CH 3

/Rad=pi/180 x degree//degree=180/pi x rad// sin^2x+cos^2x=1//cosec^2x-cot^2x=1//sec^2x-tan^2x=1//sin

x sin y = 1/2 [cos(x–y) − cos(x+y)]//cos x cos y = 1/2[cos(x–y) +
cos(x+y)]//sin x cos y = 1/2[sin(x+y) + sin(x−y)]// cos x sin y = 1/2[sin(x+y) – sin(x−y)]// cos (A + B)
= cos A cos B – sin A sin B// cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B//sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A
sin B//sin (A -B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B//sin x + sin y = 2 sin [(x+y)/2] cos [(x-y)/2]//sin x – sin y
= 2 cos [(x+y)/2] sin [(x-y)/2]//cos x + cos y = 2 cos [(x+y)/2] cos [(x-y)/2]//cos x – cos y = -2 sin
[(x+y)/2] sin [(x-y)/2]// tan(A+B) = [(tan A + tan B)/(1 – tan A tan B)]//tan(A-B) = [(tan A – tan B)/(1
+ tan A tan B)]//tan(A-B) = [(tan A – tan B)/(1 + tan A tan B)]//cot(A+B) =
[(cot A cot B − 1)/(cot B + cot A)]//cot(A-B) = [(cot A cot B + 1)/(cot B – cot A)]// cos(A+B) cos(A–
B)=cos2A–sin2B=cos2B–sin2A//sin(A+B) sin(A–B) = sin2A–sin2B=cos2B–cos2A//sinA+sinB = 2 sin
(A+B)/2 cos (A-B)/2//sin2A = 2sinA cosA = [2tan A /(1+tan2A)]//cos2A = cos2A–sin2A = 1–2sin2A =
2cos2A–1= [(1-tan2A)/(1+tan2A)]//tan 2A = (2 tan A)/(1-tan2A)//sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A//cos3A =
4cos3A – 3cosA//tan3A = [3tanA–tan3A]/[1−3tan2A]//

CH 6

n
Pr = nCr r! ; if 0 < r ≤ n.// nCr + nCr-1 = n+1
Cr // nCr = n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+1)/ r! = n!/ r!(n-r)!= nPr /r!// Pr = n!/(n-
r)! ; 0 ≤ r ≤ n//

CH 10

d = √[(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2]//Section Formula:x = (mx2 + nx1)/(m + n)//y = (my2 + ny1)/(m + n)//Centroid:G =

[(x1 + x2 + x3)/3, (y1 + y2 + y3)/3]//Incentre:I = {(ax1 + bx2 + cx3)/(a + b + c), (ay1 + by2 + cy3) / (a + b +

c)}//Excentre:I1 = {(-ax1 + bx2 + cx3)/(-a + b + c), (-ay1 + by2 + cy3)/(-a + b + c)}//Area of a Triangle:Area
x y1 1
1 1
¿ ∨ x2
oftrianglE 2
y 2 1∨¿// Slope formula:(i) Line joining two points (x , y ) and (x , y ), m = (y
1 1 2 2 1 – y2) / (x1
x3 y3 1
¿
– x2)//(ii) Slope of a line ax + by + c = 0 is -coefficient of x/coefficient of y = -a/b//8. Condition of collinearity of
x1 y1 1
three points: ¿ x 2 y 2 1 ∨¿ 0//9. Equation of a straight line in various forms:(i) Point Slope form: y –
x3 y3 1
y1 = m(x – x1)(ii) Slope intercept form: y = mx + c(iii) Two point form: y – y1 = {(y2 – y1) / (x2 – x1)} × (x – x1)

x y 1 0
¿ x y 1 1 ∨¿ ❑ /¿ /(v) Intercept form: (x/a) + (y/b) = 1//(vi) Perpendicular /
(iv) Determinant form: 1
❑
x2 y2 1
¿
Normal form: x cos α + y sin α = p//(vii) Parametric form: x = x1+ r cos θ , y = y1 + r sin θ//(viii)

Symmetric form: (x – x1)/cos θ = (y – y1) / sin θ = r//(ix) General form: ax + by + c = 0//x intercept = -c/a//y
m1−m2
intercept = -c/b//10. Angle between two straight lines in terms of their slopes:
tan ⁡θ=¿ ∨¿
1+m1 m2 //11.
¿
c 1−c 2
¿∨ ∨¿12. Perpendicular lines:Two lines ax +
Parallel lines:ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0
√ a 2 + b2
¿
by + c = 0 and a’x + b’y + c’ = 0 are perpendicular if aa’+bb’ = 0//14. Length of the perpendicular from a

point on a line :The length of the perpendicular from a point (x1, y1) to a line ax + by + c = 0 is
 a x 1+b y1 + c
//15. Reflection of a point about a line:(i) Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the
¿ ∨¿
√ a 2+b 2
¿
line is (x – x1)/a = (y – y1)/b = -(ax1 + by1 + c)/(a2 + b2)(ii)Image of (x1, y1) in the line ax + by + c = 0 is (x – x1)/a = (y

– y1)/b = -2 (ax1 + by1 + c)/(a2 + b2)//16. Bisectors of the angles between two
ax +by +c a ' x +b' y+ c '
lines: =± //
√ a +b √a
2 2
2 ❑ '2
+b '❑
CH 11

Center is (a,b)
Circle (x−a)2+(y−b)2=r2

Radius is r

Center is (a, b)
Length of the major axis is 2h.
Ellipse with the
Length of the minor axis is 2k.
horizontal major (x−a)2/h2+(y−b)2/k2=1
Distance between the centre and
axis
either focus is c with
c2=h2−k2, h>k>0

Center is (a, b)
Length of the major axis is 2h.
Ellipse with the
Length of the minor axis is 2k.
vertical major (x−a)2/k2+(y−b)2/h2=1
Distance between the centre and
axis
either focus is c with
c2=h2−k2, h>k>0

Center is (a,b)
Hyperbola with
Distance between the vertices is 2h
the horizontal (x−a)2/h2−(y−b)2/k2=1
Distance between the foci is 2k.
transverse axis
c2=h2 + k2

Center is (a,b)
Hyperbola with
Distance between the vertices is 2h
the vertical (x−a)2/k2−(y−b)2/h2=1
Distance between the foci is 2k.
transverse axis
c2= h2 + k2

Parabola with (y−b)2=4p(x−a), p≠0 Vertex is (a,b)

the horizontal Focus is (a+p,b)
axis Directrix is the line
 x=a−p
Axis is the line y=b

Vertex is (a,b)
Focus is (a+p,b)
Parabola with
(x−a)2=4p(y−b), p≠0 Directrix is the line
vertical axis
x=b−p
Axis is the line x=a

Distance between two points A( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ): √[(x2– x1 )2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2 ]
Coordinates of mid-point of given line segment that joins the two points A( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are [ (x1 +
x2 )/2, (y1 + y2 /2) , (z1 + z2 /2) ]
The coordinates of centroid of triangle and their vertices are (x1 , y 1 , z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) and (x3 , y3 , z 3 ) are [ (x1 +
x2 + x3 )/3, (y1 + y2+ y3 /3) , (z1 + z2 + z3 /3) ]
Midpoint of a Line Segment: [½ (x1 + x2), ½(y1 + y2), ½(z1 + z2)]
Coordinates of Centroid of a Triangle: [⅓ (x1 + x2 + x3), ⅓ (y1 + y2 + y3), ⅓ (z1 + z2 + z3)]

Rule of Addition P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)

Rule of Complementary Events P(A’) + P(A) = 1

Disjoint Events P(A∩B) = 0

Independent Events P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B)

Conditional Probability P(A | B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)

Bayes Formula P(A | B) = P(B | A) ⋅ P(A) / P(B)