Architectural Pattern vs.

Design Pattern
Architectural Pattern

 An architectural pattern provides a high-level structure for an entire software system. It defines
how the components of the system interact with each other and specifies the overall
organization of the software.

 It focuses on the big picture and helps in managing system-wide concerns like scalability,
reliability, and maintainability.

 Examples:

o Model-View-Controller (MVC): Separates data, UI, and business logic.

o Client-Server: Divides tasks between a service provider (server) and a service requester
(client).

o Microservices: Organizes the system as a collection of loosely coupled services.

Design Pattern

 A design pattern provides a solution to a specific problem within a particular context in software
design. It focuses on solving smaller, recurring issues in the implementation phase.

 It deals with the internal structure of a system's components and their interactions.

 Examples:

o Singleton: Ensures a class has only one instance.

o Observer: Defines a dependency between objects so that when one object changes,
others are notified.

o Factory: Provides a way to create objects without specifying their exact class.

Key Differences

Aspect Architectural Pattern Design Pattern

Scope Entire system architecture Specific problem or feature

Purpose High-level organization Low-level implementation details

Examples MVC, Microservices, Client-Server Singleton, Observer, Factory

Focus System-wide structure and concerns Object and component interactions

Abstraction Level Higher abstraction Lower abstraction

By combining architectural patterns and design patterns effectively, developers can create scalable,
maintainable, and robust systems.

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Architectural Pattern vs. Design Pattern

Architectural Pattern

 An architectural pattern provides a high-level structure for an entire software system. It defines
how the components of the system interact with each other and specifies the overall
organization of the software.

 It focuses on the big picture and helps in managing system-wide concerns like scalability,
reliability, and maintainability.

Types of Architectural Patterns:

1. Model-View-Controller (MVC): Separates data management (Model), user interface (View), and
business logic (Controller).

2. Client-Server: Divides tasks between a service provider (server) and a service requester (client).

3. Microservices: Organizes the system as a collection of loosely coupled, independently

deployable services.

4. Event-Driven: Uses events to trigger and communicate between decoupled services.

Design Pattern

 A design pattern provides a solution to a specific problem within a particular context in software
design. It focuses on solving smaller, recurring issues in the implementation phase.

 It deals with the internal structure of a system's components and their interactions.

Types of Design Patterns:

1. Creational Patterns: Deal with object creation mechanisms, such as:

o Singleton: Ensures a class has only one instance.

o Factory: Provides a way to create objects without specifying their exact class.

2. Structural Patterns: Focus on object composition, such as:

o Adapter: Converts one interface to another.

o Composite: Represents tree structures of objects.

3. Behavioral Patterns: Focus on object communication, such as:

o Observer: Defines a dependency between objects so that when one object changes,
others are notified.

o Strategy: Defines a family of algorithms and makes them interchangeable.

Key Differences
Aspect Architectural Pattern Design Pattern

Scope Entire system architecture Specific problem or feature

Purpose High-level organization Low-level implementation details

Examples MVC, Microservices, Client-Server Singleton, Observer, Factory

Focus System-wide structure and concerns Object and component interactions

Abstraction Level Higher abstraction Lower abstraction

By understanding and combining architectural patterns and design patterns, developers can address
both system-wide concerns and specific implementation challenges effectively.

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የስነ-ህንፃ ንድፍ vs የንድፍ ንድፍ

የስነ-ህንፃ ንድፍ

የስነ-ህንፃ ንድፍ ለጠቅላላው የሶፍትዌር ስርዓት ከፍተኛ ደረጃ መዋቅር ያቀርባል. የስርዓቱ አካላት እንዴት እርስ በርስ
እንደሚገናኙ ይገልፃል እና የሶፍትዌሩን አጠቃላይ አደረጃጀት ይገልጻል።

በትልቁ ምስል ላይ ያተኩራል እና እንደ ልኬት፣ አስተማማኝነት እና ማቆየት ያሉ ስርዓት-አቀፍ ስጋቶችን ለመቆጣጠር ይረዳል።

የስነ-ህንፃ ቅጦች ዓይነቶች:

ሞዴል-እይታ-ተቆጣጣሪ (MVC)፡ የውሂብ አስተዳደር (ሞዴል)፣ የተጠቃሚ በይነገጽ (እይታ) እና የንግድ አመክንዮ (ተቆጣጣሪ)
ይለያል።

ደንበኛ-አገልጋይ፡ ተግባራትን በአገልግሎት አቅራቢ (አገልጋይ) እና በአገልግሎት ጠያቂ (ደንበኛ) መካከል ይከፋፍላል።
ማይክሮ ሰርቪስ፡ ስርዓቱን እንደ ልቅ የተጣመሩ፣ ራሳቸውን ችለው ሊሰማሩ የሚችሉ አገልግሎቶች ስብስብ አድርጎ ያደራጃል።

በክስተት የሚመራ፡ በተጣመሩ አገልግሎቶች መካከል ለመቀስቀስ እና ለመግባባት ክስተቶችን ይጠቀማል።

የንድፍ ንድፍ

የንድፍ ንድፍ በሶፍትዌር ዲዛይን ውስጥ በተወሰነ አውድ ውስጥ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ችግር መፍትሄ ይሰጣል። በትግበራ ደረጃ ላይ
ትናንሽ እና ተደጋጋሚ ጉዳዮችን በመፍታት ላይ ያተኩራል።

የስርዓቱን አካላት ውስጣዊ መዋቅር እና ግንኙነታቸውን ይመለከታል።

የንድፍ ቅጦች ዓይነቶች:

የፍጥረት ቅጦች፡- እንደ፡ ካሉ ነገሮች የመፍጠር ዘዴዎች ጋር ይስተናገዱ።

ነጠላ፡ አንድ ክፍል አንድ ምሳሌ ብቻ እንዳለው ያረጋግጣል።

ፋብሪካ፡- ትክክለኛ ክፍላቸውን ሳይገልጹ ነገሮችን የሚፈጥሩበትን መንገድ ያቀርባል።

መዋቅራዊ ቅጦች፡- በነገር ቅንብር ላይ ያተኩሩ፣ ለምሳሌ፡-

አስማሚ፡ አንዱን በይነገጽ ወደ ሌላ ይለውጣል።

ጥንቅር: የነገሮችን የዛፍ አወቃቀሮችን ይወክላል.

የባህሪ ቅጦች፡ በነገር ግንኙነት ላይ ያተኩሩ፣ ለምሳሌ፡-

ታዛቢ፡- በእቃዎች መካከል ያለውን ጥገኝነት ይገልፃል ስለዚህም አንድ ነገር ሲቀየር ሌሎች እንዲያውቁ።
ስልት፡ የአልጎሪዝም ቤተሰብን ይገልፃል እና እንዲለዋወጡ ያደርጋቸዋል።

ቁልፍ ልዩነቶች

ገጽታ

የስነ-ህንፃ ንድፍ

የንድፍ ንድፍ

ስፋት

አጠቃላይ የስርዓት አርክቴክቸር።

የተወሰነ ችግር ወይም ባህሪ

ዓላማ

ከፍተኛ ደረጃ ድርጅት

ዝቅተኛ ደረጃ የትግበራ ዝርዝሮች

ምሳሌዎች

MVC, ማይክሮ ሰርቪስ, ደንበኛ-አገልጋይ

ነጠላ ፣ ታዛቢ ፣ ፋብሪካ።

ትኩረት
ስርዓት-ሰፊ መዋቅር እና ስጋቶች

የነገር እና አካል መስተጋብር።

የአብስትራክሽን ደረጃ

ከፍተኛ ረቂቅ

የታችኛው ረቂቅ

የስነ-ህንፃ ንድፎችን እና የንድፍ ንድፎችን በመረዳት እና በማጣመር ገንቢዎች ሁለቱንም ስርዓት-አቀፍ ስጋቶችን እና የተወሰኑ
የትግበራ ፈተናዎችን በብቃት መፍታት ይችላሉ።

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Architectural Patterns

 Think of architectural patterns as the blueprint or skeleton of a building.

 They define the high-level structure of the software system, ensuring that components fit
together cohesively.

Types of Architectural Patterns:

1. Model-View-Controller (MVC):

o Imagine a house with three rooms:

 The Model room stores data and manages it.

 The View room shows the data (like windows letting you view outside).

 The Controller is the door that connects input (actions) to the other rooms.\n
 2. Client-Server:

o Picture a restaurant where:\n

 The server (kitchen) prepares and delivers food (services).\n

 The client (customer) requests orders (resources).\n

3. Microservices:

o Visualize a city map where each building (service) operates independently yet
communicates via roads (APIs).\n

4. Event-Driven:

 Think if Train Rail! ++++Extra hyper links! AGAPI MODEL SERVER\ as

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Architectural Patterns vs. Design Patterns

Architectural Pattern

Architectural patterns provide the high-level structure of a software system. They act as blueprints for
organizing components and managing system-wide concerns like scalability and reliability.

Types of Architectural Patterns (with Visual Analogies):

1. Model-View-Controller (MVC):

o Imagine a theater production:

 Model: The script (data and logic).

 View: The stage and actors (user interface).

 Controller: The director (connects the two).

2. Client-Server:

o Think of a restaurant:

 Server (kitchen) prepares and delivers food (services).

 Client (customer) requests orders (resources).

3. Microservices:

o Visualize a city with independent buildings:

  Each building (service) operates independently but communicates via roads
(APIs).

4. Event-Driven:

o Imagine a train station:

 Events (train arrivals) trigger actions (boarding or leaving).

Design Pattern

Design patterns address specific problems in software design, focusing on object interaction and
behavior. They provide tried-and-tested solutions for recurring issues.

Types of Design Patterns (with Visual Analogies):

1. Creational Patterns:

o Singleton: A water tank with only one tap (ensures a single instance).

o Factory: A factory machine producing different products (object creation).

2. Structural Patterns:

o Adapter: A power plug adapter converting one type to another.

o Composite: A tree structure representing hierarchies.

3. Behavioral Patterns:

o Observer: A news channel (observer) updates subscribers when news changes.

o Strategy: Different routes (strategies) to reach a destination.

Key Differences (with Table):

Aspect Architectural Pattern Design Pattern

Scope Entire system architecture Specific problem or feature

Purpose High-level organization Low-level implementation details

Examples MVC, Microservices, Client-Server Singleton, Observer, Factory

Focus System-wide structure and concerns Object and component interactions

Abstraction Level Higher abstraction Lower abstraction

By combining architectural and design patterns effectively, developers can create robust, maintainable,
and scalable systems.
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To provide a clearer understanding with images and diagrams, I will create a structured explanation of
architectural patterns and design patterns. I'll include brief descriptions, examples, and visually
descriptive analogies.

Architectural Pattern

 Definition: High-level blueprint that defines how components interact in a software system. It
focuses on scalability, reliability, and system-wide organization.

 Purpose: Organize the structure and behavior of the system to meet business and technical
requirements.

Types of Architectural Patterns

1. Model-View-Controller (MVC):

o Analogy: Think of a theater production:\n

 Model: The script (data and rules).

 View: The stage and actors (what the audience sees).

 Controller: The director (manages the interaction).

o Diagram:

lua

Copy code

+--------+ +-------+ +---------+

| Model | <---> | View | <---> | Controller |

+--------+ +-------+ +---------+

2. Client-Server:

o Analogy: A restaurant where:\n

 Client: The customer places orders.

 Server: The kitchen prepares and delivers the food.\n

Here is a diagram representing the Client-Server architectural pattern. The client sends a request to the
server, and the server processes the request and returns a response.

Other Architectural Patterns

3. Microservices:

o Analogy: A city with independent buildings (services) connected by roads (APIs). Each
service operates autonomously but communicates to provide functionality.
 o Example: E-commerce system with separate services for inventory, orders, and user
authentication.

4. Event-Driven Architecture:

o Analogy: A train station where each event (train arrival) triggers actions (boarding or
leaving).

Design Pattern

 Definition: Reusable solutions for common problems in software design. Focuses on low-level
implementation within a system.

 Purpose: Solve recurring issues in object interactions and behavior.

Types of Design Patterns

1. Creational Patterns:

o Singleton: Ensures only one instance of a class exists.

Analogy: A single water tank serving multiple taps.

o Factory: Creates objects without specifying their exact class.

Analogy: A factory machine producing different products.

2. Structural Patterns:

o Adapter: Converts one interface to another.

Analogy: A power plug adapter that allows a US plug to fit into a European socket.

o Composite: Represents a tree structure where objects are treated uniformly.

Analogy: A company hierarchy with employees and managers.

3. Behavioral Patterns:

o Observer: Notifies observers when a subject's state changes.

Analogy: News channels updating subscribers on breaking news.

o Strategy: Defines interchangeable algorithms for a task.

Analogy: Multiple routes for reaching the same destination.

Key Differences

Aspect Architectural Pattern Design Pattern

Scope Entire system architecture Specific problem or feature

Purpose High-level organization Low-level implementation details

Examples MVC, Microservices, Client-Server Singleton, Observer, Factory

Aspect Architectural Pattern Design Pattern

Focus System-wide structure and concerns Object and component interactions

By using architectural and design patterns together, developers can create robust, scalable, and
maintainable software systems. Let me know if you'd like more diagrams or additional information!

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What is the difference between architectural design pattern and design pattern?

In a simple example, Architectural Patterns means how your house should be look like and design
pattern how your interior should look like. Means when we design Architectural diagram we will
consider where we have to keep the business logic, database logic and UI etc.

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When we read about design patterns on the internet, we note that there are 3 categories:

 Creational

 Structural

 Behavioral

But when we create the architecture of a software, then we think about MVP, MVC or MVVM.

For example, among creational patterns I found the singleton pattern, but I have also used singleton in
my MPV.

So, my question is: Is a design pattern an overall structure of a product?

 If yes, then how singleton can be a design pattern? Because I can use it anywhere in my
application. Basically, it is restricted only to create one instance at a time in memory, but doesn't
this concept define how software is designed?

 If not, then where are MVP, MVC and MVVM in the three categories of patterns? And what is the
difference between design and architecture of software?
  Patterns are distilled commonality that you find in programs. It allows us to deconstruct a large
complex structure and build using simple parts. It provides a general solution for a class of
problems.

A large complex software goes through a series of deconstruction at different levels. At large level,
architectural patterns are the tools. At smaller level, design patterns are the tools and at implementation
level, programming paradigms are the tools.

A pattern can occur at very different levels. See Fractals. Quick sort, Merge sort are all algorithmic
patterns for organizing a group of elements in a order.

For a most simplistic view:

 Programming paradigms - specific to programming language

 Design patterns - solves reoccurring problems in software construction

 Architectural patterns - fundamental structural organization for software systems

Idioms are paradigm-specific and language-specific programming techniques that fill in low-level details.

Design patterns are usually associated with code level commonalities. It provides various schemes for
refining and building smaller subsystems. It is usually influenced by programming language. Some
patterns pale into insignificance due to language paradigms. Design patterns are medium-scale tactics
that flesh out some of the structure and behavior of entities and their relationships.

While architectural patterns are seen as commonality at higher level than design patterns. Architectural
patterns are high-level strategies that concerns large-scale components, the global properties and
mechanisms of a system.

How are patterns obtained? Through:

1. re-use,

2. classification

3. and finally abstraction to distill the commonality.

If you have followed the thoughts laid above. You will see that Singleton is a "design pattern" while MVC
is one of the "architectural" pattern to deal with separation of concerns.

Design Patterns are well known patterns for solving technical problems in a way that has proven itself
many times. Design patterns are common design structures and practices that make for creating
reusable Object-Oriented software. Design pattern examples are Factory Pattern, Singleton, Facade,
State, etc. Design patterns can be used to solve smaller problems throughout the application, and are
much easier to inject, change, add than the overall architecture

architecture patterns are well known patterns for solving software application architecture problems.
Software application architecture is the process of defining a structured solution that meets all of the
technical and operational requirements. Application's architecture is the overall 'organization' of the
code. Examples of different Architectures might be MVC, MVVM, MVP, n-layer (i.e. UI-BLL-DAL), etc. The
architecture typically needs to be decided up front and often is difficult to change once the application is
built.

Architectural elements tend towards collections of classes or modules, generally represented as boxes.
Diagrams about architecture represent the loftiest level looking down, whereas class diagrams are at the
most atomic level. The purpose of architecture patterns is to understand how the major parts of the
system fit together, how messages and data flow through the system, and other structural concerns.
Architecture patterns utilize a variety of component types, each typically composed of successively
smaller modules. Each component has a responsibility within the architecture Design patterns are low
level or class level design patterns for smaller particles of applications.

Well, for the main part it's a matter of the language. According to my experience the borderline between
design and architecture, as far as software is concerned, is a broad river with it's width resulting from the
water level which in turn is mainly influenced by the seasons of marketing. Generally the term "design"
is used with a strong aspect of the software product's behavior as recognized by end users, whereas
"architecture" stands for the technical structure of a software, i. e. the components, libraries, protocols
and whatever it needs to fulfill the design. "Design patterns" take two roles: 1st they are regarded as
best practices for solving a category of (more or less) standard problems, not prodiucts; 2nd they help
the developers to communicate. Staying with your example of a Singleton, it allows us to know what the
mechanics are about by just using the word, instead of explaining every time, that we created a single
instance by using a designated dataspace (variable or whatever) which is set in a controlled manner and
is guaranteed to be the only one, because we protected the constructor of the class etc. So IMHO the
short answer to your question is: It depends on who is talking. Does that make some sense?

The original Gang of Four book captured design patterns as common solutions to problems in object-
oriented programming. Example implementations were given in C++ and Smalltalk. Java hadn't been
invented yet.

Functional programmers would say that the Gang of Four book listed flaws to problems in object-
oriented programming.

Design is such a fuzzy word here. It applies at the level of methods, components, and systems.

I think of design patterns as common solutions at the method or component level.

Architecture patterns are broader in scope and apply to systems of components.

The idea of a pattern as a suggeste solution to a common problem holds across the spectrum.
Architecture governs data flow in app i.e. how the data flows between various components in app

Design Pattern deals with any destruct you apply to break a large unit into manageable chunks

Design Patterns differ from Architectural Patterns in their scope, they are more localized, they have less
impact on the code base, they impact a specific section of the code base, for example:

How to instantiate an object when we only know what type needs to be instantiated at run time (maybe
a Factory Class?)

How to make an object behave differently according to its state (maybe a state machine, or a Strategy
Pattern?)

Architectural Patterns have an extensive impact on the code base, most often impacting the whole
application either horizontally (ie. how to structure the code inside a layer) or vertically (ie. how a
request is processed from the outer layers into the inner layers and back). Examples of Architectural
Patterns: Model-View-Controller, Model-View-ViewModel

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Architectural Patterns

A pattern is a recurring solution to a recurring problem. In the case of Architectural Patterns, they solve
the problems related to the Architectural Style. For example, “what classes will we have and how will
they interact, in order to implement a system with a specific set of layers“, or “what high-level modules
will have in our Service-Oriented Architecture and how will they communicate“, or “how many tiers will
our Client-server Architecture have“.

Architectural Patterns have an extensive impact on the code base, most often impacting the whole
application either horizontally (ie. how to structure the code inside a layer) or vertically (ie. how a
request is processed from the outer layers into the inner layers and back). Examples of Architectural
Patterns:

 Three-tier

 Microkernel

 Model-View-Controller

 Model-View-ViewModel

Design Patterns

Design Patterns differ from Architectural Patterns in their scope, they are more localized , they have less
impact on the code base, they impact a specific section of the code base, for example:
  How to instantiate an object when we only know what type needs to be instantiated at run time
(maybe a Factory Class?);

 How to make an object behave differently according to its state (maybe a state machine, or a
Strategy Pattern?).

Conclusion

As I mentioned in the beginning of this post, it’s all about the scope:

 An Architectural Style is the application design at the highest level of abstraction;

 An Architectural Pattern is a way to implement an Architectural Style;

 A Design Pattern is a way to solve a localized problem.

Furthermore, a pattern might be able to be used both as an Architectural Pattern or a Design Pattern,
again depending on the scope we use it in, in a specific project.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Design Pattern, Architecture Pattern, Architecture Style

Solution Architect | Architecture and Design | Business Process Modeling and Analysis | Technology
Integration | Azure Services | Microservice | Microsoft Dot Net | at Cognizant
These 3 terms, usually confuse most of the software developers or solution architects. Although they
look similar, there are huge differences between them.

In a simple example, Architectural Patterns means how your house should be look like and design
pattern how your interior should look like.

Means when we design Architectural diagram we will consider where we have to keep the business logic,
database logic and UI etc. And while implementing those business logic or database logic we will use
design patterns, so it will help to think re-usable and maintainable etc.

Design Pattern :

 Design patterns are normally working on a code level.

 Design patterns are best practices for OOps problems.

 Design pattern are time tested solution for software architecture problem.

 It provide a blueprint that how to solve a specific problem or design issue at the level of
individual classes and objects, rather than the overall structure of a system.

Example : Creational Patterns (Factory, Singleton, Prototype), Behavioral Patterns(Observer, State,

Architecture Pattern :

 Architectural Pattern is a specific, reusable solution to a common problem or design issue in

software architecture.

 Architecture pattern is the block level diagram for example MVC (Model, View, and Controller) is
an Architecture pattern. We can say Controller has the majority of the role in communicating
between a view and a model.

Examples: MVC (Model View Controller), MVVM (Model-view-View Model), MVP (Minimum Viable
Product)

Architecture Style:

 Architecture Style is just the principles on which we are basing our development process.

 It refers to set of guidelines or principles for designing and building software

systems.Example : REST (Representational State Transfer), SOA (Service Oriented
Architecture), IOC (Inversion of Control).
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Types of Software Architecture Patterns

Software architecture is like the blueprint for building software, showing how different parts fit together
and interact. It helps the development team understand how to build the software according to
customer requirements. There are many ways to organize these parts, called software architecture
patterns. These patterns have been tested and proven to solve different problems by arranging
components in specific ways. This article focuses on discussing Software Architecture Patterns in detail.

Table of Content

 What is a Software Architecture?

 Software Architecture Pattern vs Design Pattern

 Types of Software Architecture Patterns

o 1. Layered Architecture Pattern

o 2. Client-Server Architecture Pattern

o 3. Event-Driven Architecture Pattern

o 4. Microkernel Architecture Pattern

o 5. Microservices Architecture Pattern

o 6. Space-Based Architecture Pattern

o 7. Master-Slave Architecture Pattern

o 8. Pipe-Filter Architecture Pattern

o 9. Broker Architecture Pattern

o 10. Peer-to-Peer Architecture Pattern

 Choosing the Right Architecture

 Conclusion

 Frequently Asked Question on Types of Software Architecture Patterns

What is a Software Architecture?

Software Architecture is a high-level structure of the software system that includes the set of rules,
patterns, and guidelines that dictate the organization, interactions, and the component relationships. It
serves as blueprint ensuring that the system meets its requirements and it is maintainable and scalable.
 1. Modularity: Software Architecture divides system into interchangeable components that can be
developed, tested, and maintained independently.

2. Encapsulation: It helps to hide the details of the components, exposing only the necessary
information, thus reducing the complexity of the system.

3. Security: It helps to incorporate measures to protect the system against the unauthorized
access.

4. Documentation: Provides clear documentation of the system architecture, thus facilitating

communication and better understanding of the system.

5. Performance: Software architecture helps to make sure that the system meets the required
performance metrics such as resource utilization, throughput, etc.

Software Architecture Pattern vs Design Pattern

Features Software Architecture Pattern Design Pattern

This is a low-level solutions for common

This is a high-level structure of the
software design problems within
entire system.
Definition components.

Scope Borad, covers entire system. Narrow, focuses on individual components.

Provide reusable solutions for the recurring

Establish entire system layout.
Purpose problems within a systems’ implementation.

System stability, structural Behavioral and structural aspects within

Focus organization. components.

Documentaio It involves architectural diagrams It includes UML diagrams, detailed design

n and high-level design documents. specifications.

Layered Architecture,
Singleton, Factory, Strategy, Observer.
Examples Microservices, Client-Server.

Types of Software Architecture Patterns

1. Layered Architecture Pattern

As the name suggests, components(code) in this pattern are separated into layers of subtasks and they
are arranged one above another. Each layer has unique tasks to do and all the layers are independent of
one another. Since each layer is independent, one can modify the code inside a layer without affecting
others. It is the most commonly used pattern for designing the majority of software. This layer is also
known as ‘N-tier architecture’. Basically, this pattern has 4 layers.

1. Presentation layer: The user interface layer where we see and enter data into an application.)

2. Business layer: This layer is responsible for executing business logic as per the request.)

3. Application layer: This layer acts as a medium for communication between the ‘presentation
layer’ and ‘data layer’.

4. Data layer: This layer has a database for managing data.)

Advantages:

1. Scalability: Individual layers in the architecture can be scaled independently to meet

performance needs.

2. Flexibility: Different technologies can be used within each layer without affecting others.

3. Maintainability: Changes in one layer do not necessarily impact other layers, thus simplifying
the maintenance.

Disadvantages:

1. Complexity: Adding more layers to the architecture can make the system more complex and
difficult to manage.

2. Performance Overhead: Multiple layers can introduce latency due to additional communication
between the layers.

3. Strict Layer Separation: Strict layer separation can sometimes lead to inefficiencies and
increased development effort.

Use Cases:

1. Enterprise Applications like Customer Relationship Management (CRM).

2. Web Applications like E-commerce platforms.

3. Desktop Applications such as Financial Software.

4. Mobile Applications like Banking applications.

5. Content Management Systems like WordPress.

2. Client-Server Architecture Pattern

The client-server pattern has two major entities. They are a server and multiple clients. Here the server
has resources(data, files or services) and a client requests the server for a particular resource. Then the
server processes the request and responds back accordingly.
Advantages:

1. Centralized Management: Servers can centrally manage resources, data, and security policies,
thus simplifying the maintenance.

2. Scalability: Servers can be scaled up to handle increased client requests.

3. Security: Security measures such as access controls, data encryption can be implemented in a
better way due to centralized controls.

Disadvantages:

1. Single Point of Failure: Due to centralized server, if server fails clients lose access to services,
leading loss of productivity.

2. Costly: Setting up and maintaining servers can be expensive due to hardware, software, and
administrative costs.

3. Complexity: Designing and managing a client-server architecture can be complex.

Use Cases:

1. Web Applications like Amazon.

2. Email Services like Gmail, Outlook.

3. File Sharing Services like Dropbox, Google Drive.

4. Media Streaming Services like Netflix.

5. Education Platforms like Moodle.

3. Event-Driven Architecture Pattern

Event-Driven Architecture is an agile approach in which services (operations) of the software are
triggered by events. When a user takes action in the application built using the EDA approach, a state
change happens and a reaction is generated that is called an event.

Example:

A new user fills the signup form and clicks the signup button on Facebook and then a FB account is
created for him, which is an event.

Advantages:

1. Scalability: System can scale horizontally by adding more consumers.

2. Real-time Processing: This enables real-time processing and immediate response to events.

3. Flexibility: New event consumers can be added without modifying existing components.

Disadvantages:

1. Complexity: The architecture can be complex to design, implement, and debug.

 2. Complex Testing: Testing event-driven systems can be complicated compared to synchronous
systems.

3. Reliability: Ensuring reliability requires additional mechanisms to handle failed events.

Use Cases:

1. Real-Time Analytics like stock market analysis systems.

2. IoT Applications like smart home systems.

3. Financial Systems like fraud detection systems monitor transactions in real-time.

4. Online multiplayer games.

5. Customer Support Systems like Chatbots.

4. Microkernel Architecture Pattern

Microkernel pattern has two major components. They are a core system and plug-in modules.

 The core system handles the fundamental and minimal operations of the application.

 The plug-in modules handle the extended functionalities (like extra features) and customized
processing.

Let’s imagine, you have successfully built a chat application. And the basic functionality of the app is that
you can text with people across the world without an internet connection. After some time, you would
like to add a voice messaging feature to the application, then you are adding the feature successfully. You
can add that feature to the already developed application because the microkernel pattern facilitates
you to add features as plug-ins.

Advantages:

1. Flexibility: New functionalities can be added easily through plug-ins.

2. Scalability: The system can scale by adding more plug-ins to handle more tasks.

3. Maintainability: Plug-ins are developed and tested independently which makes maintenance
easier.

Disadvantages:

1. Complex Communication: Managing communication between the core systems and plug-ins can
be complex.

2. Lack Built-in Functionalities: Due to minimalistic design the basic functionalities are absent that
are common in monolithic architectures.

3. Complex Design: Designing the microkernel and its communication mechanisms can be
challenging.

Use Cases:
 1. Operating Systems like Windows NT and macOS.

2. Embedded Systems like Automotive Software Systems.

3. Plugin-based Applications like Eclipse IDE.

5. Microservices Architecture Pattern

The collection of small services that are combined to form the actual application is the concept of
microservices pattern. Instead of building a bigger application, small programs are built for every service
(function) of an application independently. And those small programs are bundled together to be a full-
fledged application. So adding new features and modifying existing microservices without affecting other
microservices are no longer a challenge when an application is built in a microservices pattern. Modules
in the application of microservices patterns are loosely coupled. So they are easily understandable,
modifiable and scalable.

Advantages:

1. Scalability: Each service can be scaled independently based on demand.

2. Faster Delivery: Independent services allows teams to develop, test, and deploy features faster.

3. Easier Maintenance: Services can be updated and maintained independently.

Disadvantages:

1. Complex Management: Managing multiple services requires robust monitoring and

management tools.

2. Network Congestion: Increased network traffic between services can lead to congestion and
overhead.

3. Security: Securing multiple services and their communication increases the probability of attack.

Use Cases:

1. E-commerce Platforms like Amazon and eBay.

2. Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify.

3. Online Banking Platforms.

4. Electronic Health Record (EHR) Systems.

5. Social Media Platforms like Twitter and Facebook.

6. Space-Based Architecture Pattern

Space-Based Architecture Pattern is also known as Cloud-Based or Grid-Based Architecture Pattern. It is

designed to address the scalability issues associated with large-scale and high-traffic applications. This
pattern is built around the concept of shared memory space that is accessed by multiple nodes.

Advantages:
 1. Scalability: The system can be easily scaled horizontally by adding more processing units.

2. Performance: In-memory data grids reduces the data access latency.

3. Flexibility: Modular components allow for flexible deployment.

Disadvantages:

1. Complexity: Designing and managing distributed system is complex.

2. Cost: The infrastructure for space-based architecture pattern requires multiple servers and
advanced middleware, which can be expensive.

3. Network Latency: Communication between distributed components can introduce network

latency.

Use Cases:

1. E-commerce Platforms like Amazon.

2. Telecom Service Providers.

3. Multiplayer Online Games.

7. Master-Slave Architecture Pattern

The Master-Slave Architecture Pattern is also known as Primary-Secondary Architecture. It involves a

single master component and that controls multiple slave components. The master components assign
tasks to slave components and the slave components report the results of task execution back to the
master. This is often used for parallel processing and load distribution.

Advantages:

1. Scalability: The system can scale horizontally by adding more slave units to handle increased
load.

2. Fault Tolerance: If slave fails, then the master can reassign the tasks to some another slave. thus
enhancing the fault tolerance.

3. Performance: Parallel execution of tasks can improve the performance of the system.

Disadvantages:

1. Single Point of Failure: The master component is a single point of failure. If the master fails then
the entire system can collapse.

2. Complex Communication: The communication overhead between master and slave can be
significant especially in large systems.

3. Latency: Systems’ responsiveness can be affected by the latency introduced by master-slave

communication.

Use Cases:
 1. Database Replication.

2. Load Balancing.

3. Sensor Networks.

4. Backup and Recovery Systems.

8. Pipe-Filter Architecture Pattern

Pipe-Filter Architecture Pattern structures a system around a series of processing elements called filters
that are connected by pipes. Each filter processes data and passes it to the next filter via pipe.

Advantages:

1. Reusability: Filters can be reused in different pipelines or applications.

2. Scalability: Additional filters can be added to extend the functionality to the pipeline.

3. Parallelism: Filters can be executed in parallel if they are stateless, thus improving performance.

Disadvantages:

1. Debugging Difficulty: Identifying and debugging issues are difficult in long pipelines.

2. Data Format constraints: Filters must agree on the data format, requiring careful design and
standardization.

3. Latency: Data must be passed through multiple filters, which can introduce latency.

Use Cases:

1. Data Processing Pipelines like Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) processes in data warehousing.

2. Compilers.

3. Stream-Processing like Apache Flink.

4. Image and Signal Processing.

9. Broker Architecture Pattern

The Broker architecture pattern is designed to manage and facilitate communication between decoupled
components in a distributed system. It involves a broker that acts as a intermediary to route the requests
to the appropriate server.

Advantages:

1. Scalability: Brokers support horizontal scaling by adding more servers to handle increased load.

2. Flexibility: New servers can be added and the existing ones can be removed or modified without
impacting the entire system.

3. Fault Tolerance: If a server fails, then broker can route the request to another server.
Disadvantages:

1. Complex Implementation: Implementing a broker requires robust management of routing and

load balancing, thus make system more complex.

2. Single Point of Failure: If broker is not designed with failover mechanisms then it can become a
single point of failure.

3. Security Risks: Securing broker component is important to prevent potential vulnerabilities.

Use Cases:

1. Integration of various enterprise applications like CRM, ERP, and HR systems.

2. Systems using message brokers like RabbitMQ or Apache Kafka.

3. Sensor networks in IoT applications.

10. Peer-to-Peer Architecture Pattern

The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture pattern is a decentralized network model where each node, known
as a peer, acts as both a client and a server. There is no central authority or single point of control in P2P
architecture pattern. Peers can share resources, data, and services directly with each other.

Advantages:

1. Scalability: The network can scale easily as more peers join.

2. Fault Tolerance: As data is replicated across multiple peers, this results in system being resilient
to failures.

3. Cost Efficiency: There is no need for centralized servers, thus reducing the infrastructure cost.

Disadvantages:

1. Security Risks: Decentralized nature of the architecture makes it difficult to enforce security
policies.

2. Data Consistency: Ensuring data consistency across peers can be challenging.

3. Complex Management: Managing a decentralized network with numerous independent peers

can be complex.

Use Cases:

1. File Sharing like BitTorrent Protocol.

2. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

3. VoIP and Communication like Skype.

Choosing the Right Architecture

Here are some key considerations to help choose the right architecture pattern:
 1. Scalability: How well the system need to scale with the increasing load?

2. Performance: Are there any specific performance requirements such as low latency?

3. Availability: Does the system need to be fault-tolerant?

4. Security: What are the security requirements of the system and what are the potential threats?

5. Budget: What are the budget constraints for the development and the maintenance of the
system?

6. Tools and Technology Stack: What technology and tools will be required?

Conclusion

In conclusion, software architecture patterns are essential for designing software that meets specific
needs and challenges. The Layered Pattern is great for e-commerce sites with its clear separation of
tasks. The Client-Server Pattern works well for centralized resources like email and banking systems. The
Event-Driven Pattern is perfect for applications that react to user actions. The Microkernel Pattern allows
easy addition of new features. Finally, the Microservices Pattern helps build scalable and flexible
applications, like Netflix. Choosing the right pattern is key to making the software adaptable,
maintainable, and successful.

Frequently Asked Question on Types of Software Architecture Patterns

1. What are design patterns in software architecture?

Design patterns in software architecture are typical solutions to common problems in software design.
They are like templates that can be applied in various situations to solve recurring design issues. Design
patterns help developers build software that is more flexible, reusable, and maintainable. Here are some
key points about design patterns.

2. What is the pattern of architecture?

Pattern in architecture refers to the concept of capturing architectural design concepts as iconic and
reusable descriptions.

3. Why is pattern used in architecture?

Patterns in software architecture are used to provide reusable, consistent solutions to common design
problems, promoting best practices and effective communication among developers. They enhance
flexibility, scalability, and maintainability, making software development more efficient and reliable.

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1. What is an Architecture Pattern?

 Definition: High-level solutions that define the structure and behavior of a software system to
meet business and technical requirements.

 Purpose: Organize the overall system architecture, ensuring scalability, flexibility, and
maintainability.

Common Architecture Patterns:

1. Layered Architecture:

o Divides software into layers (e.g., Presentation, Business, Application, Data).

o Advantages: Scalability, maintainability, and flexibility.

o Disadvantages: Complexity and performance overhead due to layer communication.

2. Client-Server Architecture:

o Centralized servers handle resources; clients request services.

o Advantages: Centralized management and security.

o Disadvantages: Single point of failure and cost of server maintenance.

3. Event-Driven Architecture:

o System reacts to events (e.g., user actions trigger responses).

o Advantages: Real-time processing and flexibility.

o Disadvantages: Complexity and reliability issues.

4. Microkernel Architecture:

o Core system handles essential tasks; additional functionalities are added as plug-ins.

o Advantages: Flexibility and easier maintenance.

o Disadvantages: Complex communication between core and plug-ins.

5. Microservices Architecture:

o Application consists of small, independent services.

o Advantages: Scalability and easier updates.

 o Disadvantages: Complex management and security risks.

6. Space-Based Architecture:

o Built around shared memory space, ideal for high-traffic applications.

o Advantages: Scalability and performance.

o Disadvantages: Network latency and infrastructure cost.

7. Master-Slave Architecture:

o A master component controls multiple slaves (used in parallel processing).

o Advantages: Fault tolerance and scalability.

o Disadvantages: Single point of failure at the master.

8. Pipe-Filter Architecture:

o Data flows through processing units (filters) connected by pipes.

o Advantages: Reusability and scalability.

o Disadvantages: Debugging and latency in long pipelines.

9. Broker Architecture:

o A broker facilitates communication between distributed components.

o Advantages: Scalability and fault tolerance.

o Disadvantages: Complexity and security concerns.

10. Peer-to-Peer Architecture:

o Decentralized network where peers act as both clients and servers.

o Advantages: Fault tolerance and cost efficiency.

o Disadvantages: Security risks and data consistency challenges.

2. What is a Design Pattern?

 Definition: Reusable solutions for common software design problems at a code level.

 Purpose: Simplify recurring issues in class or object-level design, improving maintainability and
efficiency.

Types of Design Patterns:

1. Creational Patterns:

o Focus on object creation.

 o Examples:

 Singleton: Ensures only one instance of a class exists (e.g., single water tank for
taps).

 Factory: Creates objects without specifying their exact class.

2. Structural Patterns:

o Deal with the organization of objects and classes.

o Examples:

 Adapter: Converts one interface to another (e.g., power plug adapter).

 Composite: Represents hierarchies, like employees and managers.

3. Behavioral Patterns:

o Focus on communication and behavior among objects.

o Examples:

 Observer: Notifies observers when an object’s state changes (e.g., news

updates).

 Strategy: Defines interchangeable methods for achieving a task.

Key Differences: Architecture Pattern vs. Design Pattern

Feature Architecture Pattern Design Pattern

Definition High-level structure for the whole system. Code-level solutions for specific issues.

Scope Broad (entire system). Narrow (individual components).

Purpose System layout and stability. Reusable solutions for recurring code issues.

Documentation High-level diagrams and documents. UML diagrams and detailed specs.

Examples Layered, Microservices, Client-Server. Singleton, Factory, Adapter.

Choosing the Right Architecture Pattern

To select an architecture pattern, consider:

1. Scalability: Can the system handle increased load?

2. Performance: Does it meet latency or speed requirements?

3. Availability: Is fault tolerance essential?

 4. Security: What level of protection is required?

5. Budget: Are resources sufficient for development and maintenance?

6. Tools & Technology: Are the tools and stack aligned with the project?

Conclusion

 Architecture Patterns: Define the high-level structure and organization of software.

 Design Patterns: Solve specific coding problems and focus on the implementation.

Both are crucial for creating scalable, maintainable, and efficient software systems.

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Software Architecture Patterns:

 Definition: High-level solutions for structuring software systems, ensuring scalability, flexibility,
and maintainability.

 Purpose: Focuses on organizing large-scale components and system behaviors to meet business
requirements.

Types of Architecture Patterns:

1. Layered Architecture: Separates functionality into distinct layers (e.g., Presentation, Business,
Data).

2. Client-Server Architecture: Central server provides services to multiple clients.

3. Event-Driven Architecture: Reacts to events (e.g., user actions triggering system responses).

4. Microkernel Architecture: Core functionality is fixed, with extended features added as plug-ins.

5. Microservices Architecture: Builds an application as a collection of small, independent services.

6. Pipe-Filter Architecture: Breaks processes into discrete stages connected by data pipes.

7. Peer-to-Peer Architecture: Decentralized network of nodes acting as both clients and servers.

Each pattern has its advantages (e.g., scalability, maintainability) and challenges (e.g., complexity, cost).

Design Patterns:

 Definition: Reusable solutions for common software design problems, focused on code-level
implementation.
  Purpose: Provides proven strategies to solve recurring challenges in object-oriented design.

Types of Design Patterns:

1. Creational Patterns: Simplify object creation.

o Examples: Singleton (one instance), Factory Method (class instantiation flexibility).

2. Structural Patterns: Organize object relationships.

o Examples: Adapter (convert interfaces), Composite (handle object hierarchies).

3. Behavioral Patterns: Define object interactions.

o Examples: Observer (dependency updates), Strategy (interchangeable algorithms).

Key Differences: Architecture vs. Design Patterns:

Aspect Architecture Patterns Design Patterns

Scope System-wide organization Code-level problem-solving

Focus High-level structure and scalability Object interaction and behavior

Purpose System stability and flexibility Reusable, localized code solutions

Both PDFs emphasize that selecting the right patterns ensures adaptable, maintainable, and efficient
software. Let me know if you'd like additional details or visualizations!

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1. Creational Patterns (Object Creation Strategies):

 Focus on the efficient and flexible creation of objects.

 Examples:

o Singleton: Ensures only one instance of a class exists.

o Factory Method: Lets subclasses decide which class to instantiate.

o Builder: Separates the construction of a complex object from its representation.

2. Structural Patterns (Object Relationships):

  Describe ways to compose objects into larger structures.

 Examples:

o Adapter: Converts one interface into another for compatibility.

o Composite: Treats individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly (e.g., tree
structures).

o Decorator: Dynamically adds responsibilities to an object.

3. Behavioral Patterns (Object Interaction):

 Define communication and responsibility sharing between objects.

 Examples:

o Observer: Notifies dependent objects of state changes.

o Strategy: Allows interchangeable algorithms for a task.

o Command: Encapsulates requests as objects for flexible execution (e.g., undo

functionality).

Key Concepts:

1. Reusability: Patterns promote code that is modular and adaptable to change.

2. Polymorphism: Encourages programming to interfaces rather than implementations.

3. Composition over Inheritance: Favor object composition to create flexible systems.

Purpose of Design Patterns:

 Solve common design issues.

 Improve code flexibility, scalability, and maintainability.

 Provide a shared vocabulary for developers.

The patterns in this book are tried-and-tested solutions, widely applicable across software projects. They
emphasize clarity, reusability, and efficiency in design.