AICTE QIP PG CERTIFICATE PROGRAMME

on
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

Fundamentals of Python for Data Science

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 C Lang:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}

Java:
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

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 C Lang:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1, num2, sum;
printf("Enter first number: ");
scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("Enter second number: ");
scanf("%d", &num2);

sum = num1 + num2;

printf("Sum of the entered numbers: %d",
sum);
return 0;
}

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 public class AddTwoIntegers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int first = 10;
int second = 20;
Java Program int sum = first + second;
System.out.println("The sum is: " + sum);
}
}

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 W
H
Y ?
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 •Adding two numbers:
•a = 5
Hello world:
•b = 6
print(“Hello World”) •c = a + b
•print(c)

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 Difference between
programming
and scripting

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Basically, all scripting languages are programming languages.

The theoretical difference between the two is that scripting languages do not
require the compilation step and are rather interpreted.

For example, normally, a C program needs to be compiled before running whereas

normally, a scripting language like JavaScript or PHP need not be compiled.

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 Applications of Scripting
Languages :

1. To automate certain tasks in a program

2. Extracting information from a data set
3. Less code intensive as compared to traditional
programming languages

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 • Some scripting languages traditionally used
without an explicit compilation step are
JavaScript, PHP, Python, VBScript.
• Some programming languages traditionally used
with an explicit compilation step are C, C++.

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 • Python was invented by Guido
Van Rossum in 1991.

• Python is easy to learn, popular

programming language.

• Python is Free and Open source.

• Expressive Language

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 Applications in
Python
• Web and Internet Development
• Applications of Python Programming
in Desktop GUI
• Science and Numeric Applications
• Software Development Application
• Python Applications in Education
• Python Applications in Business (ERP)

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 Applications in
Python
• Database Access
• Network Programming
• Games and 3D Graphics
• Console-based Applications
• Computer Vision
• Machine Learning
• Robotics
• Data Analysis
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 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Basic blocks Expressions

• Input/output • Type conversion
• Variables • Mixed data types
• String basics • Floating-point errors
• Number basics • Dividing integers
• Error messages • The math module
• Comments

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Input/output
• Basic Output: Print ()

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Variables

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Data type

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String basics

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Number basics

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Sequence Types
Sequences are containers that hold objects
• Finite, ordered, indexed by integers
1. Tuple: (1, “a”, [100], “foo”)
• An immutable ordered sequence of items
• Items can be of mixed types, including collection types
2. Strings: “foo bar”
• An immutable ordered sequence of chars
• Conceptually very much like a tuple
3. List: [“one”, “two”, 3]
• A Mutable ordered sequence of items of mixed types

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Similar Syntax
• All three sequence types (tuples, strings, and lists) share
much of the same syntax and functionality.
• Key difference:
• Tuples and strings are immutable
• Lists are mutable

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Sequence Types
• Define tuples using parentheses and commas
>>> tu = (23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)
• Define lists are using square brackets and commas
>>> li = [“abc”, 34, 4.34, 23]
• Define strings using quotes (“, ‘, or “””).
>>> st = “Hello World”
>>> st = ‘Hello World’
>>> st = “””This is a multi-line
string that uses triple quotes.”””

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Sequence Types
• Access individual members of a tuple, list, or string
using square bracket “array” notation
• Note that all are 0 based…
>>> tu = (23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)
>>> tu[1] # Second item in the tuple.
‘abc’

>>> li = [“abc”, 34, 4.34, 23]

>>> li[1] # Second item in the list.
34

>>> st = “Hello World”

>>> st[1] # Second character in string.
‘e’
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Array
• Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be used instead.

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Operators

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Comparison operators

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Logical operators

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Bitwise operators

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Assignment operators

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Membership operators

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How to read errors?

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Comments

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 Expressions
• An expression represents a single value to be computed.
• Ex: The expression 3*x - 5 evaluates to 7 when x is 4.
• Expressions are often a combination of literals, variables, and operators.
• In the previous example, 3 and 5 are literals, x is a variable, and * and - are
operators.
• Still expressions - 1 * 2 and "Hi " + "there"

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 Type conversion
1. Implicit type conversion
• Common operations update a variable such that the variable's data
type needs to be changed.
• Ex: A GPS first assigns distance with 250, an integer. After a wrong
turn, the GPS assigns distance with 252.5, a float.
• The Python interpreter uses implicit type conversion to automatically
convert one data type to another.
• Once distance is assigned with 252.5, the interpreter will convert
distance from an integer to a float without the programmer needing
to specify the conversion.
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2. Explicit type conversion
• A programmer often needs to change data types to perform an
operation.
Ex: A program should read in two values using input() and sum the
values. Remember input() reads in values as strings. A programmer
can use explicit type conversion to convert one data type to another.

• int() converts a data type to an integer. Any fractional part is

removed. Ex: int(5.9) produces 5.
• float() converts a data type to a float. Ex: float(2) produces 2.0.
• str() converts a data type to a string. Ex: str(3.14) produces "3.14".

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Combining numeric types and strings
• Easy type conversion in Python can lead a programmer to assume that any
data type can be combined with another.
• Ex: Noor's program reads in a number from input and uses the number in
a calculation. This results in an error in the program because the input()
function by default stores the number as a string.
• Strings and numeric data types are incompatible for addition, subtraction,
and division. One of the operands needs to be explicitly converted
depending on the goal of arithmetic or string concatenation.

• The * operator also serves as the repetition operator, which accepts a

string operand and an integer operand and repeats the string. Ex: "banjo" *
3 produces "banjobanjobanjo".
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Print n times
• Write a program that reads in two strings, str1 and str2, and an
integer, count. Concatenate the two strings with a space in between
and a newline ("\n") at the end. Print the resulting string count times.

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Floating-point errors
• Floating-point values are stored as binary by Python. The conversion
of a floating point number to the underlying binary results in specific
types of floating-point errors.
• A round-off error occurs when floating-point values are stored
erroneously as an approximation. The difference between an
approximation of a value used in computation and the correct (true)
value is called a round-off error.
• Ex: Storing the float (0.1)10 results in binary values that actually
produce(0.10000000000000000555111512312578270211815834045
41015625)10 when converted back, which is not exactly equal to
(0.1)10.

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Floating point round() function
• Python's round() function is used to round a floating-point number to a
given number of decimal places. The function requires two arguments.
• The first argument is the number to be rounded.
• The second argument decides the number of decimal places to which the
number is rounded. If the second argument is not provided, the number
will be rounded to the closest integer.
• The round() function can be used to mitigate floating-point errors.

• Ex:
• round(2.451, 2) = 2.45
• round(2.451) = 2

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Dividing integers
Division and modulo
• Python provides two ways to divide numbers:
• True division (/) converts numbers to floats before dividing.
Ex: 7 / 4 becomes 7.0 / 4.0, resulting in 1.75.
• Floor division (//) computes the quotient, or the number of times
divided.
Ex: 7 // 4 is 1 because 4 goes into 7 one time, remainder 3.
• The modulo operator (%) computes the remainder. Ex: 7 % 4 is 3.

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Importing modules

• Python comes with an extensive standard library of modules.

A module is previously written code that can be imported in a program.
• The import statement defines a variable for accessing code in a module.
Import statements often appear at the beginning of a program.

• The standard library also defines built-in functions such as print(), input(),
and float().
• A built-in function is always available and does not need to be imported.

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Math Module
• A commonly used module in the standard library is the math module.
This module defines functions such as sqrt() (square root). To call
sqrt(), a program must import math and use the resulting math
variable followed by a dot.
• Ex: math.sqrt(25) evaluates to 5.0.

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Mathematical functions

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• Factorial of a number? Factorial ()

• GCD of x, y? Gcd()

• Euclidean distance between two points? Dist()

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Write the code for the quadratic formula in
the program below.

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