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ED_Unit_1_notes

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ED_Unit_1_notes

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akileshviswanathan
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CYCLOIDS

Cycloid : It is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls along a
straight line without slipping.

Epicycloid : It is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls outside
another circle.

Hypocycloid : It is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls inside
another circle.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. A circle of diameter 50 mm rolls on a straight line without slipping. Trace the locus of a
point on the circumference of the circler rolling for one complete revolution. Name the
curve, draw the tangent and normal at any point on the curve.

Procedure :

1. Draw a circle of diameter 50 mm.


2. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts, by taking an angle of 30o each.
3. Name the divisions as 1,2,3 in anticlock wise direction from the division next to the bottom
most one.
4. Name the bottom most division as P.
5. Draw a horizontal line as a tangent from P, for a length of L = πd, where d is diameter of
circle.
6. Divide the horizontal line into 12 equal divisions and the name the points as 1’, 2’, 3’, etc.
7. Draw lines passing through 11 and 1, 10 and 2, 8 and 3 and so on.
8. Draw vertical lines from 1’, 2’, 3’, etc., so that they meet the horizontal line from 9.
9. Name the meeting points as C1, C2, C3, etc.
10. With C1 as centre 25 mm (radius of circle) as the radius, draw the arc on the horizontal line
drawn from 1. Name the cutting point as P1.
11. Follow the same procedure and get the points P2, P3,P4, etc.
12. Join all the points with a single stroke smooth curve to get a cycloid.

Procedure to draw a tangent and normal to a cycloid


1. Mark a point A on the cycloid.
2. With A as centre, 25 mm as the radius draw an arc on the horizontal line drawn from 9.
3. Name the cutting point as C.
4. Draw a perpendicular line from C to the horizontal line drawn from P.
5. Name the cutting point as B.
6. Join B and A, which will be the normal to cycloid
7. Keep the protractor parallel to the line BA and draw a perpendicular line from P, which will be
the tangent to cycloid.

2. Draw epicycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter, which rolls outside on another circle


of 150 mm diameter for one revolution clockwise. Draw a tangent and normal to it
at a point 95 mm from the center of the directing circle.
To calculate θ:

r
  360
R
where,
r  radius of rolling circle
R  radius of directing circle
20
  360
75
 98

Procedure :

1. Mark a point O’.


2. With O’ as centre draw a sector ((O’PA) with radius of generating circle 75 mm for an angle of 98o.
3. Extend the line from P for a distance of 20 mm (radius of rolling circle) and the mark the point O at the
end.
4. With O as centre, draw the rolling circle of diameter 20 mm.
5. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and name the points as 1,2,3..etc., in the anticlockwise direction
from the point next to the bottom most one.
6. With O’ as centre, draw the arcs passing through the points 11-1, 10-2, 9-3 etc.
7. Divide the sector in to 12 equal angles and draw the lines starting from O’.
8. Mark the cutting points of the lines on the arc starting from 3-9, as O1, O2 etc.
9. O1 as centre, 20 mm as radius draw an arc on the curve drawn from 11. Name the cutting point as P 1.
10. Similarly mark the other points P 2,P3,P4,.. etc.
11. Join all the points by a smooth curve to get a hypocycloid.
3. Draw hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter, which rolls inside of another circle of
160 mm diameter for one revolution counter clockwise. Draw a tangent and normal to it
at a point 65 mm from the center of the directing circle.

Calculation :

r
  360
R
where,
r  radius of rolling circle
R  radius of directing circle
20
  360
80
 90
Procedure :

1. Mark a point O’.


2. With O’ as centre draw a sector (O’PA) with radius of generating circle 80 mm for an angle of 98o.
3. Mark P on the line PO’ so that OP = radius of rolling circle.
4. With O as centre, draw the rolling circle of diameter 20 mm.
5. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and name the points as 1,2,3..etc., in the clockwise direction from
the point next to the top most one.
6. With O’ as centre, draw the arcs passing through the points 11-1, 10-2, 9-3 etc.
7. Divide the sector in to 12 equal angles and draw the lines starting from O’.
8. Mark the cutting points of the lines on the arc starting from 3-9, as O1, O2 etc.
9. O1 as centre, 20 mm as radius draw an arc on the curve drawn from 11. Name the cutting point as P 1.
10. Similarly mark the other points P 2,P3,P4,.. etc.
11. Join all the points by a smooth curve to get an epicycloid.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Draw epicycloids of a circle of 40 mm diameter, which rolls outside on another circle of 150
mm diameter for one revolution clockwise. Draw a a tangent and normal to it at a point 95 mm
from the center of the directing circle.

2. Draw hypocycloids of a circle of 40 mm diameter, which rolls inside of another circle of 160
mm diameter for one revolution counter clockwise. Draw a a tangent and normal to it at a point
65 mm from the center of the directing circle.

3. A roller of 40 mm diameter rolls over a horizontal table without slipping. A point on the
circumference of the roller is in contact with the table surface in the beginning till one end of
revolution. Draw the path traced by the point.
INVOLUTE

Definition : Involute is a path traced a point at the end of the string when it is wound or
unwound from a cylindrical drum, cuboid or any tubular object.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Draw an involute of a circle of 50mm diameter. Also, draw a tangent and normal at any
point on the curve.

Procedure :

1. Draw a circle of diameter 50 mm.


2. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and mark the names 1,2,3, etc., in clockwise direction
starting from a point next to the bottom most one. Mark the centre point of the circle as O.
3. Draw a tangent AC from point 12 for a length of L = πd, (d – diameter of circle).
4. Divide AC into 12 equal points and the name points 1’,2’,3’..etc.,
5. Draw tangents from 1, 2, 3, etc., as shown in figure.
6. With 11-11’ as radius 11 as centre cut an arc on the tangent drawn from 11 and name the point
as P11.
7. Similarly obtain other points P10, P11, ..etc.,
8. Join all the points by a smooth curve to obtain an involute.
Procedure to draw a tangent and normal to an involute :

1. Mark a point N on the involute.


2. Join N and O. With the midpoint of ON as centre, half of ON as the radius, draw a semicircle
on the opening side of the involute.
3. Mark the cutting point of the semicircle and circle as M.
4. Join M and N, which will be the normal.
5. Keep the protractor parallel to MN and draw a perpendicular from N, to draw the tangent.

2. An inelastic string 155 mm long has one stone end attached to the circumference of a
circular disc of 40 mm diameter. Draw the curve traced out by the end of the string, when
it is completely wound around the disc keeping it always tight (wound method)

Hints :

 Draw a line 12-P tangent to 12. Divide the line 12 equal parts only for a distance of L= πd (d –
diameter of circle).
 Mark the same divisions after that till p.
 Follow the same procedure with the starting radius of 12-14 with 1’ as centre.
 The involute will be closed after 12’, since the length of chord is more than circumference of the
circle.
Tutorial: (Students are requested to refer the book and write the procedure for problem 3)

3. Draw the path traced by a point at the end of a string, when it is wound around a square of size
40 mm.

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