ANALYSIS

OF VARIANCE
Presentation by Basillote Group
WHAT IS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(ANOVA)?

is a statistical technique used to compare the

means of multiple groups. It's particularly
helpful when you have more than two groups
and want to determine if there are significant
differences between them.
One-way ANOVA:
This is the simplest form, used when you have one independent
variable (different treatment groups) and one dependent variable (a
measured outcome).
Null Hypothesis:
The assumption is that there is no difference
between the group means.

F-ratio:
This ratio compares the variance between groups to the variance within
groups. A higher F-ratio suggests a greater difference between groups.
The F ratio is named for R. A. Fisher, the early statistician who developed
it.
ANOVA DIVIDES THE TOTAL VARIANCE OF AN EXPERIMENT
INTO TWO SOURCES:
VARIANCE BETWEEN GROUPS
This refers to the differences between the mean values
of different groups. If the group means are very different
from one another, the between-group variance will be
large.
VARIANCE WITHIN GROUPS
This represents the variability within each group
itself. In other words, it measures how much
individual members of a group differ from their own
group’s mean.
 EXAMPLE:
Table 2.2.2 Measures Obtained in Three Random Samples after Performance of a Task
under Conditions of High Stress, Moderate Stress, and No Stress
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 1: Summarize Observation
Collect the performance data of the three groups.
Formulate the hypothesis to be tested at a significance level of 0.01.
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 2: Define the Null and Alternative Hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis (H₀):

The means of all groups are equal, meaning there is no significant difference in
performance among the groups (i.e., μ1=μ2=μ3\mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3μ1 =μ2 =μ3 ).

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁):

At least one group's mean is different, indicating a significant difference in
performance across groups (i.e., μ1≠μ2≠μ3\mu_1 \neq \mu_2 \neq \mu_3μ1 =μ2 =μ3
).
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:

Step 3: Evaluate the Means:

Compare group means to see if they differ significantly from one
another and the grand mean.
Use the F-ratio (ratio of variance between groups to variance
within groups) to check if the differences are statistically
significant or due to random chance.
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 3: Evaluate the Means(example):
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 4: Calculate the Total Sum of Squares
Total Sum of Squares (SSₜ) is to find the sum of the squared
deviation of each of the individual scores from the grand mean.
represents the total variability in the data, including both treatment
effects and sampling error.
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 4: Calculate the Total Sum of Squares
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:

Step 5:
SSB (Sum of Squares Between Groups) is to find the part of the
total sum of squares that is due to the deviations of the group
means from the grand mean.

Formula:
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:

Step 5: SSB (Sum of Squares Between Groups)

example:
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:
Step 6: Calculate the Sum of Squares Within Groups
SSW (Sum of Squares Within Groups) is another statistical term used in
ANOVA. It measures the variation within each individual group, it quantifies how
much the individual scores deviate from their respective group means.
 STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:
Step 6: Calculate the Sum of Squares Within Groups
SSW (Sum of Squares Within Groups) is another statistical term used in
ANOVA. It measures the variation within each individual group, it quantifies how
much the individual scores deviate from their respective group means.

The example
 STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:
Step 6: Calculate the Sum of Squares Within Groups
SSW (Sum of Squares Within Groups) is another statistical term used in
ANOVA. It measures the variation within each individual group, it quantifies how
much the individual scores deviate from their respective group means.

The example
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:
Step 7: Determine Significance Level
Determine if our systematic knowledge is enough greater than what would be
expected by chance to reject the null hypothesis.
To reject the null hypothesis:
We need to calculate the F-ratio (SSB / SSW).
Compare this F-ratio to a critical F-value obtained from an F-distribution table.
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:
Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group
Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group

Within group

Total

Anova Table
SS- Sum of Square
MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 8:Completing The Anova Table
Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group
Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group 97.4

Within group 161.4

Total 258.8

SS- Sum of Square

MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 8:Completing The Anova Table

Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group

Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group 97.4 2

Within group 161.4 27

Total 258.8 29

SS- Sum of Square

MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 8:Completing the Anova Table

Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group

Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group 97.4 2 48.70

Within group 161.4 27 5.98

Total 258.8 29

SS- Sum of Square

MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 8:Completing The Anova Table
Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group
Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group 97.4 2 8.14

48.70

Within group 161.4 27 5.98

Total 258.8 29

SS- Sum of Square

MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE
GIVEN PROBLEM:
Step 8:Completing the Anova Table
Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the Three Group
Source of Variance SS df MS F Level of
significance

Between group 97.4 2 0.01

48.70 8.14 0.01

Within group 161.4 27 5.98

Total 258.8 29

SS- Sum of Square

MS- Means Square
df- Degrees of freedom
F - F-ratio
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE ONE-WAY ANOVA FOR THE GIVEN
PROBLEM:

Step 9: Compare F-ratio to F-crit Value

This Step explains how to use the F-ratio from an ANOVA test to determine if
the differences between group means are statistically significant by comparing
it to critical values from an F-distribution table.
Calculated F-ratio : 8.14
Critical F-value at .05 level: 3.35
Critical F-value at .01 level: 5.49

F-ratio =8.14 < F-crit=5.49

NULL HYPHOTHESIS IS REJECTED
STEP 10

As the result since we are rejecting

the null hypothesis. Thus, we can
conclude that there is a significant
difference of the performance of
students on a simple problem task
when group according to levels of
stress.
THANK YOU