Surveying

By Sandeep Jyani Sir

26-06-2019
 Surveying
Syllabus
Types of survey, chain and cross staff survey (principle, ranging, triangulation, chaining, errors, finding
area),
compass survey (principle, bearing of line, prismatic compass, traversing, local attraction, calculation
of bearings, angles and local attraction) leveling (dumpy level, recording in level book, temporary
adjustment, methods of reduction of levels, classification of leveling, tilting level, auto level, sources
of errors, precautions and difficulties in leveling), contouring (contour interval, characteristics,
method of locating, interpolation, establishing grade contours, uses of contour maps), area and
volume measurements, plane table survey (principles, setting, method), theodolite survey
(components, adjustments, measurements, traversing), Tacheometric survey, curves (types, setting
out), advanced survey equipment, aerial survey and remote sensing.

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 Fundamentals of Surveying
Surveying is an art of determining relative position of points on, below
and above the earth surface, entering it graphically and numerically.

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 Objectives of Surveying
1. To determine relative position of points
2. To Layout or mark out proposed structure on the ground
3. To measure relative quantities like area & volume

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 Methods of Presenting measurements:-
• Numerically : AB = 260 km (examples)
• Graphically : 260 km
A B

• Generally Graphical representation is done in the from of

𝑜𝑛
• Plan Large scale
𝑜𝑛
• Map Small scale

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 Methods of Presenting measurements:-
• Vertical distances on the plan (on) map can be shown with the help of
contours and spot levels.
• Contours are imaginary line joining points of equal elevation on the
earth surface.
• Spot levels are reduced level or height of individual points
• Contour gives better visualization of the area.

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 Basic Definitions
1. Shape of Earth
a) Oblate spheroid → slightly flattened at poles,
polar axis is 43.5 km smaller than Equatorial axis
b) Ellipsoid → Equatorial section is slightly elliptical
in nature
c) Ovalloid → Southern Hemisphere is slightly larger
than Northern hemisphere
• We can observe that no geometrical shape
perfectly defines shape of earth.
• Therefore a new name has been given, i.e,
“GEOID”:-
• Or the ease in calculation the shape of earth is
assumed to be “Spherical”

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 level surface

Basic Definitions
2. Level Surface
• Level surface is a curved surface parallel to earth
surface and every point, it is equidistant from the
centre of the Earth, every element on the level
surface is perpendicular to plumb line
3. Level line
Horizontal surface
• It is a line in the level surface
4. Horizontal plane:
• It is a plane tangential to Earth surface at any
point.
• It is also normal to plumb line level surface

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 Basic Definitions
5. Great Circle:
• It is an imaginary circle passing through centre of
the Earth
• A great circle divides earth into two equal parts
• Example : Equator and longitude
6. Spherical triangle:
• A spherical triangle is that triangle which is formed
on the surface of a sphere by intersection of three
arcs of great circle
• The Arcs enclosing the spherical triangle are called
as its sides, and the angles in which these Arcs
intersect are called as “Spherical Angle”.

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 Basic Definitions
6. Spherical triangle:
• A spherical triangle is that triangle which is formed
on the surface of a sphere by intersection of three
arcs of great circle
• The Arcs enclosing the spherical triangle are called
as its sides, and the angles in which these Arcs
intersect are called as “Spherical Angle”.
• Spherical Angle is defined as the angle between
tangents to the great circle drawn at the point of
intersection.
• Length of a side of a spherical triangle is defined as
angle subtended by that side at the centre of the
earth

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 Basic Definitions
6. Properties of Spherical triangle:
• Length of a side of a spherical triangle should be less
than equal to 180°
• Each angle of a spherical triangle should be less than
180°
• Sum of three spherical sides should be in between 0° to
360°
• Sum of spherical angles should be in the range of 180°
to 540°
Note:-
• Amount by which sum of the angles of a spherical
triangle exceed by 180° is called as “spherical excess”
• Surface Area of a spherical triangle should be less than
𝟐𝝅𝒓² where r → radius of the Earth

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 Classification of Surveying
Surveying can be classified into many types on the basis of instrument
used, place of survey, purpose of survey etc.
But mainly surveying is classified as, Plane Surveying, Geodetic
Surveying.
Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
In the Plane Surveying we neglect Geodetic survey is done for large
the effect of Curvature and plotted Area in which effect of Curvature of
Measurements are projected on the Earth surface is considered
Horizontal plane

Area < 195.5 km² Area ≥ 195.5 km²

It is done for local surveys It is done by Survey of India to
establish control points which serves
the purpose of reference point for
local surveys

Plane trigonometry Spherical Trigonometry

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 Classification based on Purpose
1. Topographical survey:
• These surveys are used to obtain Maps which show details of
maps and man made features on the Earth surface including
elevation
• Scale:- 1:2500 to 1:10,00,000 (No need to remember)
• Ex: Mountains – water bodies woods valley, rivers etc.
2. Engineering Survey:
• These are surveys used for Engineering works like Railway,
Highway, Bridge etc.
• Building:- 1:50 to 1:200
• Bridge & other civil engineering works :- 1:500 to 1:2500
• Highway:- 1:1250 to 1:50,000

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 Classification based on Purpose
3. Cadastral Survey:-
• It is done to establish property boundaries
• Scale:- 1:1000 to 1:5000
4. Hydrographic Survey:
• These are the surveys done on (or) near the water
body
• Ex:- River, lake etc.
5. Astronomical Survey
• With the help of this survey we can determine
Latitude, longitude. Local mean time at any place
on the Earth surface

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 Classification based on Purpose
6. Geological Survey
• It is done to determine information about various
strata of earth surface

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 Classification based on Instrument
1. Chain Surveying:-
• It is simplest type of surveying in which only linear
measurements are done with the help of chain and
tape and no angular measurements are done
2. Compass Surveying:-
• It is the branch of Surveying in which horizontal angles
and directions of lines are measured with compass and
length of line are measured with chain and tape.
3. Theodolite Survey
• In this Surveying Horizontal and vertical angles are
measured with theodolite and distances are measured
with chain on tape

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 Classification based on Instrument
4. Levelling
• In this type of Survey, elevations of various points
are measured with the leveling instrument and a
vertical staff
5. Plane table Surveying
• In plane table Surveying, plan or Map is produced by
determing directions of various points and taking
linear measurements with chain on Tape.
6. Tachometric Surveying
• In this Surveying horizontal & Vertical distances are
measured with an instrument called “Tachometer”.

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 Classification based on Instrument
7. Photogrammetric Survey
• In this survey photographs are taken for an area
which are inaccessible (or) line available is less and
area to be Surveyed is large.

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 Principles of Surveying
• Working from whole to Part.
• Main objective of working from whole to part is to localize the error where as
if we works from part to whole error gets maximize
• Locating a point at least by 2 measurements.

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 SCALE
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑝
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

1. Numerical Scale
a) Representative Factor (RF) 1 cm= 10km (1: 106)
b) Engineer Scale 1 cm= 10km
2. Graphical Scale
0 km 10km 20km 30km 40km 50km

0 cm 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm
1 cm= 10km

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 SCALE
• Graphical scale has advantage over Numerical scale such that distance
on the Plan (or) map can be determined by actual Scaling, Even
though plane (or) Map is shrunk.
• In case of shrinkage of Map, Graphical scale also changes with the
Map and therefore ratio is unaffected.

0 km 10km 20km 30km 40km 50km

0 cm 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm
1 cm= 10km

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 Mistake and Error
• Mistake:
• These are discrepancies caused due to carelessness,
misunderstanding. Poor judgment
• Ex:- miscounting of Tape length (or) 5 m reading
recorded as 8m
• Error:
• These are discrepancies other than mistakes
• E = M.V – T.V
• C = T.V – M.V
• M.V → Measured value
• T.V → True value
• C → Correction

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 Mistake and Error
Errors are of two types:
1. Systematic error/ Cumulative error
• These errors follow a definite mathematical on Physical law
• They are cumulative in nature
2. Random Error/Accidental error
• These are errors left out after mistake and systematic error
are eliminated.

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Que. 1 Hydrographic surveys deal with the mapping of
a) large water bodies
b) heavenly bodies
c) mountainous region
d) canal system

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Que. 1 Hydrographic surveys deal with the mapping of
a) large water bodies
b) heavenly bodies
c) mountainous region
d) canal system

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Que 2. In chain surveying field work is limited to
a) linear measurements only
b) angular measurements only
c) both linear and angular measurements
d) all the above

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Que 2. In chain surveying field work is limited to
a) linear measurements only
b) angular measurements only
c) both linear and angular measurements
d) all the above

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Que 3. The main principle of surveying is to work
a) from part to the whole
b) from whole to the part
c) from higher level to the lower level
d) from lower level to higher level.

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Que 3. The main principle of surveying is to work
a) from part to the whole
b) from whole to the part
c) from higher level to the lower level
d) from lower level to higher level.

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Que 4. For the construction of highway (or railway)
a) longitudinal sections are required
b) cross sections are required
c) both longitudinal and cross sections are required
d) none of these

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Que 4. For the construction of highway (or railway)
a) longitudinal sections are required
b) cross sections are required
c) both longitudinal and cross sections are required
d) none of these

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Que 5. The curvature of Earth is taken into account if the extent of
survey is more than
a) 100 km2
b) 160 km2
c) 500 km2
d) 260 km2

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Que 5. The curvature of Earth is taken into account if the extent of
survey is more than
a) 100 km2
b) 160 km2
c) 500 km2
d) 260 km2

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Que 6. The survey in which curvature of Earth is accounted is called
a) Geodetic Survey
b) Plane Survey
c) Hydrographical survey
d) Topographical survey

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Que 6. The survey in which curvature of Earth is accounted is called
a) Geodetic Survey
b) Plane Survey
c) Hydrographical survey
d) Topographical survey

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Que 7. A fixed point whose elevation is known
a) Bench mark
b) Change point
c) Reduced level
d) station

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Que 7. A fixed point whose elevation is known
a) Bench mark
b) Change point
c) Reduced level
d) station

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