11/1/2017 Second Hourly Practice 7 Math 21a, Fall 2017

Name:

• Start by printing your name in the above box

MWF 9 Jameel Al-Aidroos and check your section in the box to the
left.
MWF 9 Dennis Tseng
• Do not detach pages from this exam packet
MWF 10 Yu-Wei Fan
or unstaple the packet.
MWF 10 Koji Shimizu
• Please write neatly. Answers which are illeg-
MWF 11 Oliver Knill ible for the grader cannot be given credit.
MWF 11 Chenglong Yu • Show your work. Except for problems 1-
MWF 12 Stepan Paul 3,8, we need to see details of your computa-
tion.
TTH 10 Matt Demers
• All functions can be differentiated arbitrarily
TTH 10 Jun-Hou Fung
often unless otherwise specified.
TTH 10 Peter Smillie
• No notes, books, calculators, computers, or
TTH 11:30 Aukosh Jagannath other electronic aids can be allowed.
TTH 11:30 Sebastian Vasey • You have 90 minutes time to complete your
work.

1 20

2 10

3 10

4 10

5 10

6 10

7 10

8 10

9 10

10 10

Total: 110
Problem 1) True/False questions (20 points), no justifications needed

If f (x, y) = 1 is a curve, and near (2, 3) one can write y as a function of x,

1) T F then y ′ = −fy (2, 3)/fx (2, 3).

Solution:
The order is wrong: the fy is in the denominiator.

If R f (x, y) dA = 0, then the function f (x, y) is everywhere zero on R =

RR
2) T F {x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 }.

Solution:
If f = xy and R is the disc, then the integral is zero but f is nonzero.

3) T F The directional derivative in the direction of the gradient is |∇f |.

Solution:
Indeed, D∇f /|∇f | = ∇f · ∇f /|∇f | = |∇f |.

The linearization of f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 at (1, 1) is the quadratic function

4) T F L(x, y) = 3x2 + 3y 2 .

Solution:
The linearization is a linear (affine) function and not quadratic.

The function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 satisfies the partial differential equation

5) T F 2
D = fxx fyy − fxy = 1.

Solution:
Almost, a factor 4 is missing.

The function x2 y 2 has no local minimum at (0, 0) because the discriminant

6) T F function D is zero there.

Solution:
There can be a local minimum with D = 0.
 R π/4 R
2 3
The double integral 0 0 r drdθ is the volume of the part of a solid
7) T F cylinder x + y ≤ 4 which is below the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and above
2 2

the xy plane.

Solution:
We do not integrate from 0 to 2π.

The gradient of f (x, y, z) at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is perpendicular to the level surface

8) T F of f through (x0 , y0, z0 ).

Solution:
It indeed is! This is an important fact.

If f (x, y, z) = 3x − 4z, then the minimal possible directional derivative D~u f

9) T F at any point in space is −5.

Solution:
The gradient has length 5. The directional derivative into the direction of the gradient is
the length of the gradient.

If (x, y) is not a critical point, then the directional derivative D~v f can take
10) T F both positive and negative values for different choices of ~v .

Solution:
The directional derivative changes sign if ~v is replaced by −~v .

Solution:
Because of the symmetry D−v f = −Dv f the integral is zero.

Using linearization of f (x, y) = x/y we can estimate 1.01/1.001 =

11) T F f (1.01, 1.001) ∼ 1 + 0.01 − 0.001 = 1.009.

Solution:
L(x, y) = 1 + 1 · 0.01 − 1 · 0.001.
 If (0, 0) is a critical point of f (x, y) with nonzero discriminant D = fxx fyy −
2
12) T F fxy , we know that it is either a saddle, a global maximum or a global
minimum.

Solution:
Local max or min, but not necessary global max or min.

For a rectangular region R, Fubini tells that 02

R R3
0 f (x, y) dxdy =
13) T F R2 R3
0 0 f (x, y) dydx for any continuous function f (x, y).

Solution:
We also have to switch the integration bounds.

If a function f (x, y) has only one critical point (0, 0) in G = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 }

14) T F which is a local maximum and f (0, 0) = 1, then G f (x, y) dxdy > 0.
RR

Solution:
The critical point can be surrounded by a small region only, where f is positive.

If ~r(t) is a curve in space for which the speed is 1 at all times and f (x, y, z)
15) T F is a function of three variables, then d/dtf (~r(t)) = D~r ′ (t) (f ).

Solution:
Yes, this is the chain rule.

R1 R1
16) T F 0 0 fxy (x, y) dydx = f (1, 1) − f (1, 0) − f (0, 1) + f (0, 0).

Solution:
This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of calculus

17) T F If fyy (x, y) > 0 everywhere, then f can not have any local maximum.

Solution:
We would have fyy < 0 at a local maximum.
 The double integral 01 01 x2 − y 2 dxdy is the volume of the solid below the
R R

18) T F graph of f (x, y) = x2 − y 2 and above the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 in

the xy-plane.

Solution:
It is a signed volume. There can be part below.

For any unit vector ~v and any differentiable function f , one has D~v (f ) +
19) T F D−~v (f ) = 0.

Solution:
Write down the definition. The sum is ∇f · (v − v) = 0.

The surfaces x + y + z = 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + y + z = 0 have the same

20) T F tangent plane at (0, 0, 0).

Solution:
They have the same gradient at (0, 0, 0).

Problem 2) (10 points)

a) (6 points) Match the regions with the corresponding polar double integrals

A B C
D E F

Enter A-F Integral of f (r, θ) Enter A-F Integral of f (r, θ)

R π/2 R π/2 R π/2 R π/2
0 0 f (r, θ)r drdθ 0 θ f (r, θ)r drdθ

R π/2 R θ R π/2 R π/2

0 0 f (r, θ)r drdθ 0 π/2−θ f (r, θ)r drdθ

R π/2 R π/2−θ R π/2 R π/2

0 0 f (r, θ)r drdθ 0 π/4 f (r, θ)r drdθ

b) (4 points) Match the partial differential equations (PDE’s) for the functions u(t, s) with
their names. No justifications are needed.
Enter A,B,C,D here PDE Enter A,B,C,D here PDE
ut + uus − uss = 0 utt − uss = 0

utt + uss = 0 ut − uss = 0

A) Wave equation B) Heat equation C) Burgers equation D) Laplace equation

Solution:
C D
a) E B
A F
C A
b)
D B

Problem 3) (10 points)

a) (7 points) Find and classify all the critical points of the function
f (x, y) = 5 + 3x2 + 3y 2 + y 3 + x3 .

b) (3 points) Is there a global maximum or a global minimum for f (x, y)?

Solution:
The gradient of f is
h6x + 3x2 , 6y + 3y 2i = h3x(2 + x), 3y(2 + y)i .
There are 5 critical points:
x y D fxx Type f value
-2 -2 36 -6 maximum 13
-2 0 -36 -6 saddle 9
0 -2 -36 6 saddle 9
0 0 36 6 minimum 5
b) There is no global maximum (nor global minimum). For y = 0, have 5 + 3x2 + x3 which
grows like x3 for x → ∞.

Problem 4) (10 points)

A solid bullet made of a half sphere and a cylinder has the volume V = 2πr 3/3 + πr 2 h
and surface area A = 2πr 2 + 2πrh + πr 2 . Doctor Manhatten designs a bullet with fixed
volume and minimal area. With g = 3V /π = 1 and f = A/π he therefore minimizes
f (h, r) = 3r 2 + 2rh
under the constraint
g(h, r) = 2r 3 + 3r 2 h = 1 .
Use the Lagrange method to find a local minimum of f under the constraint g = 1.
Solution:
The Lagrange equations are
2h + 6r = λ(6hr + 6r 2 )
2r = 3λr 2
3hr 2 + 2r 3 = 1 .
Because r = 0 is incompatible with the third equation, we can divide the second equation
by r. This allows to eliminate λ and 2h + 6r = 4h + 4r which is h = r. The third equation
gives us h = r = 1/51/3 . The point where the minimum occurs is (1/51/3 , 1/51/3 ). The

minimal value of f is 5/52/3 .

Problem 5) (10 points)

A region R in the plane shown to the right is called the “blob

of nothingness”. It does not have any purpose nor meaning.
It just sits there. The region is given in polar coordinates as
0 ≤ r ≤ θ(π − θ) for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Find the area
Z Z
1 dxdy
R

of this nihilistic object.

Solution:
Z π Z θ(π−θ) Z π
r drdθ = θ2 (π − θ)2 /2 dθ = π 5 /60 .
0 0 0

Problem 6) (10 points)

a) (4 points) If
f (x, y) = y cos(x − y) ,
find equation of plane tangent to z = f (x, y) at the point (2, 2, 2).

b) (3 points) Find the equation of the tangent line to f (x, y) = 2 at (2, 2).

c) (3 points) Estimate f (2.1, 1.9) using linear approximation.

Solution:
a) Define g(x, y, z) = f (x, y) − z. It is important to deal with a function of three variables
when looking at planes. The graph of g is equal to the level surface z − f (x, y) = 0. Then
∇g(2, 2, 2) = h0, 1, −1i. The tangent plane is of the form y − z = d where d is a constant.
Plugging in (2, 2, 2) gives y − z = 0.
b) ∇f (x, y) = h−y sin(x − y), cos(x − y) + sin(x − y) and ∇f (2, 2) = h0, 2i so that the
equation of the tangent line is y = d for a constant d. Plugging in the point (2, 2) gives
y = 2.
c) L(2.1, 1.9) = 2 + 0(0.1) + 1(−0.1) = 1.9.

Problem 7) (10 points)

A Harvard robot bee flies along the curve
~r(t) = ht − t3 , 3t2 − 3ti

and measures the temperature f (x, y). It flies over the

target point (0, 0) at time t = 0 and time t = 1. At each
time, its sensor measures the temperature change g ′ (t) where
g(t) = f (~r(t)).

a) (5 points) Assume you knew that the gradient of f at

(0, 0) is ha, bi. What are the values of g ′(t) = d/dtf (~r(t)) at
t = 0 and t = 1 in terms of a and b?

b) (5 points) The bee measures g ′(0) = 3 and g ′ (1) = 3.

What is the gradient ∇f (0, 0) = ha, bi of f at (0, 0)? Image source: Harvard Press release on

robobees.seas.harvard.edu

Solution:
a) ~r′ (t) = h1 − 3t2 , 6t − 3i. So that ~r′ (0) = h1, −3i, ~r′(1) = h−2, 3i. If the gradient of
f at (0, 0) is ha, bi we get by the chain rule d/dtf (~r(t)) = ha, bi · ~r ′ (t) which is either
ha, bi · h1, −3i = a − 3b or ha, bi · h−2, 3i = −2a + 3b.
b) We know that a − 3b = 3 and −2a + 3b = 3. This is a system of linear equations which
has the solution ha, bi = h−6, −3i.

Problem 8) (10 points)

A function f (x, y) of two variables has level curves as shown in the picture. The function
values at neighboring level curves differ by 1. [No justifications are needed in this problem.
Naturally, since there are less points then boxes, some of the points A-G will appear more
than once, but each box will only be filled with one letter.]

Enter A-G is a point, where ...

fx (x, y) = 0 and fy (x, y) 6= 0.
fy (x, y) = 0 and fx (x, y) 6= 0.
f (x, y) has either a max or a min.
f (x, y) has a saddle point.
f (x, y) has no max nor min but is extremal under a constraint y = c for some c.
f (x, y) has no max nor min but is extremal under a constraint x = c for some c.
the length of the gradient vector of f is largest among all points A-G.
Dh1/√2,1/√2i f (x, y) = 0 and Dh1/√2,−1/√2i f (x, y) 6= 0.
Dh1/√2,−1/√2i f (x, y) = 0 and Dh1/√2,1/√2i f (x, y) 6= 0.
the tangent line to the curve is x + y = d for some constant d.
 A E
C

D G

B
F

Solution:
D,E,A,F,(D or F), (E or F), B,G,C,C.
To the tangent line (last choice): The equation x+y = d means that the gradient vector is
h1, 1i at the point. Use now that the gradient vector is perpendicular to the level curve.

Problem 9) (10 points)

Evaluate the following double integral

Z 1 Z (1−x)2 x3
√ dydx .
0 0 (1 − y)4
Solution:
We have to change the order of integration
√
1 1− y √ 1
Z Z Z
x3 /(1 − y)4 dxdy = (1/4) dy = 1/4 .
0 0 0

Problem 10) (10 points)

A4
A mass point with position (x, y) is attached by springs
to the points A1 = (0, 0), A2 = (2, 0), A3 = (0, 2), A4 =
(2, 3), A5 = (3, 1). It has the potential energy A3
2 2
f (x, y) = 31 − 14x + 5x − 12y + 5y
which is the sum of the squares of the distances from Hx,yL A5
(x, y) to the 5 points. Find all extrema of f using the
second derivative test. The minimum of f is the posi-
tion, where the mass point has the lowest energy. A1 A2

Solution:
The gradient of f is
∇f (x, y) = h−14 + 10x, −12 + 10yi .
It leads to the solution (x, y) = (7, 6)/5 = (1.4, 1.2).
(Side remark: In general the average ni=1 Ai /n is the only critical point because the
P

function f (X) = ni=1 |x−Ai |2 has the gradient ni=1 2(X −Ai ) = 0 showing nX = i Ai .
P P P

This is true in any dimension and any number of mass points. )

The Hessian matrix is " # " #
fxx fxy 10 0
H= = .
fyx fyy 0 10
From this we can read D = 100 and fxx = 10. The second derivative test shows that the
point is a minimum. We have f (1.4, 1.2) = 14.