Cont’d...
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestDoWhile {
/* Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
int data;
int sum = 0;
// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Keep reading data until the input is 0
do {
// Read the next data
System.out.print("Enter an int value (the program exits if the input is 0): ");
data = input.nextInt();
sum += data;
} while (data != 0);
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}
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 3. The for Loop
 The syntax of a for loop is as shown below:
for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition;action-after-each-iteration) {
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
}

66
Cont’d...

 A for loop performs an initial action once, then repeatedly executes the
statements in the loop body, and performs an action after an iteration
when the loop-continuation-condition evaluates to true .
67
Cont’d...

The for loop statement starts with the keyword for ,
followed by a pair of parentheses enclosing the
control structure of the loop.

This structure consists of initial-action , loop-
continuation-condition , and action-after-each-
iteration .

The control structure is followed by the loop body
enclosed inside braces.

The initial-action , loop- continuation-condition , and
action-after-each-iteration are separated by
semicolons.
68
Cont’d...
 A for loop generally uses a variable to control
how many times the loop body is executed and
when the loop terminates.
 This variable is referred to as a control variable.
 The initial-action often initializes a control
variable, the action-after-each-iteration usually
increments or decrements the control variable,
and the loop-continuation-condition tests
whether the control variable has reached a
termination value.
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 Arrays
 Allows the creation of a group of variables with the
same data type
 Consist of elements:
◦ Each element behaves like a variable
 Can be:
◦ One dimensional
◦ Multi-dimensional

70
 Declaring and Accessing Arrays
 To use an array in a program, you must declare a
variable to reference the array and specify the
array’s element type.
 Here is the syntax for declaring an array variable:
elementType[] arrayRefVar;
 The elementType can be any data type, and all
elements in the array will have the same data type.
Example
double[] myList;
71
Cont’d...
 Unlike declarations for primitive data type variables,
the declaration of an array variable does not allocate
any space in memory for the array.
 It creates only a storage location for the reference to
an array.
 If a variable does not contain a reference to an array,
the value of the variable is null .
 After an array variable is declared, you can create an
array by using the new operator with the following
syntax:
arrayRefVar = new elementType[arraySize];
72
Cont’d...

This statement does two things:

It creates an array using new elementType[arraySize] ;

It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the
variable arrayRefVar.
 Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and
assigning the reference of the array to the variable
can be combined in one statement, as shown below:
elementType arrayRefVar = new elementType[arraySize];
or
elementType arrayRefVar[] = new elementType[arraySize];

73
Cont’d...
 Here is an example of such a statement:
double[] myList = new double[10];
 To assign values to the elements, use the syntax:
arrayRefVar[index] = value;
 The array elements are accessed through the index.
Array indices are 0 based; that is, they range from 0
to arrayRefVar.length-1 .
 Syntax
arrayRefVar[index];

74
End

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