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CSSC 0101 Lecture 11 (Part 2)

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7 views

CSSC 0101 Lecture 11 (Part 2)

Uploaded by

shakirahrodriguez0502
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Organisation &

Support

Chapter 12
Understanding Human Communication (11th Edition, 2009). Ronald
B. Adler and George Rodman. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
2 Structuring Your Speech
To effectively set up your basic speech structure, you need to
understand and use:

❖ Working outlines – a construction tool to map out your speech. It


usually follows the basic speech structure (introduction, body,
conclusion).

❖ Formal outline – a consistent format and set of symbols to identify


the structure of ideas.

❖ Speaking notes – should be in the form of a brief keyword outline,


with just enough information to jog your memory, but not enough
to get lost in.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
3 Principles of Outlining

There are four rules or principles you can use to construct your outline:

❖ Standard symbols – Roman numerals for main points, capital letters for
subpoint, standard number for sub-subpoint, lowercase letters for sub-
subsubpoint.

❖ Standard format – see book example

❖ The rule of division – divide your main points intosubpoints.

❖ The rule of parallel wording – your main points and subpoints should be
worded in a similar, or parallel manner.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
4
Organising Outlines into Logical
Patterns
You may select one of the five logical organisation patterns that is right for your topic
and purpose:

1. Time or chronology – one of the most common patterns of organisation.


The period of time could be anything from centuries to seconds. It also
creates suspense.
2. Space/spatial – are organised according to area, which could be stated in
terms of continents or centimeters or anything in between. Topics
involving geography are often best organized using a spatial pattern.
3. Topic – are based on types or categories, which could be either well-
known or original, both of which have advantages anddisadvantages.
4. Problem-solution – describes what’s wrong and proposes ways to remedy
them.
5. Cause-effect – discusses something that happens, then discusses the
effects of them.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
5 Use of Transitions
❖ Transitions keep your message moving forward.

❖ They tell how the introduction relates to the body of the speech,
how one main point relates to the next main point, how your
subpoints relate to the points they are part of, how your supporting
points relate to the points they support.

❖ To be effective, transitions should refer to the previous point and to


the upcoming point, showing how they relate to one another and
the thesis.

➢ Examples of Transitions - Firstly, secondly, thirdly, however,


notwithstanding, consequently, furthermore, etc.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
6 Beginning & Ending the Speech
Although they are very brief, the introduction and conclusion of a speech
are crucial; therefore, you need to work them to your advantage.

The introduction – you can capture the audience’s attention by referring


to them, to the occasion, the relationship between the audience and the
subject, something familiar to the audience, cite a startling fact or
opinion, ask a question, tell an anecdote (personal story), use a
quotation, tell a joke

After you have captured the audience’s attention, you can now preview
your main points, set the mood and tone of your speech, and demonstrate
the importance of your topic to the audience.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
Sample introduction to your speech

Good morning ladies and gentlemen! Thank you for


attending this very important meeting (describe the
type of event). Today (you can give the specific time
of day - morning, afternoon, evening), we are
gathered here to highlight a very disturbing
development which has affected all of us in this
room. The change I refer to is none other than
COVID-19 which has struck our learning, our social
activities and our employment opportunities. The
following paragraphs will discuss these changes we
have all had to endure since March of this year.
11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.
CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
7 Beginning & Ending the Speech
Cont’d
The Conclusion – use your conclusion to summarize
with a review of your thesis and main points. You
should also provide a memorable ending.

When concluding your speech, you should avoid


abrupt endings, ramblings, introducing new points,
or apologising for weaknesses.

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
Sample conclusion to your speech

As we conclude this speech, ladies and gentlemen,


we have all been affected by COVID-19 with respect
to our learning, our social activities and we have
seen where our employment opportunities have
been substantially decreased. Notwithstanding this,
we all have to rise above this untimely challenge to
ensure we address the issues that emanated from
this pandemic.

• (You can extend the conclusion based on the


contents of your body paragraphs.)
11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.
CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC
Supporting Materials
8

❖ Supporting materials are vital to the development of yourspeech.

❖ Supporting materials function to clarify four main points – clarify,


make interesting, make memorable, and to prove.

❖ Your types of supporting materials may vary according to your speech,


but you can choose from definitions, examples (hypothetical or
factual), statistics, analogies (extended metaphors)/comparison-
contrast, anecdotes, quotation/testimony.

❖ You can choose one of two styles to present your supporting materials
– narration (involves telling a story with your information. This could
be dramatic) or citation (simple statement of facts and is normally
shorter than narration).

11/26/2021 PREPARED BY WENDY K.


CAMPBELL-PAUL FOR ROYTEC

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