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Unit Three Partb-1

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26 views

Unit Three Partb-1

This contains matrix

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bed-com-45-22
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© © All Rights Reserved
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cO Functions By a functions we shall mean self-designed MATLAB script m-files which contain a few lines of codes meant for executing a certain process. For instance, writing a function file for solving a system of linear equations we have looked at briefly in Unit 2. Throughout our discussion in this lesson, when we are to consider writing algorithms can be classified into two types: direct and iterative methods. With the former, we obtain the solution in a finite number of steps, assuming. no rounding errors, for example to solve a linear system with Gaussian elimination. Iterative \n that converge to the methods involve the process involves generating a sequence of approxim: solution as the number of steps approaches infinity. 1, Writing function files A basic function files structured in such a way that it has an output array, function file and input array defined as Oe function [output}=function_name{input) aeaaesese'reewewses where input contains variable values defined by the user as to be used in the cade while function name is the title of the file name for the script. However, itis not always the case that we specify the output. For example we can have a structure either as | function foutput}=function_nametinput) Code end or function function_nametinput) code (output) end ‘Sometimes inputs are specified either inside the code or at the command window. As such, the structure of the MATLAB function file changes and appears as, 59 function function_name finput) Main code (output) After the function declaration, say function [output]=function_name(input), in the m.file, it is possible to write a description of the function. This is done with the comment sign “%” before each fine. Then, from the command window, we can read this information about program's description when we type “help”. MATLAB will automatically generate a display when commands are executed. However, in addition to this automatic display, MATLAB has several commands that can be used to generate displays or outputs. Two commands that are frequently used to generate output are: disp and printf. Example In order to compute the (N+1}-term Taylor series approximation to e* where e* = Sg, we write a Matlab script file based on the following pseudo code; Pseudo code 2xN>0 Inp Output: (IV + 1)-term Taylor series approximation to e* taylor=1; factorial=1; xpowk: for ke1 toN, do factorial = factorial * 2; xpowk=xpowk*x; taylor=taylor + (xpowk/factorial); end 60 ‘Thus, in Matlab, we implement the following code; function [taylor] =Taylorestimate (x,N) taylo! factorial=1; for k-1:N factorial=factorial*k: xpowk=xpowk*x; taylor=taylor+ (x ; end disp ("The (N+1) approx to evx is:') end With such a function file, to run, we type the main file line with inputs specified to get the results as sylorestimate(2,10) The (N+1)-term Taylor series approx to ex is: taylor= 7.3890 Example The following is a MATLAB fun function % FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N % Compute a factorial value. rod(1:n); Such that for n = 5, we get on the command window >> f= factorial) fe | 120 61 2. Mathematical functions ‘A number of functions in MATLAB do not need to de defined or derived, however. For example, MATLAB already offers many predefined mathematical functions “called built-ins” for technical computing which contains a large set of mathematical functions. These functions can be accessed if we either type help elfun or help specfun in the command window to call up full lists of elementary or special functions, respectively. Table 8 lists some commonly used functions, where variables x and y can be numbers, vectors, or Toble 8: Elementary MATLAB built-in mathematical functions matrices. cosine sine tan(x) tangent acos(x) arch cosine asin(x) are sine atan(x) are tangent sqrt(x) square root Jog(x) natural logarithm Jogl0(x) standard logarithm Example To evaluate the expression y following statements in MATLAB; [oeanss >>x=2; >>ye8 >> y= expl-a)*sin(x)+10*sartly) vy 28,2904 Example abs(x) absolute value sign(x) signum function max(x)_ maximum value min(x) minimum value ceil(x) round towards +00 floor(x) round towards —o0 round(x) round to nearest integer rem(x) remainder after division angle(x) phase angle complex conjugate 4 sin(x) + 10/y, for a = 5,x = 2 andy = 8, we type the To evaluate the expression V = Inx + e!sin("/,) —logiox. >>xe7; >> Velog(x)+exp(10)}*sin{pi/4)-log10(x) ve 1.5576e+04 62 3. Plot functions The very basic plot function imbedded in MATLAB displays a graph of one’s interest in 2- dimensional. For example, the function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y. Recall that a vector is an array of elements. This means by usage of vectors, we have two. related arrays of elements whose plot can produce a graph. During plotting, MATLAB is designed in such a way to plot one vector vs. another. The first one is treated as the abscissa (or x) vector and the second as the ordinate (or y) vector. These vectors have to be of the same length. Besides, MATLAB can as well plot a vector vs. its own index. The index is therefore treated as the abscissa vector. Given a vector “time” and a vector “dist” we could say: >> plot (time, dist) % plotting versus time >> plot (dist) % plotting versus index. For instance, the follo¥rng-evse———— >> plot(xy) produces a sine function graph whose x values range between —4 and 4, while y values range between —1 and 1 Other than going just by mere plotting function, we also have MATLAB commands to annotate the basic plot, by either adding axis labels, titles, and legends. These are defined by >> xlabel (X-axis label’) % puts a label on x-axis, ] >> ylabel (Y-axis uts 2 label on y-axis | ylabel ("Y-axis label’) % puts a label on y: a >> title (Title of my plot') % puts a title on the plot >> legend|'Key features of my plot") % highlights key features of the plot For example, try running the following statements on the MATLAB command window and observe the differences in the outputs [> x=-pi0 Apis y=sin(y)s >> plot(xy) >> plot(x,y,'s-') >> xlabel('x'); ylabel(’ As another example, with a plot function file called aliasing, we can get Function aliasing xe =2:0.01:2; E_xesin(-2*x) 7 guxesin (64x); _xesin(-10°x) + plot (x, f_x)7 hold 0 plot (x/¢_x); hold off) end We can also add colors to the plotted lines for easy of distinguishing one line from the other in a multiple plot. For example >> x = O:pi/100:2* pi; >> yl =24c0s(x); >> y2-= cos(x); y3 = 0.5%c08(x); >> plot(x,yl.-1x,y2.X,93," >> xlabel(0 \leq x \leq 2\pi’) >> ylabel(Cosine functions’) >> legend('2*cos(x),'cos(x);'0.5*cos(x)’) >> title("Typical example of multiple plots’) >> axis({0 2*pi -3 3]) ‘The color of a single curve is, by default, blue, but other colors are possible. In a plot function, the desired color is indicated by a third argument. For example, red is selected by plot(xy,’r’). Note the single quotes, ° ’, around r. By default, MATLAB uses line style and color to distinguish the data sets plotted in the graph. However, we can change the appearance of these graphic components or add annotations to the graph to help explain our data for presentation. Some of the annotations are as presented in Table 9. Table 9: Attributes for plot Symbol [Color [Symbol [Line style [Symbol _| Marker k Black = [Solid + __| Plus sign r Red == [Dashed 0 _| Circle a Blue z | Dotted * | Asterisk Green =. _|Dash-dot ._| Point c Cyan none __| No line x__| Cross m. Magenta s__| Square Yellow d___| Diamond For example, it is possible to specify line styles, colors, and markers (e.g., circles, plus signs,...) using the plot command: where style_color_marker is a triplet of values from Table 9. For example by specifying asterisk and circle style markers to our “aliasing” funetion, the plot looks change to 65 ‘on aliasing 01:2; n(-2*x) 5 IDxesin (67x) 5 27g_xesin(~ plot (x, £_x, hold on plot (x,¢_x,'0"); hold © end Three-dimensional graphics can be produced using the imbedded functions surf, plot3 or mesh. For example, upon writing and executing the following meshgrid plot function in the command window >> [X,Y] = meshgrid{-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10}; >> f= sine(sqrt((X/pi).*2+(¥/pi).*2)); >> mesh(XV.f); >> axis([-10 10-10 10-03 1)) >> xlabel'{\bfx)) >> ylabel('\bfY') >> zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR))') >> hidden off we get an output As another example, with mesh plot function we can get 66 >> A = zer0s(32); >> A(14:16,14:16) = ones(3); >> Feabs(fft2(A)): ° >> mesh(F) >> rotate3d on Comparably, with surf plot function we can get 35 A= zeros(32); >> A(14:16,14:16) = ones(3); >> Feabs(fft2(A)); >> surfllF) q >> rotate3d on . Activity 3 b a) Plot the graph of the funetion f(x) = cosx + sin mx for x € [—27, 2] with 0.1 sub- interval. b) Write a function that shows an approximation for a factorial can be found using Stirling’s formula: w= Rn) 67 ¢) Write a MATLAB function which should be able to find the volume and surface area ofa cylinder when it’s closed at both ends. 4)" Write a script file that calls a function to prompt the user and read in values for the hypotenuse and the angle (in radians), and then calls a function to calculate and return the lengths of sides a and b, and a function to print out all values in a nice sentence format. ¢) Write a for loop function to estimate V2 when t = [1,---,7] with reference to the recurrence equation for t = 1,23, yo Re Summary/Let Us Sum Up ‘To sum up, this unit was meant to introduce the student to the notion of counting, which is a key principle and very fundamental to most real life application problems. With principles of counting, techniques, the SUM RULE is noted to be useful for counting events that are made of collection of independent events. On the other hand, the COMBINATORIAL RULE gives us a chance to look at problems of making choices in life, which if we want to obtain such related unique choices, 68

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