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Task 9

Uploaded by

omar.66ashraf6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Task 9

1- What is non-probability sampling methods?


- Non-probability sampling methods are techniques used
in research and statistics to select a sample from a
population without giving every individual or element in
the population an equal chance of being included in the
sample. These methods are in contrast to probability
sampling methods, where every element in the
population has a known and non-zero probability of
being selected. Non-probability sampling methods are
often used when it is difficult or impractical to create a
complete list of all elements in the population or when
the research budget and resources are limited.
However, they come with limitations and potential
biases that researchers need to be aware of. Here are
some common non-probability sampling methods:
1- Convenience Sampling: This is one of the most
straightforward non-probability sampling methods.
Researchers select the most readily available individuals
or elements for the sample. It is quick and convenient
but often results in a biased sample because it does not
consider the representativeness of the sample.

2- Judgmental or Purposive Sampling: In this method,


researchers use their judgment to select specific
individuals or elements that they believe are most
relevant to the research objectives. It is often used in
qualitative research or when experts are needed for a
study.
3- Snowball Sampling: This method is frequently used in
studies involving hard-to-reach populations or hidden
communities. It starts with an initial participant or
element and then relies on referrals from that
participant to identify additional participants. This
method is useful for studying populations that are
difficult to access through other means.
4- Quota Sampling: Quota sampling involves dividing the
population into subgroups or strata and then selecting
individuals or elements from each subgroup until a
predetermined quota for each subgroup is met. While it
ensures diversity in the sample, it is still non-
probabilistic and may introduce bias if the quotas are
not chosen carefully.
5- Purposive Sampling: Purposive sampling involves
selecting specific individuals or elements based on
specific characteristics or criteria that are of interest to
the study. Researchers intentionally choose participants
who meet certain criteria, leading to a non-random
sample.

2- Types of data distribution and types of density


function?
- In statistics and probability theory, data distributions
and density functions play a fundamental role in
describing the patterns and characteristics of data.
There are several types of data distributions and
associated density functions. Here are some of the most
common ones:
1- Normal Distribution (Gaussian Distribution)
2- Uniform Distribution
3- Exponential Distribution
4- Poisson Distribution
5- Binomial Distribution
6- Multinomial Distribution
7- Bernoulli Distribution
8- Log-Normal Distribution
9- Gamma Distribution

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