DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Chapter VI - COLUMNS
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS
In general, columns are classified as short columns and long columns. If the height of the
column is less than three times its least lateral dimension, it may be considered as short
compression blocks or pedestal. Pedestals may be designed without reinforcement with a
maximum permissible compressive strength of 0.85 Φ f’c ,
where Φ is
(2010 NSCP = 0.65)
(2001 NSCP: =0.70)
If the compressive strength is greater than this value, the pedestal will have to be
designed as a reinforced concrete short column.

If the reinforced concrete column fails due to initial material failure, it is classified as short
columns. The load of the short columns depends on the dimension and the strength of the
material of which it is made.

If the length of the column is increased, the chances that it will fail by lateral buckling will
be increased. Columns that fail by buckling are called long columns.
TYPES OF COLUMNS
Position of the load on the cross-section

Columns can be classified as

1.) Concentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to axial force only
2.) Eccentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to moment in addition to the
axial force.

Column Types:
1. Plain concrete
2. Tied
3. Spiral
4. Composite
Column Types:

Plain concrete pedestal – This may be used only if the height does not exceed
three times the least lateral dimension.

Tied Columns – A column in which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series of
closed ties.

Spiral columns – A column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are
wrapped with a closely spaced helix or spiral.

Composite columns – These columns may contain a structural steel shape

surrounded by longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high-strength
steel tubing filed with concrete.

Tied and spiral are the most common forms. Either type may be circular, octagonal,
square or rectangular section. Tied columns may also be L, T or other irregular
shape.
AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF COLUMNS (PURE AXIAL)
Axial load without moment Is not a practical case in design of columns, but the discussion of such
case is necessary for explaining the theory involved in eccentrically loaded columns. For a column
subjected purely by an axial load, the nominal load Pn that it can carry is the sum of the strength of
steel which is fy Ast and the strength of concrete 0.85f'c(Ag - Ast), where Ag - Ast is the net
concrete area, or

Eq. 5 – 1 𝐏𝐧 = 0.85f’c (𝐀 𝐠 - 𝐀 𝐬𝐭 ) + 𝐟𝐲 𝐀 𝐬𝐭 ]

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is multiplied by

0.80 for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the ultimate axial strength of
the column is Pn, where is 0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns
(2001 NSCP; Φ = 0.70 for tied and 0.75 for spiral).
The axial load capacity of the tied column is given by

Eq. 5 – 2 Φ𝐏𝐮 = Φ0.80[0.85f’c (𝐀 𝐠 - 𝐀 𝐬𝐭 ) + 𝐟𝐲 𝐀𝐬𝐭 ]

Where
Φ = 0.65 (2010/ 2015 NSCP)
Φ = = 0.70 (2001 NSCP)
Ag = gross concrete area = b x t
Ast = area of steel reinforcement
Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns (Section 410.10)
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.08Ag.
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within rectangular or circular
ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties.

Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties

I. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5d b nor 40 mm.
(Section 407.7.3)
II. Use 10-mm diameter ties for 32-mm bars or smaller and at least 12 mm in size for 36
mm, 42 mm, 58mm, and bundled longitudinal bars. (Section 407.11.5.1)
III. Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:, (Sect 407.11.5.2)
1. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
2. 48 x tie diameter
3. least dimension of the column
IV. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have
lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an included angle of not more
than 135° and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie
from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie is allowed. (407.11.5.3).
 The axial load capacity of spiral column is given by

Eq. 5 – 3 ϕPn = ϕ0.85[0.85f’c (Ag - Ast ) + fy Ast ]

Where ϕ = 0.75 (same value 2001 and 2010 NSCP)

Limits of reinforcement for spiral columns (Section 4.10.10)

I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01 Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.08Ag
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6
I. Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire of such size and
so assembled to permit handling and placing without distortion from designed
dimensions
II. For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10 mm
diameter.
III. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm, nor be less than 25 mm.
IV. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1-1/2 extra turns of
spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
V. Spiral reinforcement shall be spliced, if needed, by any one of the following
methods:
1. Lap splices not less than the larger of 300 mm and the length indicated in one of
(1) through (5) below:
a) Deformed uncoated bar or wire ------------------------48db
b) Plain uncoated bar or wire--------------------------------72db
c) Epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire--------------------72db
d) Plain uncoated bar or wire with a standard stirrup or tie hook at ends of lapped
spiral reinforcement----------48db
e) Epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire with a standard stirrup or tie hook at ends
of lapped spiral reinforcement. The hooks shall be embedded within the core
confined by the spiral reinforcement------------------------------------48db
XII. The percentage of spiral steel ρs is computed from the following equation

vol.of spiral in one loop

Eq. 5 – 4 𝜌s = vol. of concrete core fora pitchs

4a𝑠 𝐷𝐶 −ⅆ𝑏
Eq. 5 – 5 𝜌s = 𝑠𝐷𝑐2

Where; as is the cross-sectional area of spiral bar, Dc is diameter of the

core out to out of the spiral, and db is the diameter of the spiral bar.

XIII. The minimum spiral percentage is given by: (Section 410.10.3)

Ag f′c
Eq. 5 – 6 𝜌𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 −1
Ac fyh

where 𝐟𝐲𝐡 is the specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more than
415 MPa.
Composite compression members include all such members
reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe or
tubing with or without longitudinal bars. Strength of a composite
member is computed for the same limiting conditions applicable
to ordinary reinforced concrete members. Any axial load strength
assigned to concrete of a composite member should be
transferred to the concrete by members or brackets in direct
bearing on the composite member concrete. All axial load
strength not assigned to concrete of a composite member should
be developed by direct connection to the structural steel shape,
pipe or tube.
According to Sec. 410.17.2, the strength of a composite member shall be
computed for the same limiting conditions applicable to ordinary reinforced
concrete members.

Eq. 5 – 7 ΦPu = Φ0.80[0.85f’c Ac + fy Ast + Fy As𝑠 ] Tied

Eq. 5 – 8 ΦPu = Φ0.85[0.85f’c Ac + fy Ast + Fy As𝑠 ] Spiral

where
Φ = 0.75 for composite member with spiral reinforcement
Φ = 0.65 for other reinforcement (Φ = 0.70 in 2001 NSCP)
Ast = area of reinforcing steel of strength fy
As𝑠 = area of structural steel shape of strength Fy
Ac = net concrete area
In beams, where 60% to 70% of its section is under tension and assumed to
be cracked, a section can be economical by making the tension part
smaller in area, as in I or T section. In columns where all the concrete is
under compression, savings can be made by using small percentage of
longitudinal percentages (since reinforcing bars are quite expensive). This
can be accomplished by using larger column size and/or higher-strength
concrete.

If floor space is not a problem, tied columns are more economical than
spiral columns particularly if square or rectangular shapes are used. For
multi-story buildings, savings can be achieved by using uniform column
size. This means that the designer may select a column size for the top floor
with the least percentage of steel then continue to use the same size for as
many stories as possible by increasing the steel percentage floor by floor
as required. Consistency of column sizes will provide appreciable savings
in labor cost.
For evaluation of slenderness effects, radius of gyration of a composite section
should not be greater than the value given by

0.2Ec Ig +Es Isx

Eq. 5 – 9 r= 0⋅2Ec Ag +Es Asx

Where
𝐼𝑠𝑥 = moment of inertia of structural steel shape, pipe or tubing about centroidal
axis of composite member cross section, mm².
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = area of structural steel shape, pipe or tubing in composite section, mm²
For steel pipe filled with concrete Figure 5.6 (a):

𝐹𝑦
Eq. 5 – 5 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷 8𝐸𝑠

For steel tubing filled with concrete Figure 5.6 (b):

𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Eq. 5 – 5 𝑡1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏1 an d 𝑡2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏2
3𝐸𝑠 3𝐸𝑠
A composite member with spirally reinforced concrete around a
structural steel core should conform to the ff:
1. Specified compressive strength of concrete fc’ shall not less
than 17 Mpa
2. Design yield strength of structural steel core shall be the
specified minimum yield strength for grade of structural
steel used but not to exceed 350 Mpa
3. Spiral reinforcement shall conform to Sec, 410.10.3 (page
273)
4. Longitudinal bars located within the spiral shall be not less
0.01 not more than 0.08 times net area of concrete section
5. Longitudinal bars located within the spiral may be
considered in computing Asx and Isx
A composite member with laterally tied concrete around a structural steel core
should conform to the ff:
1. Specified compressive strength of concrete fc’ shall be not less than 17MPa
2. Design yield strength for grade of structural steel used but not to exceed
350MPa
3. Lateral ties shall extend completely around the structural steel core.
4. Lateral ties shall have diameter not less than 0.02 times the greatest side
dimension of composite member, except that ties shall not be smaller than 10
mm and are not required to be larger than 16mm. Welded wire fabric of
equivalent area is permitted
5. Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters,
48 tie bar diameters, or ½ times the least dimension of the composite member
6. Longitudinal bars located within the ties shall be not less than 0.01 nor more
than 0.08 times net area of concrete section
7. A longitudinal bar shall be located at every corner of a rectangular cross
section, with other longitudinal bars spaced not farther apart than one half the
least side dimension of the composite member.
8. Longitudinal bars located within the ties may be considered in
computing Asx for strength but not in computing Isx for evaluation of
slenderness effects.
SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED
TO BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD (Section 421.6)
The requirements of this section apply to special moment frame
members (a) resisting earthquake induced forces and (b) having a
factored axial compressive force Pu exceeding Agf’c/10
1. The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line
passing through the geometric centroid, shall not be less than 300
mm
2. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the
perpendicular dimension shall not be less than 0.4.

Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns (421.6.2)

Flexural strength of any column proportioned to resists Pu exceeding
Ag f’c/10 shall satisfy the following:
1. The flexural strengths of the columns shall satisfy the following
equation:

6
Eq. 5 – 12 σ 𝑀𝑛𝑐 ≥ ( ) σ 𝑀𝑛𝑏
5
Where:

෍ 𝑀𝑛𝑐
is the sum of nominal flexural strengths of columns framing
into the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint. Column flexural strength shall
be calculated for the factored axial force, consistent with the direction of the
lateral forces considered, resulting in the lowest flexural strength.

෍ 𝑀𝑛𝑏
is the sum of the nominal flexural strengths of the beams
framing into the joint evaluated at the faces of the joint. In T-beam
construction, where the slab is in tension under moments at the face of the
joint, slab reinforcement within an effective slab width shall be assumed to
contribute to Mnb if the slab reinforcement is developed at the critical section
for flexure.

Flexural strengths shall be summed such that the column moments oppose
the beam moments. The equation 5-12, shall be satisfied for beam moments
acting in both directions in the vertical plane of the frame considered.
Longitudinal reinforcement (421.6.3)

Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast , shall not be less than 0.01Ag or more than
0.06Ag.

Transverse Reinforcement (421.6.4)

Shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face and on both sides of any section
where flexural yielding is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lateral displacement of the
frame. Length lo shall not be less than the largest of the ff:
1.) The depth of the member at the joint face or at the section where flexural yielding
is likely to occur;
2. 1/6 of the clear span of the member; and
3. 450 mm

Transverse reinforcement shall be provided by either single or overlapping hoops.

Crossties of the same bar size and spacing as the hoops shall be permitted. Each end of
the crosstie shall engage a peripheral longitudinal reinforcing bar. Consecutive crossties
shall be alternated end for end along the longitudinal reinforcement. Spacing of crossties or
legs or rectilinear hoops, hx , within a cross-section of the member shall not exceed 350
mm on center.
Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement along the length lo shall be spaced at distance not
exceeding the smallest of (a) one-quarter of the minimum member dimension, (b) six
times the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, and (c)

350−ℎ𝑥
Eq. 5 – 13 𝑠𝑥 = 100 +
3

The value of sx shall not exceed 150 mm and need not be taken less than 100 mm

Where:
Ach = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-out of transverse
reinforcement, mm2
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing
s and perpendicular to dimension 𝑏𝑐
fyh = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, Mpa
bc = cross-sectional dimension of column core measured center-to-center of confining.
Reinforcement
hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoop or crosstie legs on all faces of column, mm
s = spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along the longitudinal axis of the structural
member, mm
Area of Transverse Reinforcement:

The transverse reinforcement requirements shall be provided unless a larger

amount is required by shear strength:

(1) The volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement, ρs , shall not be
less than that indicated by

0.12f′C
Eq. 5 – 14 ρs = fyh

and shall not be less than (minimum)

Ag f′C
Eq. 5 – 15 ρs = 0.45( − 1)
Ac fyh
(2) The total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not
be less than that given by:

sbc f′C Ag
Eq. 5 – 16 Ash = 0.3 −1
fyh Ac

sbc f′C
Eq. 5 – 17 Ash = 0.09
fyh
All columns are subject to axial forces as well as some bending and
they need to be proportioned to resist both forces. The load capacity
given by

are only applicable of an eccentricity of 0.10h for tied column and

0.05h for spiral columns.
Columns will tend to bend under the action of moment, which
produces compression on one side of the column and tension on the
other side. The ff. failures are possible under the combined axial and
bending loads.

1. Large axial load with negligible moment. Failure

under this condition occur by crushing of concrete
with all reinforcing bars in the column having
reached their yield stress in compression
2. Large axial load and small moment with the entire
cross-section in compression. Failure occurs by
crushing of concrete with all bars in compression
The plastic centroid of a column cross section is the point through which the
resultant column load must pass to produce uniform strain in failure. It
represents the location of the resultant force produce by the steel and
concrete. The eccentricity of a column load is the distance from the load to
the plastic centroid of the column.
In locating the plastic centroid, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in
compression to 0.85fc’ and all steel to fy in compression and the centroid is
then located by taking moments due to these forces.
Let

Eq. 5 - 18 m= x−d

As1fy x4
Eq. 5 − 19 n=
0.85f′c b

Eq. 5 - 20 a = -m + m2 + 2n

d−c
Eq. 5 - 21 fs = 600 ( c )

c −d′
Eq. 5 - 22 fs′ = 600 ( c )
If both fs1 and fs4 exceeds fy , then assumptions is correct and Pn = 0.85fc′ ba
Columns normally fail by either tension or compression. In between the two
lies so-called balanced load condition where failure may be of either type.
Balanced loading occurs when the tension steel just reached its yield strain
fy/Es, and the concrete is strained to 0.003. For every column there is
always a balanced loading situation where an ultimate load Pbn placed at
an eccentricity eb will produce a moment Mbn. If the eccentricity of a
column is less than its balance eccentricity eb (e<eb), the column fails in
compression (compression controls, fs1 < fy), otherwise tension controls
(fs1 = fy).

COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

It can be seen that the analysis of columns with statics equations is very
tedious and complicated. As a result. designers resort to diagrams or
computer in designing columns.
Interaction diagram is a plot the axial load Pn that the column can carry
versus its moment Mn capacity. This diagram is very useful for studying the
strengths of columns with varying proportions of loads and moments. Any
combination of loading that falls inside the curve is satisfactory, whereas
any combination that falls outside represents failure.
The diagram is made by plotting the axial load capacity of the column at A, then the
balanced loading B, then the bending strength of the column if it is subjected to pure
moment only at C. In between the points A and C, the column falls due to combination of
axial and bending. Point B is called the balanced point. In reference to point D, the vertical
and horizontal dotted lined represents the particular load combination of axial load and
moment.
For any column, the balanced “c” is:
600d
Eq. 5 - 23 c= 600+f
y
Illustrative Problems
Problem 5.2
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 575 kN and an axial live load of 770
kN. Assumne f’c = 27.6 Mpa and fy = 414 Mpa. Use 28 mm main bars and 10 mm ties.

Solution:
In the design of column, first we assume value of steel ratio between 1% to 6% of gross
concrete are, i.e. Ast = 0.01 Ag to 0.06 Ag . Obviously, if we assume small value of this ratio, the
column size would be bigger and the steel are would be smaller, and vice versa. The author
suggests using a value less than the upper limit of 0.06 Ag to provide allowance for excess
reinforcement due to bar size limitation. The ideal value is from 0.015 Ag to 0.03 Ag .

2010 NSCP:
Pu = 1.2(575) + 1.6(770) = 1,922 kN
Pu = Φ Pn Pu = Φ0.80[0.85f’c (Ag - Ast ) + fy Ast ]
1,922,000 = 0.65(0.80)[0.85(27.6)(Ag - 0.02Ag ) + 414(0.02Ag )]
Ag = 118,198 mm2
 b2 = A g b2 = 118,198
b = 343.8 mm say 345 mm

2
Ast = 0.02 Ag Ast = 0.02 345
Ast = 2,381 mm2

Number of 28-mm bars:

Ast 2,381
N= N=𝜋 = 3.87 say 4 bars
Ab 28 2
4

Maximum spacing of ties:

a.16 x db = 16(28) = 448 mm
b.48 x tie diameter = 48(10) = 480 mm
c.Least dimension of column = 345 mm

Use 345 mm x 345 mm column with 4-28 mm bars

 Problem 5.2
Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load of 900 kN and an axial
live load of 1300 kN. Assume that 3% longitudinal steel is desired, f′c = 27.6 MPa,
and fy = 414 Mpa. Use 25-mm main reinforcement. Determine also the minimum
spacing of 10-mm spiral (fyh = 275 MPa) with 30 mm steel covering.
Solution:
2010 NSCP:
Pu = 1.2(900) + 1.6(1300) = 3,160 kN
Pu = Φ Pn Pu = Φ0.85[0.85f’c (Ag - Ast ) + fy Ast ]
3,160 x 103 = 0.75(0.85)[0.85(27.6)(Ag - 0.03Ag ) + 414(0.03Ag )]
Ag = 140,915 mm2

π π
D2 = Ag D2 = 140.915
4 4
D= 423.6 mm say 425 mm

𝜋 2
Ast = 0.03 Ag Ast = 0.03 x 4 425 = 4,256 mm2
Number of bars:
𝜋
Ast = N Ab 4,256 = N x 4 25 2
N = 8.7 say 9 bars
Minimum spiral:
Core diameter, Dc = D – 2 x cover = 425 – 2(30) = 365 mm
𝜋
Area of concrete core, Ac = 4 365 2 = 104,635 mm2
𝜋 2
Gross concrete area, Ag = 425 = 141,863 mm2
4
𝜋 2
Area of spiral bar, as = 4 10 = 78.54 mm2

Minimum spiral ratio:

Ag f′c 141,863 27.6
𝜌𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 −1 = 0.45 −1
Ac fyh 104,635 275
𝜌𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01607

Spacing of spiral:
4a (D −d ) 4(78.54) (365−10)
s = s𝜌 Dc 2 s = 0.01607(365)2
𝑠 c
s = 52.1 mm < 75 mm (OK)
sclear = s - ds = 52.1 – 10 = 42.1 mm > 25 mm (OK)
Problem 5.1
Determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite
column shown. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa for steel reinforcement, Fy =
250 MPa for the structural steel section.
Properties of W14 x 48:
Area = 9,100 mm2
Depth, h = 350 mm
Weight = 72 kg/m
Ix = 202 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
Solution:
Problem 5.18

The column shown in Figure 5.33 is reinforced with eight 28-mm-diameter steel with fy =
414 MPa. Concrete strength, f′c = 27.6 MPa.
a)Determine the nominal load Pn where e = 180 mm
b)Determine the nominal load Pn where e = 550 mm
SOLUTION:
π 2
As = 4 28 x 8 = 4,926 mm2
1
As1 = 2 As = 2,463 mm2
d = 600 – 60 = 540 mm

We need to know the balanced eccentricity "eb “

to determine whether the extreme tension steel
will yield or not for any given eccentricity.

Balanced conditions:
600d
cb = 600+ f
y
600(540)
cb =
600+414
cb = 319.53 mm
c−d′
fS′ = 600
c
319.53−60
fS′ = 600 319.53
fS′ = 487.33 MPa > fy (yield)
 a = β1 x c a = 0.85(319.53)
a = 271.6 mm
Cc = 0.85 f′c a b Cc = 0.85(27.6)(271.6)(400)
Cc = 2,548.67 kN
T = Ast fy T = 2,463(414)
T = 1,019.69 kN

Cs = Ast f′s Cs = 2,463(414)

Cs = 1,019.69 kN

σ Fv = 0 Cc + Cs = Pbn + T
Pbn = 2,548.67 + 1,019.69 – 1,019.69
Pbn = 2,548.67 kN
Balanced eccentricity:
σ MO = 0 Pbn (240 + eb ) = Cc (335 - aΤ2) + Cs (480)
2,548.67(240 + eb ) = 2,548.67(540 - 271.6Τ2) + 1,019.69(480)
eb = 356.24 mm
a) e = 180 mm < eb
Since e is less than eb , tension steel will not yield but the compression steel will.

Assuming compression steel will yield:

f′s = 414 MPa
540 −𝑐
fs = 600 𝑐
Cs = f′s Ast = 1,019.69 kN
540 −𝑐
T = As1 fs = 1477800 𝑐
Cc = 0.85 f′c a b = 0.85(27.6)(0.85c)(400) = 7,976.4c

σ Fv = 0 Cc + Cs = Pn + T
540 −𝑐
Pn = 7,976.4c + 1,019,690 – 1,477,800 𝑐

σ MO = 0 Pn (240 + e) = Cc (540 - aΤ2) + Cs (480)

540 −𝑐
(7,976.4c + 1,019,690 – 1,477,800 𝑐
)(240 + 180)
= 7,976.4c (540 - 0.85cΤ2) + 1,019,690(480)
c = 431.25 mm
Check if compression steel yields as assumed:
c − d′ 431.25 −60
f′s = 600 f′s = 600
c 431.25
f′s = 516.6 > 415 (OK)

540 −c
Pn = 7,976.4c + 1,019,690 – 1,477,800 c
540 −431.25
Pn = 7,976.4(431.25) + 1,019,690 – 1,477,800 431.25
𝐏𝐧 = 4,086.9 kN

b) e = 550 mm > eb
Since e is greater than eb the tension steel will yield but the compression steel may or may not.
Assuming compression steel does not yield:
c −60
f′s = 600 c
c −60 c −60
Cs = As1 f′s = 2,463 x 600 c
= 1,477,800 x c
T = As1 fy = 2,463(414) = 1,019,682 N
Cc = 0.85 f′c a b = 0.85(27.6)(0.85c)(400) = 7,976.4c
 σ Fv = 0 Cc + Cs = Pn + T
𝑐−60
Pn = 7,976.4c + 1,477,800 𝑐
- 1,019,682

σ MO = 0 Pn (240 + e) = Cc (540 - aΤ2) + Cs (480)

𝑐−60
(7,976.4c + 1,477,800 - 1,019,680)(240 + 550)
𝑐
𝑐−60
= 7,976.4c (540 - 0.85cΤ2) + 1,477,800 (480)
𝑐
c = 187.74 mm

Check if compression steel does not yield as assumed:

c − d′ 187.74 −60
f′s = 600 f′s = 600
c 187.74
f′s = 408.24 < 415 (OK)

187.74−60
Pn = 7,976.4(187.74) + 1,477,800 - 1,019,682
187.74

𝐏𝐧 = 1,483.28 kN
Using the Interaction diagram:
First we choose which diagram to use based on the following specific criteria:
1.Rectangular column with two rows of reinforcements
2. f′c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa
3. γ = 480Τ600 = 0.80

Ag = 400 x 600 = 240,000 mm2

Ast = 4926 mm2
ρg = Ast ΤAg = 0.0205

a)e = 180 mm
eΤh = 180Τ600 = 0.3

From Figure 5.34

Pn
Kn = = 0.625
f′c Ag

Pn = 0.625(27.6)(240,000)
Pn = 4,140,000 N
𝐏𝐧 = 4,140 kN
b)e = 550 mm

eΤh = 550Τ600 = 0.917

Pn
K n = f′ = 0.24
c Ag

Pn = 0.24(27.6)(240,000)
𝐏𝐧 = 1,589.8 kN
Reference:
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