ENTRANCE HUB GRADE 9 BASIC NOTES

1. LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

MATHEMATICS
n Linear equation
l Equation : A statement of equality which involves in number (s) is called an equation.

4x = 12, 4 + x = 10, 7 – 2x = 5 etc.

The literal numbers involved in each equation are called its variables (unknowns). Usually the variables are
denoted by letters towards the end of English alphabet, e.g., x,y,z,u,v,w, etc.

l Linear equation : An equation in which the highest value of the variables involved is one, is called a linear

x
equation. eg., x + y = 10, 7x = 21, =8
3

l Linear equation in one variables : An equation only one variable (literal) with highest power 1 is called a
linear equation in one variable. e.g., 17x = 51, 17x – 30, 5 y = 30, etc.

l Linear equation in two variables : An equation of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, c are real numbers is
called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
} The graph of a linear equation ax + by = c is a straight line.
3x + 2y = 18, is an example of a linear equation in two tables.

} The value of the variables that satisfy the equation is called the solution (or solution set) of the equation.

l Important points about linear equation in two variables

(i) The graph of an equation of the type x = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the y-axis
at a distance of k units from the y-axis.

(ii) The graph of an equation of the type y = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the x-axis
at a distance of k units from the x-axis.
(iii) The points of intersection of the two lines gives the solution of the two equations.

(iv) A single linear equation in two variables has infinite no. of solutions.

n Pair of linear equations in two variables

Two or more linear equations in two variables form a system of linear simultaneous equations.

e.g., a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2.

where a1, a2, b1, b2 , c1, c2 are real numbers. Such that a12 + b12 ¹ 0,a22 + b22 ¹ 0

Clearly a pair of linear equations in two variables is said to be form a system of simultaneous linear equations.

Ex. x + y – 3 = 0 and 2x + 3y – 7 = 0

l Consistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equation is said to be consistent, if it has at
least one solution.

l Inconsistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it
has no solution.

MATHEMATICS
 Conditions for simultaneous equations

Pair of linear equations Graphical Algebraic

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Algebraic conditions representation interpretation
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

Consistent a1 b1
¹ Intersecting lines Exactly one solution
(Independent) a 2 b2 (unique solution)

Consistent a 1 b1 c1 Coincident lines Infinitely many

= =
(Dependent) a 2 b2 c 2 solutions

a 1 b1 c1
In-consistent = ¹ Pair of parallel No solution
a 2 b2 c 2
lines

a1 b1
l The homogeneous system has a non-zero solution only when = and in this case, the system has an infinite
a 2 b2
number of solution.
l A system of equations has unique solution, when only one variable satisfies the equation.
l For a system of equations a unique solution is possible only when the number of variables is equal to or less than
number of independent and consistent equations.
e.g., 2x + 3y = 5 and 7x + 5y = 20
and 2x + 3y = 5, 7x + 5y = 12, 5x + 8y = 13
l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = kc are known as dependent equations.
e.g., 2x + y = 11 ....... (i)
6x + 3y = 33 ....... (ii)
Here equation (ii) is the multiple of equation (i). Thus, there are basically both the equations same, i.e., equation
(ii) is dependent on equation (i). In this case there are infinite number of solutions.
l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = lc are known as inconsistent equations.
e.g., 3x + 2y = 8 ....... (i)
6x + 4y = 6 ....... (ii)
Properties of graphs of a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2
(i) intersecting, if the system has a unique solution.
(ii) coincident, if the system has infinte number of solution.
(iii) parallel, if the system has no solution.
l Graphical representation of simultaneous equations :
(i) intersecting lines (unique solution)
e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)
and 3x + 2y = 11 ....... (ii)
\ 3(x + y) = 3 × 4 Þ 3x + 3y = 12

\ 3x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 11
– – –
y=1

\ x +y =4 Þx+ 1=4Þx= 3
\ x = 3 and y = 1

MATHEMATICS
 Thus two given lines intersect at x = 3, y = 1.

4
3
2 (3,1)
1
1 2 3 4
0
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 5 6
–2 (x + y = 4)
(3x + 2y = 11)

(ii) Coincident lines (infinite number of solutions)

e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)
2x + 2y = 8 ........ (ii)
The two equations are dependent, therefore the graph of two lines will coincide.

5
(0, 4) 4 x+y=4
3 and 2x + 2y = 8
2
1 (4, 0)

0
1 2 3 4 5

(iii) Parallel lines (no solution)

e.g., x+y=4
2x + 2y = 12
Since the system of equations is inconsistent then there is no any solution and in this case we obtain two
distinct parallel lines.

6 (0, 6)
5
4 (0, 4)
3
2
1 (4, 0) (6, 0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2x + 2y = 12

(x+ y = 4)

MATHEMATICS
n Algebraic methods of solving simultaneous equations in two variables
Substitution method
Elimination
method
Elimination method or Addition
Subtraction of Equations

Cross multiplication method (Cramer's rule)

l Substitution method
To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by substitution method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
Step-1: Choose one of the two equations and express y in terms of x (or x in terms of y), i.e., express, one
variable in terms of the other.
Step-2 : Substitute this value of y obtained in step-I, in the other equation to get a linear equation in x.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equation obtained in step-II and get the value of x.
Step-4 : Substitute this value of x in the relation obtained in step-I and find the value of y.
Ex. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
2x + 3y = 0 and 3x – 8y = 0
Sol. We have,
2x + 3y = 0 ...(1) and 3x – 8y = 0 ...(2)

– 2x
From (1), we get y = ...(3)
3
– 2x
Substituting y = in (2), we get
3
æ – 2x ö
3x – 8 ç =0
ç 3 ÷÷
è ø
4x
Þ 3x + = 0 Þ 3x + 4x = 0 Þ 7x = 0
3

Þ x=0

– 2 ´0
Substituting x = 0 in (3), we get y = =0
3

Hence, the solution is x = 0 and y = 0.

l Elimination method
To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by elimination method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
Step-1 : Multiply the given equations by suitable numbers so that the coefficient of one of the variables are
numerically equal.
Step-2 : If the numerically equal coefficients are opposite in sign, then add the new equations otherwise
subtract.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equations in one variable obtained in step-II and get the value of one variable.
Step-4 : Substitute this value of the variable obtained in step-III in any of the two equations and find the value
of the other variable.

MATHEMATICS
Ex. Solve the following pair of equation by the elimination method.

x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4

Sol. Solution By Elimination Method:

x+y=5 ...(i)
2x – 3y = 4 ...(ii)

Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 1 and adding we get 3(x + y) + 1 (2x – 3y) = 3 × 5 + 1 × 4

Þ 3x + 3y + 2x – 3y = 19

19
Þ 5x = 19 Þ x =
5
19
From (i), substituting x = , we get
5
19 19 6
+y=5Þy=5– Þy=
5 5 5
19 6
Hence, x = ,y=
5 5
l Cross-multiplication method

Consider the system of linear equations

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1) ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)

To solve it by cross multiplication method, we follow the following steps :

Step-1 : Write the coefficients as follows :

x y l x y 1
= = or
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1 b1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 b2

x y 1
= =
b1c2 - b2 c1 c1a2 - c2 a1 a1 b2 - a2 b1

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1
Þ x = a b –a b and y= a b –a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Case-1 : If a1b2 – a2b1 ¹ 0 Þ x and y have some finite values, with unique solution for the system of equations.
a1 b1
Case-2 : If a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 Þ =
a 2 b2
Here two cases arise :

a1 b1 c1
(a) If a = b = c = l (l ¹ 0). Then a1 = a2l, b1 = b2l, c1 = c2l
2 2 2

Put these values in equation a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)

Þ a2lx + b2l y + c2l = 0 Þ l (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 but l ¹ 0

Þ a2x + b2y + c2 =0 ...(ii)

So (i) and (ii) are dependent, so there are infinite number of solutions.

MATHEMATICS
 a1 b1 c1
(b) If a = b ¹ c Þ a1b2 – b1a2 = 0
2 2 2

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1
But x = a b – a b and y = a b – a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Finite value Finite value

Þ x= = does not exist and y = = does not exist
0 0
So system of equations is inconsistent.

Ex. Solve 3x + 2y = – 25, – 2x – y = 10.

Sol. The two equations are

3x + 2y = – 25

–2x – y = 10.

The solution is given by

x y -1
= =
2 ´ 10 - ( -1) ´ ( -25) (-25) ´ ( -2) – 3 ´ 10 3 ´ ( -1) - ( -2) ´ 2

x y -1
or = =
-5 20 1

or x = 5, y = –20.

MATHEMATICS