Signals and Systems TC-202

LECTURE # 13
TOPICS:
• CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
• EXAMPLE

INSTRUCTOR: DR. SUNDUS ALI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, NED UET
 2
Fourier Transform

 We have seen that periodic signals can be represented with the Fourier
series

 Can aperiodic signals be analyzed in terms of frequency components?

 Yes, and the Fourier transform provides the tool for this analysis

 The major difference w.r.t. the line spectra of periodic signals is that the
spectra of aperiodic signals are defined for all real values of the
frequency variable  not just for a discrete set of values
 3
Frequency Content of the Rectangular Pulse

x (t ) x(t )  lim xT (t )
T 

Since xT (t ) is periodic
with period T, we can write

xT (t ) xT ( t )   c k e jk  0 t , t
k  
where
T /2
1
ck   x(t)ejkotdt, k 0,1,2,
T T/2
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Frequency Content of the Rectangular Pulse

 What happens to the frequency components of xT (t ) as T  ?

 For k  0 : c0  1/ T
2  k 0  1  k 0 
 For k  1, 2, : ck  sin   sin  
k0T  2  k   2 

 0  2 / T
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Frequency Content of the Rectangular Pulse

Plots of T | ck | vs.   k 0
for T  2,5,10
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Frequency Content of the Rectangular Pulse

 It can be easily shown that  

lim Tck  sinc  ,   
T   2 
where

=
sin( )
sinc( ) 

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Fourier Transform of the Rectangular Pulse

 The Fourier transform of the rectangular pulse x(t) is defined to be the limit
of T   as Tck , i.e.,
 
X ( )  lim Tck  sinc  ,   
T   2 
| X ( ) | arg( X ( ))
 8
The Fourier Transform in the General Case

 Given a signal x(t), its Fourier transform X ( ) is defined as


X ( )   x(t )e  j t dt ,   


 A signal x(t) is said to have a Fourier transform in the ordinary sense if the
above integral converges i.e. x(t) is absolutely integrable, namely


 | x(t ) | dt  

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Example 1: The DC or Constant Signal

 Consider the signal x (t )  1, t  

 Clearly x(t) does not satisfy the requirement since
 

 | x(t ) | dt   dt 
 

 Therefore, the constant signal does not have a Fourier transform in

the ordinary sense
 10
Example 2: The Exponential Signal

 Consider the signal x(t )  e bt u (t ), b  

 Its Fourier transform is given by

 bt  j t
X ( )   e u (t ) e dt

 t 
 ( b  j ) t 1
 e dt   e ( b  j ) t 
0
b  j t 0
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Example 2: The Exponential Signal

 b  0 , X ( ) does not exist

If
 If b  0 , x (t )  u (t ) and X ( ) does not exist either in the ordinary sense

 If b  0 , it is 1
X ( ) 
b  j
amplitude spectrum phase spectrum
1  
| X ( ) | arg( X ( ))   arctan  
b2   2 b
Example 2: Amplitude and Phase Spectra of 12
the Exponential Signal

x(t )  e 10t u (t )
 13
Rectangular Form of the Fourier Transform


 Consider
X ( )   x(t )e  j t dt ,   


 Since X ( ) in general is a complex function, by using Euler’s formula


  
X ( )   x(t ) cos( t )dt  j    x(t )sin( t )dt 

 

 
R ( ) I ( )

X ( )  R ( )  jI ( )
 14
Polar Form of the Fourier Transform

 X ( )  R( )  jI ( ) can be expressed in a polar form as

X ( ) | X ( ) | exp( j arg( X ( )))
where
| X ( ) | R 2 ( )  I 2 ( )
 I ( ) 
arg( X ( ))  arctan  
 R ( ) 
 15
Fourier Transform of Real-Valued Signals

If x(t) is real-valued, it is 

X ( )  X ( ) Hermitian symmetry


 Moreover X ( ) | X ( ) | exp( j arg( X ( )))
hence

| X ( ) || X ( ) | and

arg( X ( ))   arg( X ( ))
 16
Example 3: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse

 Consider the even signal

 /2
 It is 2 t  / 2 2   
X ( )  2  (1) cos( t )dt  sin( t ) t 0  sin  
0
   2 
  
  sinc  
 2 
 17
Example 3: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse

  
X ( )   sinc  
 2 
 18
Example 3: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse

amplitude spectrum

phase spectrum
 19
Example 4

Let:

The Fourier transform of the signal is:

 20
Example 5: Unit Impulse

Now let us determine the Fourier transform of the unit impulse

Substituting into eq. (4.9) yields

That is, the unit impulse bas a Fourier transform consisting of equal
contributions at frequencies.
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Bandlimited Signals

 A signal x(t) is said to be bandlimited if its Fourier transform X ( ) is zero

for all   B
where B is some positive number, called the bandwidth of the signal

 It turns out that any bandlimited signal must have an infinite duration in
time, i.e., bandlimited signals cannot be time limited
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Bandlimited Signals

 If a signal x(t) is not bandlimited, it is said to have infinite bandwidth or an infinite

spectrum lim X ( )  0
 
 Time-limited signals cannot be bandlimited and thus all time-limited signals have infinite
bandwidth

 However, for any well-behaved signal x(t) it can be proven that | X () | 0   B
whence it can be assumed that
B being a convenient large number
 23
Inverse Fourier Transform

 Given a signal x(t) with Fourier transform X ( ) , x(t) can be

recomputed from X ( ) by applying the inverse Fourier transform
given by: 
1
x (t )   X ( ) e j t d  , t  
2 

 Transform pair
x(t )  X ( )