Introduction to Information and

Communication Technologies

FAST-NUCES CFD Campus

Updated by
Muiz Qadir
Objectives
❖Introduction to Number System

❖Bit/Byte

❖Number Conversions [(binary, decimal, octal, Hexa),

(Integers and floating representation), (Additions,

Subtraction, Multiplication, Division)]

❖Complements (Binary and Decimal numbers)

 Number system

❑ In earlier days, people used to exchange their things for

other things. The requirement for numbers primarily
originated from the need to count.
❑ They used the numbers 1,2,3,.that served the people for
many years because all they needed to count was their
crops, and animals.
❑ Later on numbers such as zero, integers, rational
numbers, irrational numbers were introduced.
❑ There is evidence that as early as 30,000 BC our ancient
ancestors were tallying or counting things. That is where
the concept of number systems began.
 Numbers
❑ Natural Numbers:
❑ A natural number is a number that comes naturally,
❑ Natural numbers are greater than zero we can use this
numbers as counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ….…,
}.
❑ Whole numbers:
❑ Whole numbers are just all the natural numbers plus a
zero: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……………… , }.

❑ If our system of numbers was limited to the Natural

Numbers then a number such as –2 would have no
meaning. The next number system is the Integers.
 numbers
❑ Integers:
❑ Integers include the Natural numbers, zero, and the
negative Natural numbers.
❑ Numbers in the form of negative and positive numbers
{
….-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4, …. }.
❑ Rational number: .
p
❑ Which can be written in the form of
❑ Where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is qcalled a rational
number, so all the integers are rational number .
 numbers
❑ Irrational numbers : p
❑ The number can not be written in the form of .
q
❑ Pythagorean in Greece were first to discover irrational
number .
❑ 2, 3, are irrational number .
 numbers
❑ Real numbers:
❑ All the numbers including rational and irrational numbers
are called real number
❑ The official symbol for real numbers is a bold R.

❑ Prime numbers:
❑ Thereal number which is divisible by 1 and itself is called
prime number Ex- 1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17, …..
Credit: Byjus.com
 The Real Number System
Real
Numbers
(all numbers are real)

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

…any number that

…-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, is
5 not rational
Natural Numbers
Example:
Whole
Integer =
Numbers p
s 3.14159……
Which can be written in the form q e= 2.71828…..
of
.
 Number system

❑ A number system defines how a number can

be represented using distinct symbols.
❑ A number can be represented differently in
different systems.
❑ For example, the two numbers (2A)16 and (52)8 both refer to
the same quantity, (42)10, but their representations are
different.
 Bt
1. bit = From a shortening
of the words “binary
digit”

2. the basic unit of

information for computers

3. 1 or 0 are the only values

 Byte

1. Byte = 8 bits

2. Each keyboard character is

stored as a Byte

3. Example A = 01000001
This is an excellent diagram
 Text to binary conversion

hello world 01101000 01100101

01101100 01101100
01101111 00100000
01110111 01101111
01110010 01101100
01100100

sea = (011100110110010101100001) 2
 Units:
• Byte a grouping of eight bits
for instance --> 0110 0001
• Kb (kilobyte) about 1000 bytes
• Mb (megabyte) about one thousand Kb or
one million bytes
• Gb (gigabyte) about one thousand Mb or
one billion bytes
• Tb (terabyte) is about one thousand Gb or
one trillion bytes
 Terms for Storage Capacities

1 bit = 0 or 1 (b)
8 bits = 1 byte (B)
1 thousand bytes = kilobyte (KB) 1
million bytes = megabyte (MB)

1 billion bytes = gigabyte (GB)

1 trillion = terabyte (TB)
Credit: TechTarget
 Common Number Systems

❑ Number system can be categorized as

❑ Decimal number system

❑ Binary number system

❑ Octal number system

❑ Hexadecimal Number System

 Common Number Systems

❑ Each number system is associated with a base or radix

❑ The decimal number system is said to be of base or radix
10
❑ A number in base r contains r digits 0,1,2,...,r-1
❑ Decimal (Base 10): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 The decimal system (base 10)
❑ The word decimal is derived from the Latin root decem
(ten). In this system the base b = 10 and we use ten
symbols.
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Binary system (base 2)

❑ The word binary is derived from the Latin root bini (or
two by two).
❑ In this system the base b = 2 and we use only two
symbols,
S = {0, 1}
❑ The symbols in this system are often referred to as
binary digits or bits.
 The hexadecimal system
(base 1 )
❑ The word hexadecimal is derived from the Greek root
hex (six) and the Latin root decem (ten).
❑ In this system the base b = 16 and we use
sixteen symbols to represent a number.
❑ The set of symbols is
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
❑ The symbols A, B, C, D, E, F are equivalent
to 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 respectively.
❑ The symbols in this system are often referred to as
hexadecimal digits.
 The octal system (base 8)
❑ The word octal is derived from the Latin root octo (eight).
❑ In this system the base b = 8 and we use eight symbols
to represent a number.
❑ The set of symbols is:
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
 Conversion Types
• Conversion between Binary & Decimal.

• Conversion between Decimal &

Hexadecimal.

• Conversion between Hexadecimal &

Binary.

• Conversion between Decimal & Octal.

• Conversion between Octal & Hexadecimal.

• Conversion between Binary & Octal.

Conversion Among Bases
The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
–
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit.
–
The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right.
–
Add the results.
 EXAMPLE
Bit “0”

(101011)2 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
(43)10
Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Example
Example
Hexadecimal to
Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to
Binary

ν
Technique
ν
Convert each hexadecimal digit
to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
 Example

10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Binary to
Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
•
Technique
›
Group bits in fours, starting on
right
› Convert to hexadecimal digits
10101110112 =
?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 =
2BB16
Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
ν Technique
• Multiply each bit by 8n, where n
is the “weight” of the bit.

• The weight is the position of

the bit, starting from 0 on the
right.

• Add the results

7248 =>4 x 0 = 4
8
2 x 1 = 16
8
7 x 2 = 448
8
(468)10
Example
 Decimal to
Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal

ν Technique
ν Divide by 8
ν Keep track of the
remainder
Example
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on
right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 =
13278
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
•
Technique
•
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
•
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right

•
Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

C
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
♦ Technique
ϒ
Divide by 16
ϒ
Keep track of the remainder
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Useful Links
• https://www.math.toronto.edu/mathnet/questionCorner/numbersystems.html
#:~:text=Who%20came%20up%20with%20the,and%20the%20positive%20ra
tional%20numbers.

• https://byjus.com/maths/number-system/

• https://byjus.com/maths/rational-and-irrational-numbers/#:~:text=What%2
0are%20rational%20and%20irrational,represented%20in%20a%20number
%20line.

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/number_syste
m_conversion.htm#:~:text=Step%201%20%E2%88%92%20Divide%20the%20
decimal,divide%20by%20the%20new%20base.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFDMzbrEXaE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6c6Xw5mt90

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAnBaQoJkpo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NY2gz_Kzc0Q

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZH0YnFpjwU