Core-Java Full Notes
Uploaded by
Prakash ReddyCore-Java Full Notes
Uploaded by
Prakash ReddyCORE-JAVA
Programming language
=======================
Diagram: introduction1.1
A language which is used to communicate between user and c
omputer is called programming language.
Programming language acts like a mediator or interface between user and
computer.
Java
====
>Object oriented programming language.
>Platform independent programming language.
>Case sensitive programming language.
>Strongly typed checking language
>High level programming language.
>Open-source programming language.
1995 --> James Gosling --> Sun Micro System (Oracle Corporation)
JDK software
C
===
>Procedure oriented programming language.
>Platform dependent programming language.
>Case sensitive programming language.
>Loosely typed checking language.
>Middle level language (LOW + HIGH)
Interview Questions
===================
Q) What is Java?
It is a object oriented, platform independent, case sensitive, strongly
typed checking, high level, open source programming language developed
by James Gosling in the year of 1995.
Q) What is the difference between Python and Java?
Python Java
----------- -----
>It is developed by Guido >It is developed by James van Rossum
Gosling.
>It is a product of Microsoft. >It is a product of Oracle
Corporation.
>It is a scripting language. >It is a object oriented programming
Language.
>It is a interpreted language. > It is a compiled language.
>It contains PVM. >It contains JVM.
>It is a dynamically typed >It is a statically typed
language language.
>Performance is low. >Performance is high.
>There is less security. >It is highly secured.
Note:
------
.java file -------------> .class file ---------------> JVM
(Byte Code)
.py file --------------------------------------------> PVM
Note:
-----
.java file ------------> .class file ----------------> JRE
.py file -----------------------------------→computer/machine
ex1:
----
python
------
class Test:
java
-----
class Test
{
}
ex:2
----
python
------
i = 10;
java
----
int i = 10;
ex:3
----
python
------
for i in range(1,11):
print(i);
java
----
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
System.out.println(i);
Project
========
A project is a collection of modules.
We have following list of modules.
ex:
report generation module
admin module
login module
registration module
payment module
and etc.
Every project contains two domains.
1) Technical Domain
-------------------
Technical domain describes using which technology we developed
our project.
ex:
Java
2) Functional Domain
------------------
Functional domain describes state of a project.
ex:
Healthcare domain
Banking domain
Insurance domain
ERP domain
and etc.
*Escape Characters or Escape Sequences
===========================================
Escape characters are used to design our output in neat and clean
manner.
Escape character starts with back slash (\) followed by a character.
ex:
\n
Mostly escape characters are placed in the output statement in java.
ex:
System.out.println("\n");
We have following list of escape characters in java.
1) \n (new line)
2) \t (horizontal tab)
3) \b (back space)
4) \r (carriage return)
5) \f (form feeding)
6) \\ (back slash)
7) \" (double quote)
8) \' (single quote)
and etc.
1) \n (new line)
-----------------
class Ganesh
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("IHUB\nTALENT");
}
}
o/p:
IHUB
TALENT
2) \t (horizontal tab)
----------------------
class Akhila
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("IHUB\tTALENT");
}
}
o/p:
IHUB TALENT
3) \b (back space)
-------------------
class Yogeesh
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("IHUBTALENT\b");
}
}
o/p:
IHUBTALEN
ex:
---
class Rakesh
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("IHUB\b\b\bTALENT");
}
}
o/p:
ITALENT
4) \r (carriage return)
----------------------
class Sowmya
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("IHUB\rTALENT");
}
}
o/p:
TALENT
ex:
---
class Jagadeesh
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("TALENT\rIHUB");
}
}
o/p:
IHUBNT
6) \\ (back slash)
------------------
class Harsha
{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("IHUB\\TALENT");
}
}
o/p:
IHUB\TALENT
C program
=========
Q) Write a c program to print %d ?
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("%d"); // 0
getch();
}
ex:
---
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("%%d"); // %d
getch();
}
7) \" (double quote)
--------------------
class Balaji
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("I Love \"Java\" programming");
}
}
o/p:
I Love "Java" programming
8) \' (single quote)
---------------------
class Priya
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("I Love 'java' programming");
System.out.println("I Love \'java\' programming");
}
}
o/p:
I Love 'java' programming
I Love 'java' programming
*Programming language
========================
Diagram: java1.1
A language which is used to communicate between user and computer is
called programming language.
Programming language acts like a mediator or interface between user and
computer.
We have two types of programming language.
1) Low Level Language
2) High Level Language
1) Low Level Language
----------------------
A language which understand by a computer easily is called low level
language.
A language which is computer dependent is called low level language.
ex:
Machine language
Assembly language
Machine language
----------------
It is a fundamental language of a computer which is combination of 0's
and 1's.
It is also known as binary language.
A computer may understands many languages. But to understand machine
language it does not required any translator.
Advantages:
1) A program writtens in machine language consumes less memory.
2) It does not required any translator.
3) It is more efficient when compare to other languages.
Disadvantages:
1) It is a burdun on a programmer to remember dozen's of binary code.
2) If anywhere error raised in our program then locating and handling
that error becomes difficult.
3) Modification can't be done easily.
Assembly language
-----------------
The second generation language came into an existence is called
assembly language.
Assembly language is a replacement of symbols and letters for
mathematical programming code.
Assembly language is also known as symbolic logic.
Assembly language can't understand by a computer directly. We required
translator.
We have three types of translators.
1) Assembler
2) Compiler
3) Interpreter
1) Assembler
-------------
It is one of the translator which converts assemblic code to machine
code.
Merits:
1) If anywhere error raised in our program then locating and handling
that error becomes easy.
2) Modifications can be done easily.
Demerits:
1) It is a mind trick to remember all symbolic code.
2) It requires translator.
3) It is less efficient when compare to machine language.
Q)What is Debugging?
Bugs are also known as Errors.
The process of eliminating the bugs from the application is called
debugging.
2) High Level Language
----------------------
A language which understand by a user easily is called high level
language.
A language which is user dependent is called high level language.
ex:
Java, .Net, Python, Perl and etc.
High level language can't understand by a computer directly. We
required translators.
compiler
--------
It will compile and execute our program at a time.
interpreter
-----------
It will execute our program line by line procedure.
Advantages:
1) It is easy to learn and easy to use because it is similar to english
language.
2) Debugging can be done easily.
3) Modifications can done easily.
Disadvantages:
1) A program writtens in high level language consumes huge amount of
memory.
2) It requires translator
3) It is not efficient when compare to low level language.
*Modules in Java
==================
We have three modules in java.
Java
|-----------------------|-----------------|
JSE/J2SE JEE/J2EE JME/J2ME
(Java Standard Edition) (Java Enterprise Edition) (Java Micro Edition)
> Standalone App > Distributed App > Mobile App
> Desktop App > Enterprise App
> Two-tier App > ERP App
> N-tier App
> Standalone App
----------------
A normal java program which contains main method is called standalone
application.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
-
- // any logic here
-
}
}
> Desktop App
-----------
It is a software application which is used to perform perticular task.
ex:
Control Panel
Recycle bin
VLC Media Player
and etc
> Two-tier App
--------------
Having more then one tier is called two tier application.
Diagram: java2.1
Diagram: java2.2
> Distributed App
-----------------
Diagram: java2.3
In client-server architecture ,if multiple request goes to main serve
then main server will distribute those request to parallel server to
reduce the burdun on main server such type of applications is called
distributed applications.
> Enterprise App
----------------
An application which deals with large business complex logic with the
help of middleware services is called enterprise application.
Here middleware services means authentication, autherization, malware
production, security and etc.
ex:
Facebook
Online Shopping website
> ERP App
-----------
ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning.
It is used to maintain the data in enterprise.
Diagram: java2.4
> N-tier App
------------
Having more then two tiers is called N-tier application.
>Mobile App
----------
It is a software application or a program which specially designed for
wireless network devices like phone , tab , cell , cellular and etc
rather then laptop's and pc's.
ex:
PubG
PhonePay
Gpay
templeRun
and etc.
Q) What is Java ?
Java is a versatile language which is used to develop verious type of
applications like distributed applications, enterprise applications,
ERP applications, N-tier applications and etc.
Q) What is the difference between C++ and Java?
C++ Java
------ -----
>It is developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. >It is developed by James Gosling.
It is a partial object oriented programm- >It is a purely object oriented programming
-Ing language. language.
>It is a platform dependent. >It is platform independent.
>Memory allocation and deallocation will >Memory allocation and deallocation will taken
taken care by a programmer. care by JVM.
>It supports multiple inheritance. >It does not support multiple inheritance.
>It supports pointers. >It does not support pointers.
>It supports operator overloading. >It does not support operator overloading.
>It supports three access specifiers >It supports four access modifiers i.e default
i.e, public, private and protected. Public ,private and protected.
>It supports three types of loops i.e >It supports four types of loops i.e do while
loop ,do while loop, while loop and while loop, for loop and for each loop.
for loop.
>It supports preprocessor directory(#). >It does not support preprocessor directory(#).
>To save c++ program we will use .cpp >To save java program we will use .java
extension. Extension.
Q) What is the difference between .Net and Java ?
.Net Java
---------- --------------
>It is a product of Microsoft. >It is a product of Oracle Corporation.
>It is platform dependent. >It is platform independent.
>There is less security. It is highly secured.
>It contains small set of frameworks. >It contains large set of frameworks.
>It is best suitable for medium scale
projects. >It is best suitable for large
scaleprojects.
Types of IT companies
======================
We have three types of IT companies.
1) Product Based companies
ex:
Oracle Corporation , Microsoft , IBM and etc.
2) Service Based companies
ex:
Cognizent , TCS , Capgemini and etc.
3) Cloud Based companies
ex:
Amazon , Google, Microsoft and etc.
*SDLC
=======
SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle.
It is a process adopt by IT Industries to develop accurate and quality
of softwares.
We have six phases in SDLC.
1) Feasibility study
2) Analysis
3) Designing
4) Coding
5) Testing
6) Delivery and Maintainence
1) Feasibility study
---------------------
Feasibility study completely depends upon TELOS formulea.
ex:
T - Technical feasibility
E - Economical feasibility
L - Legal feasibility
O - Operational feasibility
S - Scheduled feasibility
All the above information they will keep in a document called BDD.
BDD stands for Business Design Document.
2) Analysis
-----------
In analysis phase, system analyst or product owner will involved.
They will seperate system requirement and software requirements.
Later they will keep all the above information in a document called
SRS.
SRS stands for Software Requirements Specification.
3) Designing
------------
We have two types of designing.
i) High Level designing
----------------------
A manager is responsible to perform high level designing.
In high level designing, we will design main/major modules.
ii) Low Level designing
------------------------
A team lead/project lead is responsible to perform low level designing.
In low level designing , we will design child/sub modules.
All the above information they will keep in a document called PDD/TDD.
PDD stands for Product Design Document.
TDD stands for Technical Design Document.
4) Coding
----------
In coding phase, developers will involved.
Developers are responsible to generate the build.
Developers even responsible to perform unit testing.
5) Testing
----------
In testing phase, Testing team or QA team will involved.
They will use one software component called STLC to test the build.
STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle.
6) Delivery and Maintainence
-----------------------------
Before delivery , we will perform UAT testing.
UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing.
UAT testing is divided into two types.
i) Alpha testing
ii) Beta testing
*Comments in java
===================
>Comments are created for documentation purpose.
>Comments are used to improve readability of our code.
It is highly recommanded to use comments in our regular programming.
Diagram: java4.1
Comments will not display in output because they will not compiled by
the compiler.
In java, we have two types of comments.
1) Single line comment
----------------------
It is used to comment a single line.
ex:
// comment here
2) Multiple line comment
------------------------
It is used to comment multiple lines.
ex:
/*
-
- comment here
-
*/
ex:
---
//class declaration
class Example
{
//main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//variable declaration
int i=10;
//output stmt
System.out.println(i);
}
}
*Naming Conventions in Java
==============================
In java, uppercase letters will consider as different and lowercase
letters will consider as different. Hence we consider java is a case
sensitive programming language.
As java is a case sensitive, we must and should follow naming
conventions for following things.
ex:
classes
interfaces
variables
methods
keywords
packages
constants
classes
--------
In java, a class name must and should starts with upper case letter and
if it contains multiple words then each inner word must starts with
initcap.
ex:
Predefined classes Userdefined classes
------------------- --------------------
System Test
File TestApp
BufferedWriter DemoExample
StringBuffer EmployeeDetails
and etc. and etc.
interfaces
-----------
In java, an interface name must and should starts with upper case
letter and if it contains multiple words then each inner word must
starts with initcap.
ex:
predefined interfaces userdefined interfaces
--------------------- -----------------------
Runnable ITest
Serializable IDemoApp
ListIterator IExampleDemo
Enumeration IEmployeeDetails
and etc. and etc.
variables
-----------
In java , a variable name must and should starts with lowercase letter
and if it contains multiple words then each inner word must starts with
initcap.
ex:
predefined variables userdefined variables
------------------- ---------------------
length empId
out studName
err deptNo
in countTokens
and etc. and etc.
Methods
-------
In java, a method name must and should starts with lowercase letter and
if it contains multiple words then each inner word must and should
starts with uppercase letter.
ex:
predefined methods userdefined methods
----------------- --------------------
getPriority() getDetails()
setName() setInfo()
getClass() getEmployeeDetails()
hashCode() calculateBillAmt()
toString() discount()
and etc. and etc.
keywords
----------
In java, all keywords we need to declare under lowercase letters only.
ex:
predefined keywords
-------------------
if, else, for, switch, while, public, static, void and etc.
packages
--------
In java, all packages we need to declare under lowercase letters only.
ex:
predefined packages user-defined packages
------------- --------------------
java.lang(default pkg) com.ihub.www
java.io com.google.www
java.util com.java.www
java.util.stream and etc.
java.sql
java.time
java.text
and etc.
constants
--------- In java , all constants we need to declare under uppercase
letters only.
ex:
predefined constants userdefined constants
----------------- ----------------------
MAX_PRIORITY int LIMIT=10;
MIN_PRIORITY
NORM_PRIORITY
MAX_VALUE
MIN_VALUE
and etc.
Interview Questions
===================
Q) Which package is a default package in java?
java.lang package
Q) How many reserved words are present in java?
53
Q) Java is platform dependent or independent?
platform independent.
Q) JVM is platform dependent or independent?
JVM is platform dependent.
Q) How many classes are there in java?
According to Java 8 we have 4240 classes.
Q) What is the different between JDK, JRE and JVM ?
JDK
-----
JDK stands for Java Development Kit.
It is a installable software which consist of Java Runtime Environment
(JRE), Java Virtual Machine (JVM), compiler (javac) , interpreter
(java), an archiever (.jar) , document generator (javadoc) and other
tools needed for java application development.
JRE
----
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment.
It provides very good environment to run java applications only.
JVM
----
JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine.
It is an interpreter which is used to execute our program line by line
procedure.
Diagram: java4.2
Assignment
===========
1) class : QualityThought
2) interface : IQualityThought
3) variable : qualityThought
4) method : qualityThought()
5) package : com.qualitythought.www
*History of Java
=================
In 1990, Sun Micro System took one project to develop a software called
consumer electronic device which can be controlled by a remote like
setup box. That time project was called Stealth project and later it
was renamed to Green project.
James Gosling, Mike Sheradin and Patrick Naughton were there to develop
the project and they have met in a place called Aspan/Colarado to start
the work with Graphic System. James Gosling decided to use C and C++
languages to develop the project. But the problem what they have faced
is C and C++ languages are system dependent. Then James Gosling decided
why don't we created our own programming language which is system
independent.
In 1991, They have develop a programming language called OAK. OAK means
strength , itself is a coffee seed name and it is a national tree for
many contries like Germany, France, USA and etc.
Later in 1995, they have renamed OAK to Java. Java is a island of an
Indonasia where first coffee of seed was produced and during the
development of project, they were consuming lot of coffee's. Hence a
symbol of java is a cup of coffee with saucer.
*Identifiers
============
A name in java is called identifier.
It can be class name, variable name, method name or label name.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x=10;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
Here Test, main , args , x , String, System are identifiers.
Rules to declare an identifiers
--------------------------------
Rule1:
-----
Identifier will accept following characters.
ex:
A-Z
a-z
0-9
_
$
Rule2:
-----
If we take other characters then we will get compile time error.
ex:
int emp$alary;
int emp_id;
int emp#Name; //invalid
Rule3:
-----
Identifier must and should starts with alphabet, dollar or
underscore but not with digit.
ex:
int emp123;
int empSal;
int $alary;
int 1abcd; // invalid
Rule4:
-----
We can't take reserved words as an identifiers.
ex:
int if; //invalid
int else; //invalid
int for; //invalid
Rule5:
------
Every identifier is a case sensitive.
ex:
int number;
int NUMBER;
int NuMbEr;
Rule6:
------
There is no length limit for an identifier but it not recommanded
to take more then 15 characters.
Reserved Words
===============
There are some identifiers which are reserved to associate some
functionality or meaning
such type of identifiers are called reserved words.
Java supports 53 reserved words.
All reserved words we need to declare under lowercase letters only.
In java , reserved words are divided into two types.
Diagram: java5.1
Used keywords with respect to class
------------------------------
class
interface
enum
extends
implements
package
import
Used keywords with respect to object
----------------------------
new
instanceof
this
super
Used keywords with respect to datatypes
--------------------------------
byte
short
int
long
float
double
boolean
char
Used keywords with respect to modifiers
-----------------------------------
default
public
private
protected
abstract
final
static
strictfp
synchronized
transient
volatile
native
Used keywords with respect to returntype
----------------------------------------
void
Used keywords with respect to flow control
------------------------------------------
if
else
switch
do
while
break
continue
for
case
Used keywords with respect to exception handling
------------------------------------------------
try
catch
finally
throw
throws
assert
Interview Questions
====================
Q) Who is the creator of Java?
James Gosling
Q) In which year java was developed?
In 1995.
Q) Java originally known as ___ ?
OAK
Q) What are the features of Java?
We have following important features in Java.
1) Simple
2) Object oriented
3) Platform independent
4) Architecture Neutral
5) Multithreaded
6) Robust
7) Portable
8) Highly secured
9) Dynamic
10) Distributed
and etc.
*INSTALLATION OF JAVA
=======================
Version : Java 8
Software : JDK 11
Creator : James Gosling
Vendor : Oracle Corporation
Open source : Open source
Website : www.oracle.com/in/java
Download link :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GtRLHXK4y3s97BH2UcYiJPNBaROR1DBV/view?
usp=drive_link
Steps to setup environmental variables
=======================================
step1:
------
Make sure JDK 11 installed successfully.
step2:
-----
Copy "lib" directory from java-home folder.
ex:
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11\lib
step3:
------
Paste "lib" directory in environmental variables.
ex:
Right click to My PC --> properties --> Advanced System
settings -->
Environmental variables --->
user variables --> click to new button
variable name : CLASSPATH
variable value : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11\lib; ---> ok.
system variables --> click to new button
variable name : path
variable value : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11\bin; --> ok
--> ok --> ok.
step4:
-----
Test the environment setup done perfectly or not.
ex:
cmd> javap
cmd> java -version
Steps to develop first Java application
=======================================
step1:
------
Make sure JDK 11 installed successfully.
step2:
-----
Make sure environmental setup done perfectly.
step3:
-----
Create a "javaprog" folder inside 'E' drive.
step4:
-----
Open the notepad and develop simple Hello World program.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
step5:
------
Save above program by using same name as class name inside
"javaprog" location.
step6:
------
Open the command prompt from javaprog location.
step7:
-----
Compile java program by using below command.
ex:
javac Test.java
|
file name
step8:
-----
Run java program by using below command.
ex:
java Test
|
class name
*Internal Architecture of JVM
================================
Diagram: java6.1
Java program contains java code instructions. Once if we compiled , our
java code instructions convert to byte code instructions in .class
file.
JVM will invoke one module called classloader or subsystem to load all
the byte code instructions from .class file. The work of classloader is
to check , these byte code instructions are proper or not. If they are
not proper then it will refuse the execution. If they are proper then
it will allocates the memories.
We have five types of memories.
1) Method Area
--------------
It contains code of a class, code of a variable and code of a method.
2) Heap
--------
Our object creations will store in heap area.
3) Java Stack
----------
[whenever we declare variables inside a method they will strore in java
Stack]
Java methods stored in method area. But to execute those methods we
required some memory and that memory will be allocated in Java Stack.
4) PC Register
--------------
It is a program counter register which is used to track the address of
an instructions.
5) Native Method Stack
-----------------------
Java methods execute in method area.
Similarly native methods execute in native method stack.
But we can't execute native methods directly. We required a program
called Native method interface.
Execution engine
---------------
Execution engine contains interpreter and JIT compiler.
Whenever JVM loads byte code instructions from .class file , it uses
interpreter and JIT compiler simultaneously.
Interpreter is used to execute our program line by line procedure.
JIT compiler is used to increase the execution speed of our program.
Atlast ,JVM converts our byte code converts to machine code and that
code execute in OS.
Interview Questions
===================
Q) What is Native Method in java?
A method which is developed by using some other language is called
native method.
Q) What is JIT compiler?
JIT compiler is a part of a JVM which is used to increase the execution
speed of our program.
Q) How many memories are there in java?
We have five memories in java.
1) Method Area
2) Heap
3) Java Stack
4) PC Register
5) Native Method Stack
Q)How many classloaders are there in java?
We have three predefined classloaders in java.
1) Bootstrap classloader
2) Extension classloader
3) System/Application classloader
*Datatypes
==============
Datatype describes what type of value we want to store in a variable.
Datatype also tells how much memory has to be created for a variable.
In java, datatypes are divided into two types.
1) Primitive Datatypes
2) Non-Primitive Datatypes
Diagram: java7.1
byte
-----
It is a smallest datatype in java.
Size : 1 byte ( 8 bits)
Range : -128 to 127 (-2^7 to 2^7-1)
ex:
---
1) byte b=10;
System.out.println(b); // 10
2) byte b=130;
System.out.println(b); // C.T.E
3) byte b=10.5;
System.out.println(b); // C.T.E
short
-----
It is a rarely used datatype in java.
Size : 2 bytes (16 bits)
Range : -32768 to 32767 (-2^15 to 2^15-1)
ex:
1) short s=10.56;
System.out.println(s); // C.T.E
2) short s="hi";
System.out.println(s); // C.T.E
3) short s=true;
System.out.println(s); // C.T.E
int
----
It is mostly used datatype in java.
Size : 4 bytes (32 bits)
Range : -2147483648 to 2147483647 (-2^31 to 2^31-1)
ex:
1) byte b=10;
short s=b;
int i=s;
System.out.println(i); // 10
2) int i="false";
System.out.printn(i); // C.T.E
3) int i=10.5;
System.out.println(i); // C.T.E
4) int i='a';
System.out.println(i); // 97
Note:
-----
In java for every character we have universal unicode value.
ex:
A -----> 65
a -----> 97
long
-----
If int datatype is not enough to hold large value then we need to use
long datatype.
Size : 8 bytes (64 bits)
Range : (-2^63 to 2^63-1)
ex:
1) long l="a";
System.out.println(l); //C.T.E
2) long l='A';
System.out.println(l); //65
3) long l=10.5;
System.out.println(l); //C.T.E
float double
---------- --------
If we need 4 to 6 decimal point of accuracy If we need 14 to 16
decimal point of accuracy
then we need to use float. then we need to use double.
Size: 4 bytes (32 bits) Size: 8 bytes (64 bits)
Range: -3.4e38 to 3.4e38 Range: -1.7e308 to 1.7e308
To declare a float value we need to To declare a double value
we need to suffix
suffix with 'f' or 'F'. with 'd' or 'D'.
ex: ex:
10.56f 10.56d
ex:
---
1) float f=10.5f;
System.out.println(f); // 10.5
2) float f=10;
System.out.println(f); // 10.0
3) float f='a';
System.out.println(f); // 97.0
4) float f="hi";
System.out.println(f); // C.T.E
5) float f=true;
System.out.println(f); // C.T.E
ex:
---
1) double d=10.5d;
System.out.println(d); // 10.5
2) double d=10;
System.out.println(d); // 10.0
3) double d='a';
System.out.println(d); // 97.0
4) double d="hi";
System.out.println(d); // C.T.E
5) double d=true;
System.out.println(d); // C.T.E
boolean
-------
It is used to represent boolean values either true or false.
Size : (Not Applicable) (1-bit)
Range : (Not Applicable)
ex:
1) boolean b="true";
System.out.println(b); // C.T.E
2) boolean b=TRUE;
System.out.println(b); // C.T.E
3) boolean b=true;
System.out.println(b); // true
char
----
It is a single character which is enclosed in a single quotation.
Size : 2 bytes (16 bits)
Range : 0 to 65535
ex:
1) char ch='a';
System.out.println(ch); // a
2) char ch=97;
System.out.println(ch); // a
3) char ch='ab';
System.out.println(ch); // C.T.E
Diagram: java7.2
Q) Write a java program to display range of byte datatype?
Range : -128 to 127
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Byte.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println(Byte.MAX_VALUE);
}
}
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:
Q) Write a java program to display range of int datatype?
Range : -2147483648 to 2147483647
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
}
Q) Is java , purely object oriented or not?
No, java will not consider as purely object oriented programming
language because it does not support many OOPS concepts like multiple
inheritence, operator overloading and more ever we depends upon
primitive datatypes which are non-objects.
*Types of variables
=====================
A name which is given to a memory location is called variable.
Purpose of variable is used to store the data.
In java, we have two types of variables.
1) Primitive variables
----------------------
It is used to represent primitive values.
2) Reference variables
----------------------
It is used to represent object reference.
ex:
Student s=new Student();
|
reference variable
Based on the position and execution these variables are divided into
three types.
1) Instance variables / Non-static variables
2) Static variables / Global variables
3) Local variables / Temperory variables / Automatic variables
1) Instance variables
----------------------
A value of a variable which is varied(changes) from object to object is
called instance variable.
Instance variable will be created at the time of object creation and it
will destroy at the time of object destruction. Hence scope of instance
variable is same as scope of an object.
Instance variable will store in heap area as a part of an object.
Instance variable must and should declare immediately after the class
but not inside methods, blocks and constructors.
Instance variable we can access directly from instance area but we
can't access directly from static area.
To access instance variable from static area we need to create object
reference.
ex:1
----
class Test
{
//instance variable
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(i);// C.T.E
}
}
ex:2
----
class Test
{
//instance variable
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i);// 10
}
}
Note:
------
If we won't initialize any value to instance variable then JVM will
initialize default values.
ex:3
----
class Test
{
//instance variable
boolean b;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.b);//false
}
}
ex:4
-----
class Test
{
//instance variable
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test();
System.out.println(t1.i); //10
System.out.println(t2.i); //10
t1.i=100;
System.out.println(t1.i); //100
System.out.println(t2.i); //10
}
}
ex:5
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
}
//non-static method
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("instance-method");
}
}
2) Static variables
-------------------
A value of a variable which is not varied from object to object is
called static variable.
Static variable will be created at the time of classloading and it will
destroy at the time of classunloading. Hence scope of static variable
is same as scope of a .class file.
Static variable will store in method area.
Static variable must and should declare immediately after the class
using static keyword but not inside methods, blocks and constructors.
Static variable we can access directly from instance area as well as
from static area.
Static variable we can access by using object reference and class name.
ex:1
----
class Test
{
static int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(i); //10
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i); //10
System.out.println(Test.i);//10
}
}
Note:
-----
If we won't initialize any value to static variable then JVM will
initialize default values.
ex:2
----
class Test
{
static String s=”ram”;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(s); //null
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.s); //null
System.out.println(Test.s);//null
}
}
ex:3
-----
class Test
{
static int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test();
System.out.println(t1.i); // 10
System.out.println(t2.i); // 10
t1.i=100;
System.out.println(t1.i); // 100
System.out.println(t2.i); // 100
}
}
ex:4
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
m1();
Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
Test.m1();
}
public static void m1()
{
System.out.println("static-method");
}
}
3) Local variables
-------------------
To meet temperory requirements we will declare some variables inside
methods, blocks and constructors such type of variables are called
local variables.
Local variable will be created as a part of execution block and it will
destroy when execution block is executed.Hence scope of local variable
is same as scope of a execution block where it is declared.
Local variable will store in java stack.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//local variable
int i=10;
System.out.println(i); //10
}
}
Note:
-----
If we won't initialize any value to local variable then JVM will not
initialize any default value.
ex:2
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//local variable
int i;
System.out.println(i); //variable i might not have been
initialized
}
}
A local variable will accept only one modifier is final.
ex:3
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//local variable
final int i=10;
System.out.println(i); //10
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Declare a class?
class Test
{
Q) Declare a instance variable?
int i=10;
Q) Declare a static variable?
static int i=10;
Q) Declare a main method?
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Q) Declare a non-static method?
public void methodOne()
{
}
Q) Declare a static method?
public static void methodOne()
{
*Main Method
=============
Our program contains main method or not. Either it is properly declared
or not. It is not a responsibility of a compiler to check. It is a
liability of a JVM to look for main method.
If JVM won't find main method then it will throw one runtime error
called main method not found.
JVM always look for main method with following signature.
ex:
public static void main(String[] args)
If we perform any changes in above signature then JVM will throw one
runtime error called main method not found.
Q) Explain main method in java?
public
------
JVM wants to call main method from anywhere.
static
------
JVM wants to call main method without using object reference.
void
-----
Main method does not return anything to JVM.
main
----
It is an identifier given to main method.
String[] args
-----------
It is a command line argument.
We can perform following changes in main method.
1) Order of modifiers is not important in case of public static we can
declare static public also.
ex:
static public void main(String[] args)
2) We can declare String[] in following acceptable formats.
ex:
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])
3) We can replace String[] with var-arg parameter.
ex:
public static void main(String... args)
4) We can change args with any java valid identifier.
ex:
public static void main(String[] ihub)
5) Main method will accept following modifiers.
ex:
synchronized, strictfp and final.
*Command line argument
========================
Arguments which are passing through command prompt such type of
arguments are called command line arguments.
In command line arguments we need to pass our inputs at runtime
command.
ex:
javac Test.java
java Test 101 Alan M 1000.0
| | | |_____args[3]
| | |__________args[2]
| |______________args[1]
|______________________args[0]
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(args[0]);
System.out.println(args[1]);
System.out.println(args[2]);
System.out.println(args[3]);
}
}
System.out.println()
====================
It is a output statement in java.
Whenever we want to display any userdefined statements or data then we
need to use output stmt.
syntax:
-------
static variable
|
System.out.println();
| |
predefined final predefined method
class
Diagram: java9.1
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
System.out.print("stmt2");
System.out.printf("stmt3");
}
}
Various ways to display the data
--------------------------------
1)
System.out.println("Hello World");
2)
int i=10;
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println("The value is ="+i);
2)
int i=10,j=20;
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
3)
int i=10,j=20,k=30;
System.out.println(i+" "+j+" "+k);
*Fully Qualified Name
=======================
Fully qualified name means we will declare a class or interface along
with package.
ex:
java.lang.System(C)
java.lang.Runnable(I)
Fully qualified name is used to improve readability of our code.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
java.util.Date d=new java.util.Date();
System.out.println(d);
}
}
*Import Statements
===================
Whenever we use import statements then we should not use fully
qualified name.
Using short name also we can achieve.
In java, we have three types of import statements.
1) Explicit class import
2) Implicit class import
3) Static import
1) Explicit class import
------------------------
This type of import statement is highly recommanded to use because it
will improve readability of our code.
ex:
import java.util.Date;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Date d=new Date();
System.out.println(d);
}
}
ex:
----
import java.time.LocalDate;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LocalDate date=LocalDate.now();
System.out.println(date);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LocalDate date=LocalDate.now();
System.out.println(date);
LocalTime time=LocalTime.now();
System.out.println(time);
}
}
2) Implicit class import
---------------------
This type of import statement is not recommanded to use because it will
reduce readability of our code.
ex:
---
import java.time.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LocalDate date=LocalDate.now();
System.out.println(date);
LocalTime time=LocalTime.now();
System.out.println(time);
}
}
3) Static import
----------------
Using static import we can call static members(static variables and
static methods) directly.
Often use of static import makes our program complex and unreadable.
ex:
---
import static java.lang.System.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
out.println("stmt1");
out.println("stmt2");
out.println("stmt3");
}
}
ex:
---
import static java.lang.System.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
out.println("stmt1");
exit(0);
out.println("stmt2");
}
}
EditPlus Editor
================
Download link : https://www.editplus.com/download.html
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two numbers?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
//logic
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+c);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two numbers without using
third variable?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+(a+b));
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to perform area of a rectangle?
Q) Write a java program to perform area of a triangle?
Q) Write a java program to perform square of a given number ?
input:
5
output:
25
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example3
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //5
//logic
int square=n*n;
System.out.println("square of a given number is ="+square);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out cube of a given number?
input:
5
output:
125
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example4
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //5
//logic
int cube=n*n*n;
System.out.println("Cube of a given number is ="+cube);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out area of a circle?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example5
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the Radius :");
int r=sc.nextInt();//5
float area=3.14f*r*r;
System.out.println("Area of a circle is ="+area);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform perimeter of a circle ?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example6
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the Radius :");
int r=sc.nextInt();//5
//logic
float perimeter=2*3.14f*r;
System.out.println("perimeter of a circle is ="+perimeter);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform swapping of two numbers?
input:
a = 10 and b = 20
output:
a = 20 and b = 10
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example7
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt(); //10
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt(); //20
System.out.println("a = "+a+" and b = "+b);
//swapping logic
int temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
System.out.println("a = "+a+" and b = "+b);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform swapping of two numbers without
using third variable?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example8
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt(); //10
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt(); //20
System.out.println("a = "+a+" and b = "+b);
//swapping logic
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
System.out.println("a = "+a+" and b = "+b);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to accept one salary then find out 10% of TDS?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example9
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the Salary :");
int salary=sc.nextInt();
float tds=(float)salary*10/100;
System.out.println("10 percent of TDS is ="+tds);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to convert CGPA to percentage?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Example10
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the CGPA :");
float cgpa=sc.nextFloat();
float percentage=cgpa*9.5f;
System.out.println("CGPA to percentage is ="+percentage);
}
}
*Typescasting in java
=======================
The process of converting from one datatype to another datatype is
called typecasting.
In java, typescasting can be performed in two ways.
1) Implicit typecasting
2) Explicit typecasting
1) Implicit typecasting (Upcasting)
-----------------------
If we want to store small value in a bigger variable then we need to
use implicit typecasting.
A compiler is responsible to perform implicit typecasting.
There is no possibility to loss the information.
It is also known as Widening or Upcasting.
We can perform implicit typecasting as follow.
ex:
byte ---> short
--->
int ---> long ---> float ---> double
--->
char
ex:1
-----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
byte b=10;
int i=b;
System.out.println(i);//10
}
}
ex:2
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char ch='a';
double d=ch;
System.out.println(d); // 97.0
}
}
ex:3
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
float f=i;
System.out.println(f); // 10.0
}
}
2) Explicit typecasting (downcasting)
-----------------------
If we want to store bigger value in a smaller variable then we need to
use explicit typecasting.
A programmer is responsible to perform explicit typecasting.
There is a possibility to loss the information.
It is also known as Narrowing or Downcasting.
We can perform explicit typecasting as follow.
ex:
byte <--- short
<---
int <--- long <--- float <--- double
<---
char
ex:1
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double d=10.5d;
int i=(int)d;
System.out.println(i); //10
}
}
ex:2
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=65;
char ch=(char)i;
System.out.println(ch); // A
}
}
ex:3
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=130;
byte b=(byte)i;
System.out.println(b); // -126
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to accept six marks of a student then find out
total and average?
*Types of blocks in Java
==========================
A block is a set of statements which is enclosed in a curly braces i.e
{}.
In java, we have three types of blocks.
1) Instance block
2) Static block
3) Local block
1) Instance block
------------------
It is used to initialize the values to instance variables.
Instance block must and should declare immediately after the class but
not inside methods and constructors.
Instance block will execute when we create an object.
We can declare instance block as follow.
syntax:
------
//instance block
{
-
- //set of statements
-
}
ex:1
----
class Test
{
//instance block
{
System.out.println("instance-block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("main-method");
}
}
o/p:
main-method
ex:2
-----
class Test
{
//instance block
{
System.out.println("instance-block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("main-method");
Test t=new Test();
}
}
o/p:
main-method
instance-block
ex:
----
class Test
{
//instance block
{
System.out.println("instance-block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println("main-method");
Test t2=new Test();
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
//instance variable
int i;
//instance block
{
i=100;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i);//100
}
}
2) Static block
-----------------
A static block is used to initialize the values to static variables.
A static block must and should declare immediately after the class
using static keyword.
A static block will execute at the time of classloading.
We can declare static block as follow.
syntax:
------
//static block
static
{
-
- //set of statements
-
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
//static block
static
{
System.out.println("static-block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("main-method");
}
}
o/p:
static-block
main-method
ex:
---
class Test
{
//instance block
{
System.out.println("instance-block");
}
//static block
static
{
System.out.println("static-block");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println("main-method");
}
}
o/p:
static-block
instance-block
main-method
ex:
----
class Test
{
//static variable
static int i;
//static block
static
{
i=200;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(i);//200
}
}
3) Local block
--------------
A local block is used to initialize the local variables.
A local block must and should declare inside the methods and
constructors.
A local block will execute just like normal statement.
We can declare a local block as follow.
syntax:
------
//local block
{
-
- //set of statements
-
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
//local block
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//local variable
int i;
//local block
{
i=300;
}
System.out.println(i); //300
}
}
Interview Question
==================
Q) Can we execute java program without main method?
Yes, Till Java 1.6 version it is possible to execute java program
without main method using static block. But from Java 1.7 version
onwards it is not possible to execute java program without main method.
ex:
class Test
{
static
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
System.exit(0);
}
}
Q) What is Literal ?
A value which is assigned to a variable is called literal.
ex:
int i = 10;
| | |___ value of a variable / Literal
| |_________ variable name / identifier
|______________ Datatype / keyword
*Operators
============
Operator is a symbol which is used to perform some operations on
operands.
ex:
c = a + b;
Here = and + are operators
Here a,b and c are operands.
It can be arithmetic operation, logical operation, bitwise operation
and etc.
We have following list of operators in java.
1) Assignment operators
2) Ternary / Conditional operators
3) Logical operators
4) Bitwise operators
5) Arithmetic operators
6) Relational operators
7) Shift operators
8) Unary operators
1) Assignment operators
-------------------------
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
i=20;
i=30;
System.out.println(i); // 30
}
}
Note:
-----
Re-initialization is possible in java.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int i=10;
i=20;
i=30;
System.out.println(i); //C.T.E
}
}
Note:
------
We can't change or modify final variable.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1,2,3,4,5;
System.out.println(i); //C.T.E
}
}
Note:
-----
We can't assign multiple values.
ex:
---
class Test
{
//global variable
static int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//local variable
int i=20;
System.out.println(i);//20
}
}
Note:
----
Here priority goes to local variables.
ex:
---
class Test
{
//static variable
static int i=100;
//instance variable
int i=200;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i); // C.T.E
}
}
Note:
-----
variable i is already defined in class Test
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
i+=5; // i = i + 5
System.out.println(i); //15
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
i-=5; // i = i - 5
System.out.println(i); //5
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
i*=5; // i = i * 5
System.out.println(i); //50
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
i/=5; // i = i / 5
System.out.println(i); //2
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
i/=50; // i = i / 50
System.out.println(i); //0
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
i %= 5;
System.out.println(i); // 1
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
i %= 15;
System.out.println(i); // 11
}
}
2) Ternary operators
====================
syntax:
-------
(condition)?value1:value2;
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean b=(5>2)?true:false;
System.out.println(b); //true
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=(5>20)?1:0;
System.out.println(i);//0
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s=(true)?"hi":"bye";
System.out.println(s);//hi
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out greatest of two numbers?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt(); // 10
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt(); // 20
//logic
int max=(a>b)?a:b;
System.out.println(max+" is greatest");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out greatest of three numbers?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt(); // 10
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt(); // 20
System.out.println("Enter the third number ");
int c=sc.nextInt(); // 5
//logic
int max=(a>b)?((a>c)?a:c):((b>c)?b:c);
System.out.println(max+" is greatest");
}
}
3) Logical operators
=====================
Logical AND operator (&&)
------------------------
Logical AND operator deals with boolean values either true or false.
Truth table
-----------
T T = T
T F = F
F T = F
F F = F
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(true && true); //true
System.out.println(true && false); //false
System.out.println(false && true); //false
System.out.println(false && false); //false
}
}
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean b = (5>2) && (10<20);
System.out.println(b); // true
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s=((6>2) && (10<5))?"Welcome":"Thankyou";
System.out.println(s); //Thankyou
}
}
Logical OR operator (||)
-------------------------
Logical OR operator deals with boolean values either true or false.
Truth table
-----------
T T = T
T F = T
F T = T
F F = F
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(true || true); // true
System.out.println(true || false); // true
System.out.println(false || true); // true
System.out.println(false || false); // false
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean b = (5>2) || (60<10);
System.out.println(b); // true
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=(5>20 || false)?1:0;
System.out.println(i); // 0
}
}
Logical NOT operator (!)
------------------------
Logical NOT operator deals with boolean values either true or false.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str=(!(5>2))?"Hi":"Bye";
System.out.println(str); // Bye
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str=(!(5>20))?"Hi":"Bye";
System.out.println(str); // Hi
}
}
How to convert decimal to binary number
----------------------------------------
Decimal number - 10
Binary number - 1010
2|10
---- 0
2|5
---- 1
2|2
---- 0
1
How to convert binary to decimal number
---------------------------------------
binary number - 1010
decimal number - 10
1010
<---
0*1 + 1*2 + 0*4 + 1*8
0 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 10
4) Bitwise operators
=====================
Bitwise AND operator (&&)
--------------------------
Bitwise AND operator deals with binary numbers.
Truth table
----------
T T = T
T F = F
F T = F
F F = F
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10, b=15;
int c = a & b;
System.out.println(c); //10
}
}
/*
10 - 1010
15 - 1111
----------
& - 1010
<----
0*1 + 1*2 + 0*4 + 1*8
0 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 10
*/
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=2, b=3;
int c = a & b;
System.out.println(c); //2
}
}
/*
2 - 0010
3 - 0011
--------
& - 0010
<----
0*1 + 1*2 + 0*4 + 0*8
0 + 2 + 0 + 0 = 2
*/
Bitwise OR operator (||)
--------------------------
Bitwise AND operator deals with binary numbers.
Truth table
----------
T T = T
T F = T
F T = T
F F = F
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10,b=15;
int c = a | b;
System.out.println(c); //15
}
}
/*
10 - 1010
15 - 1111
----------
| - 1111
<----
1*1 + 1*2 + 1*4 + 1*8
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15
*/
Bitwise XOR operator (^)
--------------------------
Bitwise AND operator deals with binary numbers.
Truth table
----------
T T = F
T F = T
F T = T
F F = F
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10,b=15;
int c = a ^ b;
System.out.println(c); // 5
}
}
/*
10 - 1010
15 - 1111
----------
^ - 0101
<----
1*1 + 0*2 + 1*4 + 0*8
1 + 0 + 4 + 0 = 5
*/
Bitwise NOT operator (~)
-------------------------
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= ~10;
System.out.println(i); // -11
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= ~56;
System.out.println(i); // -57
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= ~(-10);
System.out.println(i); // 9
}
}
5) Arithmetic Operators
=======================
% - modules
/ - division
* - multiplication
+ - addition
- - subtraction
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= 6+7%2+5*2+8/2+9/10+6*2+10%20-40;
System.out.println(i); // 3
}
}
/*
6 + 7%2 + 5*2 + 8/2 + 9/10 + 6*2 + 10%20 - 40
6 + 1 + 10 + 4 + 0 + 12 + 10 - 40
43 - 40
3 */
6) Relational operators
========================
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(10 > 20); //false
System.out.println(10 >= 20 ); //false
System.out.println(10 < 20); //true
System.out.println(10 <= 10); //true
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(10 == 10); //true
System.out.println(10 == 20); //false
System.out.println(10 != 10); //false
System.out.println(10 != 20); //true
}
}
7) Shift operators
===================
Right shift operator (>>)
--------------------------
10 >> 1 = 10/2
10 >> 2 = 10/4 (10/2*2)
10 >> 3 = 10/8 (10/2*2*2)
10 >> 4 = 10/16 (10/2*2*2*2)
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= 10 >> 3; //10/8
System.out.println(i); // 1
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i= 100 >> 5; // 100 / 32
System.out.println(i); // 3
}
}
Left shift operator (<<)
--------------------------
10 << 1 = 10*2
10 << 2 = 10*4 (10/2*2)
10 << 3 = 10*8 (10/2*2*2)
10 << 4 = 10*16 (10/2*2*2*2)
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 5 << 3; // 5 * 8
System.out.println(i); // 40
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 10 << 6;
System.out.println(i); // 10 * 64 = 640
}
}
8)Unary operators
=================
Increment/Decrement operators(++/--)
-------------------------------------
We have two types of increment operators.
1) Post Increment
ex:
i++;
2) Pre Increment
ex:
++i;
We have two types of decrement operators.
1) Post Decrement
ex:
i--;
2) Pre Decrement
ex:
--i;
Post increment / decrement
===========================
Rule1: First Take
Rule2: Then Change
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
i++;
System.out.println(i); //11
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
System.out.println(i++); //10
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
int j=i++;
System.out.println(i+" "+j); // 11 10
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
int j=i-- + i--; //10 + 9
System.out.println(i+" "+j); // 8 19
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
int j = i++ + i-- - i++; //10 - 11 + 10
System.out.println(i+" "+j); //11 11
}
}
Pre Increment/Decrement
-------------------------
Rule1: First Change
Rule2 : Than Take
ex:1
-----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
++i;
System.out.println(i);//11
}
}
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
System.out.println(++i);//11
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
int j=++i;
System.out.println(i+" "+j);//11 11
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
int j=--i + --i; // 9 + 8
System.out.println(i+" "+j);// 8 17
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
System.out.println(i++ + ++i);// 10 + 12 = 22
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=100;
100++;
System.out.println(i);// C.T.E
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
System.out.println(++(i++)); //C.T.E
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
byte b=127;
b++;
System.out.println(b);//-128
}
}
Question
=========
Q) Write a java program to find square of a given number?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //5
int result=(int)Math.pow(n,2);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to convert USD to INR ?
Input:
1
Output:
83.52
Q) Write a java program to convert INR to USD?
Input:
83.52
Output:
1
Control Statements
=====================
Control statement enables the programmer to control flow of the
program.
Control statement allows us to make decisions, to jump from one section
of code to another section and to execute the code repeatedly.
In java, we have four control statements.
1) Decision Making Statement
2) Select Statement
3) Iteration Statement
4) Jump Statement
1) Decision Making Statement
---------------------------
It is used to declare condition in our code.
Decision making statement is possible by using following ways.
i) if stmt
ii) if else stmt
iii) if else if ladder
iv) nested if stmt
i) if stmt
------------
It is used to execute the code only if our condition is true.
syntax:
-----
if(condition)
{
-
- //code to be execute if cond is true
-
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(5>2)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt2
stmt3
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(!(5>2))
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt3
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
if(false)
System.out.println("stmt1");
System.out.println("stmt2");
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
}
o/p:
stmt2
stmt3
Q) Write a java program to find out greatest of two numbers?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
if(a>b)
System.out.println(a+" is greatest");
if(b>a)
System.out.println(b+" is greatest");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out greatest of three numbers?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the third number :");
int c=sc.nextInt();
if((a>b) && (a>c))
System.out.println(a+" is greatest");
if((b>a) && (b>c))
System.out.println(b+" is greatest");
if((c>a) && (c>b))
System.out.println(c+" is greatest");
}
}
ii) if else stmt
----------------
It will execute the source code either our condition is true or false.
syntax:
------
if(condition)
{
-
- //code to be execute if cond is true
-
}
else
{
-
- //code to be execute if cond is false
-
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(6!=10)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
else
{
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
System.out.println("stmt4");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt2
stmt4
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(6==10)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
else
{
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
System.out.println("stmt4");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt3
stmt4
Q) Write a java program to check given age is eligible to vote or not?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the age :");
int age=sc.nextInt();
if(age>=18)
System.out.println("U r eligible to vote");
else
System.out.println("U r not eligible to vote");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is positive or negative ?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
if(n==0)
{
System.out.println("It is not a positive or negative
number");
System.exit(0);
}
if(n>0)
System.out.println("It is a positive number");
else
System.out.println("It is a negative number");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is even or odd ?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
if(n%2==0)
System.out.println("It is even number");
else
System.out.println("It is odd number");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is odd or not?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
if(n%2!=0)
System.out.println("It is odd number");
else
System.out.println("It is not odd number");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given year is a leap year or not?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the year:");
int year=sc.nextInt();
if(year%4==0 && year%100!=0 || year%400==0)
System.out.println("It is a leap year");
else
System.out.println("It is not a leap year");
}
}
iii) if else if ladder
----------------------
It will execute the source code based on multiple conditions.
syntax:
------
if(cond1)
{
-//code to be execute if cond1 is true
}
else if(cond2)
{
-//code to be execute if cond2 is true
}
else if(cond3)
{
-//code to be execute if cond is true
}
else
{
-//code to be execute if all condition are false.
}
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the option:");
int option=sc.nextInt();
if(option==100)
System.out.println("It is a police number");
else if(option==103)
System.out.println("It is enquiry number");
else if(option ==108)
System.out.println("It is emergency number");
else
System.out.println("Invalid option");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given alphabet is a uppercase letter,
lowercase letter, digit or a special symbol?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the alphabet:");
char ch=sc.next().charAt(0);
if(ch>='A' && ch<='Z')
System.out.println("It is uppercase letter");
else if(ch>='a' && ch<='z')
System.out.println("It is lowercase letter");
else if(ch>='0' && ch<='9')
System.out.println("It is a digit");
else
System.out.println("It is a special symbol");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given alphabet is a vowel or not?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the alphabet:");
char ch=sc.next().charAt(0);
if(ch=='a' || ch=='A')
System.out.println("It is a vowel");
else if(ch=='e' || ch=='E')
System.out.println("It is a vowel");
else if(ch=='i' || ch=='I')
System.out.println("It is a vowel");
else if(ch=='o' || ch=='O')
System.out.println("It is a vowel");
else if(ch=='u' || ch=='U')
System.out.println("It is a vowel");
else
System.out.println("It is not a vowel");
}
}
Assignment
===========
Write a java program to accept six marks of a student then find out
total, average and grade?
i) If average is greater then equals to 70 then A grade
ii) If average is greater then equals to 50 then B grade
iii) If average is greater then equals to 35 then C grade
iv) if average is less then 35 then failed.
iv) nested if stmt
==================
If declare if stmt inside another if stmt is called nested if stmt.
syntax:
------
if(condition)
{
if(condition)
{
-
- //code to be execute
-
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(5>2)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
if(true)
{
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
System.out.println("stmt4");
}
System.out.println("stmt5");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt2
stmt3
stmt4
stmt5
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(5>20)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
if(true)
{
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
System.out.println("stmt4");
}
System.out.println("stmt5");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt5
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(5>2)
{
System.out.println("stmt2");
if(false)
{
System.out.println("stmt3");
}
System.out.println("stmt4");
}
System.out.println("stmt5");
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
stmt2
stmt4
stmt5
Q) Write a java program to find out given number is +ve or -ve using
nested if stmt ?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
if(n!=0)
{
if(n>0)
{
System.out.println("It is positive number");
System.exit(0);
}
System.out.println("It is negative number");
}
}
}
2) Selection statement
======================
switch
=======
It will execute the source code based on multiple conditions.
It is similar to if else if ladder.
syntax:
------
switch(condition)
{
case value1: //code to be execute
break stmt;
case value2: //code to be execute
break stmt;
-
-
default: //code to be execute if all cases are false.
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the option :");
int option=sc.nextInt();
switch(option)
{
case 100: System.out.println("It is a police number");
break;
case 103: System.out.println("It is a enquirynumber");
break;
case 108: System.out.println("It is a emergency
number");
break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid option");
}
}
}
Declaration of break stmt is optional. If won't declare break stmt then
from where our condition is satisfied from there all cases will be
executed. That state is called fall through state of switch case.
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the option :");
int option=sc.nextInt();
switch(option)
{
case 100: System.out.println("It is a police number");
//break;
case 103: System.out.println("It is a enquiry
number");
//break;
case 108: System.out.println("It is a emergency
number");
//break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid option");
}
}
}
The allowed datatype of switch case are byte , short, int, char and
String.
Q) Write a java program to find out given alphabet is a vowel or
consonent?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the alphabet :");
char ch=sc.next().charAt(0);
switch(ch)
{
case 'a': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break;
case 'e': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break;
case 'i': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break;
case 'o': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break;
case 'u' : System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break;
default: System.out.println("It is a consonent");
}
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the string :");
String str=sc.next();
switch(str)
{
case "one": System.out.println("January"); break;
case "two": System.out.println("February"); break;
case "three": System.out.println("March"); break;
case "four": System.out.println("April"); break;
case "five" : System.out.println("May"); break;
default: System.out.println("Coming Soon...");
}
}
}
3) Iteration Statement
======================
Iteration statement is used to execute the source code repeatedly.
Iterataion statement is possible by using LOOPs.
We have four types of loops.
i) do while loop
ii) while loop
iii) for loop
iv) for each loop
i) do while loop
-----------------
It will execute the source code untill our condition is true.
syntax:
-----
do
{
-
- //code to be execute
-
}while(condition);
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
do
{
System.out.print(i+" "); // infinite 1
}
while(i<=10);
}
}
In do while loop, our code will execute atleast for one time either our
condition is true or false.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
do
{
System.out.print(i+" "); //11
}
while(i<=10);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display 10 natural numbers?
natural numbers : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
do
{
System.out.print(i+" "); //1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
i++;
}
while (i<=10);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display 10 natural numbers in descending
order?
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
do
{
System.out.print(i+" "); //10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
i--;
}
while (i>=1);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of 10 natural numbers?
output:
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10 = 55
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1,sum=0;
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
while (i<=10);
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out factorial of a given number?
input:
n=5
output:
120 (5*4*3*2*1)
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int i=n ,fact=1;
do
{
fact = fact * i;
i--;
}
while (i>=1);
System.out.println(fact);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display multiplication table of a given
number?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int i=1;
do
{
System.out.println(n+" * "+i+" = "+n*i);
i++;
}
while (i<=10);
}
}
ii) while loop
==============
It will execute the source code untill our condition is true.
syntax:
------
while(condition)
{
-
- //code to be execute
-
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.print(i+" "); // infinite 1
}
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=11;
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.print(i+" "); // nothing
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display 100 natural numbers?
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
while(i<=100)
{
System.out.print(i+" "); // 1 2 3 ... 100
i++;
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display sum of 10 natural numbers?
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1,sum=0;
while(i<=10)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out factorial of a given number?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int i=n ,fact=1;
while(i>=1)
{
fact=fact*i;
i--;
}
System.out.println(fact);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display multiplication table of a given
number?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.println(n+" * "+i+" = "+n*i);
i++;
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of digits of a given number?
input:
123
output:
6
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int rem,sum=0;
while(n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem;
n=n/10;
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is armstrong or not?
input:
153
output:
It is an amrstrong number (1*1*1+5*5*5+3*3*3)(1+125+27)(153)
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //153
int temp=n;
int rem,sum=0;
while(n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem*rem*rem;
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==sum)
System.out.println("It is an armstrong number");
else
System.out.println("It is not an armstrong number");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a given number?
Input:
123
Output:
321
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int rem,rev=0;
while(n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
rev=rev*10+rem;
n=n/10;
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out given number is palindrome or not?
input:
121
output:
It is a palindrome number
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int temp=n;
int rem,rev=0;
while(n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
rev=rev*10+rem;
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==rev)
System.out.println("It is a palindrome number");
else
System.out.println("It is not a palidrome number");
}
}
Orchasp company Interview Question
==================================
Write a java program to calculate costs based on user input. The
program
should prompt users to enter the total weight of items(in kilograms)
and the shipping destination (domestic or international). For demostic
orders, the program should charge Rs.500 for weights upto 5 kg and
Rs.100 per additional kg. For international orders, it should charge
Rs.1000 for weights upto 5 kg , Rs.200 per additional kg , and a Rs.500
surcharge for weights exceeding 10 kg. print calculated shipping cost.
Input:
Enter total weight of items : 11
Enter the shipping destination : domestic
Output:
1100 (weight <=5 --> Rs. 500 + 600(6kgs) ) --> Domestic
2700 (weight<=5 --> Rs. 1000 + 1200(6*200) + 500) -->
International
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the Total Weight of Item :");
int weight=sc.nextInt(); //11
System.out.println("Enter the destination :");
String destination=sc.next();//domestic
if(destination.equals("domestic"))
{
if(weight<=5)
System.out.println(500);
else if(weight>5)
System.out.println(500 + (weight-5) * 100);
}
else
{
if(weight<=5)
System.out.println(1000);
else if(weight>5 && weight<=10)
System.out.println(1000 + (weight-5)*200);
else if(weight>10)
System.out.println(1000 + (weight-5)*200 + 500);
}
}
}
3) for loop
===========
It will execute the source code untill our condition is true.
syntax:
------
for(initialization;condition;incrementation/decrementation)
{
-
- //code to be execute
-
}
Note:
-----
If number of iterations are known by the user then we need to use for
loop.
If number of iterations are not known by the user then we need to use
while loop.
If number of iterations are not known by the user but code must execute
atleast for one time then we need to use do while loop.
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");//1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
}
}
}
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=10;i>=1;i--)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");//10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
}
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sum=0;
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
sum+=i;
}
System.out.println(sum); //55
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
System.out.print(i+" "); //2 4 6 8 10
}
}
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int cnt=0;
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
cnt++;
}
}
System.out.println(cnt); //5
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(;;)
{
System.out.print("Hello ");
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is prime or not?
Prime numbers :
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
boolean flag=true;
for(int i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
System.out.println("It is a prime number");
else
System.out.println("It is not a prime number");
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to find out factorial of a given number using
for loop?
Input:
n = 5
Output:
120
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a given number?
Input:
123
Output:
ThreeTwoOne
Q)Write a java program to display prime numbers from 1 to 100?
output:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int n=2;n<=100;n++)
{
boolean flag=true;
for(int i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
System.out.print(n+" ");
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given number is perfect or not?
Input:
6
output:
It is a perfect number
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //6
int sum=0;
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
sum+=i;
}
}
if(n==sum)
System.out.println("It is a perfect number");
else
System.out.println("It is not a perfect number");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out GCD(Greatest Common Divisor) of two
numbers?
Input:
12 18
Output:
6
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=12,b=18,gcd=0;
for(int i=1;i<=a && i<=b;i++)
{
if((a%i==0) && (b%i==0))
{
gcd=i;
}
}
System.out.println("GCD of two numbers is ="+gcd);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display fibonacci series of a given number?
input:
6
output:
0 1 1 2 3 5 8
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
int a=0,b=1,c;
System.out.print(a+" "+b+" ");
for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
{
c=a+b;
System.out.print(c+" ");
a=b;
b=c;
}
}
}
LOOP Patterns
===============
1)
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
2)
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
3)
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
4)
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
5)
A A A A
B B B B
C C C C
D D D D
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(char i='A';i<='D';i++)
{
//cols
for(char j='A';j<='D';j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
6)
D D D D
C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(char i='D';i>='A';i--)
{
//cols
for(char j='A';j<='D';j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
7)
* * * *
* *
* *
* * * *
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
if(i==1 || i==4 || j==1 || j==4)
System.out.print("* ");
else
System.out.print(" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
8)
* - - -
- * - -
- - * -
- - - *
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
if(i==j)
System.out.print("* ");
else
System.out.print("- ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
9)
* - - - *
- * - * -
- - * - -
- * - * -
* - - - *
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
{
if(i==j || i+j==6)
System.out.print("* ");
else
System.out.print("- ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Assignment
==========
Write a java program to display below loop pattern?
ex:
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
Write a java program to display below loop pattern?
ex:
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Left Side Loop Patterns
=======================
1)
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
2)
4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
3)
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//ascending
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
//descending
//rows
for(int i=3;i>=1;i--)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
4)
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 0
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int k=1;
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(k<=9)
{
System.out.print(k+" ");
k++;
}
else
{
System.out.print("0 ");
}
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
5)
2
4 6
8 10 12
14 16 18 20
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num=2;
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(num+" ");
num+=2;
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
5)
1
3 5
7 9 11
13 15 17 19
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num=1;
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(num+" ");
num+=2;
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
6)
2
3 5
7 11 13
17 19 23 29
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num=2;
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
while(true)
{
boolean flag=true;
for(int k=2;k<=num/2;k++)
{
if(num%k==0)
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
{
System.out.print(num+" ");
num++;
break;
}
num++;
}
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
7)
1
2 1
1 2 3
4 3 2 1
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//odd records
if(i%2!=0)
{
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
else
{
for(int j=i;j>=1;j--)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Right side loop patterns
========================
1)
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//right elements
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
2)
4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//right elements
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
3)
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//ascending
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//element
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
//descending
//rows
for(int i=3;i>=1;i--)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//element
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Pyramid patterns
================
1)
1
1 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 3 2 1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//left side elements
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//right side elements
for(int j=i-1;j>=1;j--)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
2)
1 2 3 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 2 1
1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=4;i>=1;i--)
{
//space
for(int j=4;j>i;j--)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//left side elements
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//right side elements
for(int j=i-1;j>=1;j--)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Interview Questions
===================
Q) Write a java program to display below loop pattern?
*
*
* * * * *
*
*
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
//cols
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
{
if(i==3 || j==3)
System.out.print("* ");
else
System.out.print(" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display below loop pattern?
1 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 3 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int rows=4;
//rows
for(int i=1;i<=rows;i++)
{
//left side
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//space
for(int j=1;j<=(rows-i)*2;j++)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
//right side
for(int j=i;j>=1;j--)
{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to display below loop pattern?
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
Q)Write a java program to display pascal triangle?
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
//spaces
for(int j=1;j<5-i;j++)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
int number=1;
for(int k=0;k<=i;k++)
{
System.out.print(number+" ");
number = number * (i-k)/(k+1);
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display pyramid loop pattern?
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//rows
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
//spaces
for(int j=1;j<5-i;j++)
{
System.out.print(" ");
}
for(int k=0;k<=i;k++)
{
System.out.print("* ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
4) Jump Statements
==================
Jump statements are used to jump from one section of code to another
section.
We have two types of jump statements.
i) break stmt
ii) continue stmt
i) break stmt
-------------
A break statement is used to break the execution of loops and switch
case.
For conditional statements we can use if condition.
syntax:
break;
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
break;
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : break outside switch or loop
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(true)
{
break;
}
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : break outside switch or loop
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
{
break;
}
System.out.print(i+" ");//1 2 3 4
}
}
}
ii) continue stmt
------------------
It is used to continue the execution of loops.
For conditional statement we can use if condition.
syntax:
continue;
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
continue;
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : continue outside of loop
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
if(true)
{
continue;
}
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : continue outside of loop
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
{
continue;
}
System.out.print(i+" ");//1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
}
}
}
Various ways to declare methods in java
=============================================
There are four ways to declare methods in java.
1) No returntype with No argument method
2) No returntype with Argument method
3) With returntype with No argument method
4) With returntype with Argument method
1) No returntype with No argument method
----------------------------------------
If we don't have arguments then we need to ask input values inside
callie method.
Q) Write a java program to display sum of two numbers using no
returntype with no argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
sum();
}
//callie method
public static void sum()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();//10
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();//20
int c=a+b;
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+c);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out factorial of a given number using
no return type with no argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
factorial();
}
//callie method
public static void factorial()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //5
int fact=1;
for(int i=n;i>=1;i--)
{
fact*=i;
}
System.out.println("Factorial of a given number is ="+fact);
}
}
2) No returntype with Argument method
-------------------------------------
If we have arguments then we need to ask input values inside main
method.
Number of arguments are depends upon number of inputs.
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two numbers using no
returntype with argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
sum(a,b);
}
//callie method
public static void sum(int a,int b)
{
int c=a+b;
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+c);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a given number using no
returntype with argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); //123
//caller method
reverse(n);
}
//callie method
public static void reverse(int n)
{
while(n>0)
{
switch(n%10)
{
case 0: System.out.print("Zero");
break;
case 1: System.out.print("One");
break;
case 2: System.out.print("Two");
break;
case 3: System.out.print("Three");
break;
case 4: System.out.print("Four");
break;
case 5: System.out.print("Five");
break;
case 6: System.out.print("Six");
break;
case 7: System.out.print("Seven");
break;
case 8: System.out.print("Eight");
break;
case 9: System.out.print("Nine");
break;
}
n=n/10;
}
}
}
Assignment
==========
Q) Write a java program to check given number is palindrome or not
using
i) No Returntype with no argument
ii) No Returntype with no argument
3) With returntype with No argument method
-------------------------------------------
Here return type is depends upon output datatype.
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two numbers using with
returntype with no argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
int k=sum();
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+k);
}
//callie method
public static int sum()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
//logic
int c=a+b;
return c;
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out area of a circle using with
returntype with no argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
float k=circle();
System.out.println("Area of a circle is ="+k);
}
//callie method
public static float circle()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the radius :");
int r=sc.nextInt();
//logic
float area=3.14f*r*r;
return area;
}
}
4) With returntype with Argument method
=======================================
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two numbers using with
returntype with argument method?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first number :");
int a=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the second number :");
int b=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is ="+sum(a,b));
}
//callie method
public static int sum(int a,int b)
{
int c=a+b;
return c;
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out given number is even or odd using
with returntype with argument method?
approach1
----------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
System.out.println(find(n));
}
//callie method
public static String find(int n)
{
if(n%2==0)
return "It is even number";
else
return "It is odd number";
}
}
approach2
---------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
int k=find(n);
if(k==1)
System.out.println("It is even number");
else
System.out.println("It is odd number");
}
//callie method
public static int find(int n)
{
if(n%2==0)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
}
approach3
-------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
boolean b=find(n);
if(b)
System.out.println("It is even number");
else
System.out.println("It is odd number");
}
//callie method
public static boolean find(int n)
{
if(n%2==0)
return true;
else
return false;
}
}
Assignment
============
Q) Write a java program to check given number is Armstrong or not?
Recursion
============
A method which call itself for many number of times is called
recursion.
It is similar to loopings.
Whenever we use recursion, we should not use loops.
Q) Write a java program to display 10 natural numbers without using
loops?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
display(1);
}
//callie method
public static void display(int i)
{
if(i<=10)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
display(i+1);
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out factorial of a given number using
recursion?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt();
//caller method
System.out.println(factorial(n));
}
//callie method
public static int factorial(int n)
{
if(n<0)
return -1;
if(n==0)
return 1;
return n*factorial(n-1);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out Nth-element of fibonacci series ?
Fibonacci sequence : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 . . . .
Input:
4
Output:
2
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number :");
int n=sc.nextInt(); // 4
//caller method
System.out.println(fib(n));
}
//Callie method
public static int fib(int n)
{
if(n==0 || n==1)
return 0;
if(n==2)
return 1;
return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2);
}
}
*Arrays
=========
Arrays is a collection of homogeneous data elements.
The main advantages of array are
1) We can represent multiple elements using single variable name.
ex:
int[] arr={10,20,30};
2) Performance point of view arrays are recommended to use.
The main disadvantages of array are
1) Arrays are fixed in size. Once if we create an array there is no
chance of increasing or decreasing the size of an array.
2) To use array concept in advanced we should know what is the size of
an array which is always
not possible.
In java, Arrays are divided into three types.
1) Single Dimensional Array
2) Double Dimensional / Two Dimensional Array
3) Multi Dimensional / Three Dimensional Array
Array Declaration
=================
At the time of array declaration we should not specify array size.
Array
|
|--------------------------|-------------------------|
Single Dimensional Array Double Dimensional Array Multi Dimensional
Array
int[] arr; int[][] arr; int[][][] arr;
int []arr; int [][]arr; int [][][]arr;
int arr[]; int arr[][]; int arr[][][];
int[] []arr; int[][] []arr;
int[] arr[]; int[][] arr[];
int []arr[]; int[] [][]arr;
int[] arr[][];
int[] []arr[];
int [][]arr[];
int []arr[][];
Array Creation
==============
In java, every array consider as an object. Hence we will use new
operator to create an array.
Diagram: java22.1
Rules to constructor an array
-----------------------------
Rule1:
-----
At the time of array creation compulsory we need to specify array
size.
ex:
int[] arr=new int[3];
int[] arr=new int[]; // C.T.E Array Dimension Missing
Rule2:
------
It is legal to have an array size with zero.
ex:
int[] arr=new int[0];
System.out.println(arr.length);//0
Rule3:
-----
We can't give negative numbers as an array size otherwise we will
get
runtime exception called NegativeArraySizeException.
ex:
int[] arr=new int[-3];
Rule4:
-----
The allowed datatype for an array size is byte,short,int and
char.
If we take other datatypes then we will get compile time error.
ex:
byte b=10;
int[] arr=new int[b];
int[] arr=new int['a'];
int[] arr=new int[10.5f]; //C.T.E
Rule5:
-----
The maximum length we can take for array size is maximum length
of int datatype.
ex:
int[] arr=new int[2147483647];
Array Initialization
====================
Once if we create an array , every array element initialized with
default values.
If we are not happy with default values then we can change with
customized values.
Diagram: java22.2
Array Declaration , Creation and Initialization using single line
================================================================
int[] arr;
arr = new int[3];
arr[0]=10;
arr[1]=20;
arr[2]=30; ==> int[] arr={10,20,30};
==> char[] carr={'a','b','c'};
==> String[] sarr={"hi","hello","bye"};
Q) What is the difference between length and length() method ?
length
-------
It is a final variable which is applicable for arrays.
It will return size of an array.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr=new int[5];
System.out.println(arr.length); //5
}
}
length() method
----------------
It is a final method which is applicable for String objects.
It will return number of characters present in string.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";
System.out.println(str.length()); //7
}
}
Single Dimensional Array programs
=================================
1) Write a java program to accept array elements and display them ?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the array size :");
int size=sc.nextInt(); // 5
int[] arr=new int[size];
//inserting elements
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.println("Enter the element :");
arr[i]=sc.nextInt();
}
//displaying elements
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
}
2) Write a java program to display array elements?
input:
4 8 1 3 9 7
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
//display
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
}
for each loop
==============
For each loop is used to iterate the elements from arrays.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
//for each loop
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
3) Write a java program to display array elements in reverse order?
input:
4 8 1 3 9 7
output:
7 9 3 1 8 4
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
for(int i=arr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
4) Write a java program to perform sum of array elements?
input:
4 8 1 3 9 7
output:
32
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
int sum=0;
for(int i:arr)
{
sum+=i;
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
5) Write a java program to display even elements from given array?
input:
4 8 1 3 9 7
output:
4 8
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
for(int i:arr)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
6) Write a java program to display number of odd elements?
input:
4 8 1 3 9 7
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,1,3,9,7};
int cnt=0;
for(int i:arr)
{
if(i%2!=0)
{
cnt++;
}
}
System.out.println(cnt);
}
7) Write a java program to display prime elements from given array?
input:
4 2 9 5 7 12 13 20
output:
2 5 7 13
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,2,9,5,7,12,13,20};
for(int n:arr)
{
boolean flag=true;
for(int i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
System.out.print(n+" ");
}
}
Assignment
===========
8) Write a java program to display array elements in sorting order?
input:
5 8 1 3 9 6
output:
1 3 5 6 8 9
8) Write a java program to display array elements in sorting order?
input:
9 1 5 2 7 6 4
output:
1 2 4 5 6 7 9
ex:
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={9,1,5,2,7,6,4};
Arrays.sort(arr);
//display the elements
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
9) Write a java program to display array elements in sorting order
without using sort() method?
input:
9 1 5 2 7 6 4
output:
1 2 4 5 6 7 9
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={9,1,5,2,7,6,4};
//ascending logic
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<arr.length;j++)
{
if(arr[i]<arr[j])
{
int temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=temp;
}
}
}
//display
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
10) Write a java program to display array elements in descending order?
input:
9 1 5 2 7 6 4
output:
9 7 6 5 4 2 1
ex:
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={9,1,5,2,7,6,4};
Arrays.sort(arr);//1 2 4 5 6 7 9
//reading reverse
for(int i=arr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
}
11) Write a java program to display array elements in descending order
without using sort() method?
input:
9 1 5 2 7 6 4
output:
9 7 6 5 4 2 1
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={9,1,5,2,7,6,4};
//decending logic
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<arr.length;j++)
{
if(arr[i]>arr[j])
{
int temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=temp;
}
}
}
//display
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
12) Write a java program to find out highest element from given array?
input:
1 5 2 7 9 6 4
output:
9
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={1,5,2,7,9,6,4};
int big=arr[0];
for(int i:arr)
{
If(i>big)
{
big=i;
}
}
System.out.println(big);
}
}
13) Write a java program to find out least element from given array?
input:
5 2 7 1 9 6 4
output:
1
+-
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={5,2,7,1,9,6,4};
int small=arr[0];
for(int i:arr)
{
if(i<small)
{
small=i;
}
}
System.out.println(small);
}
}
14) Write a java program to display three highest elements from given
array?
input:
4 8 2 9 6 1 7 5
output:
9 8 7
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={4,8,2,9,6,1,7,5};
int firstElement=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
int secondElement=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
int thirdElement=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for(int i:arr)
{
if(i>firstElement)
{
thirdElement=secondElement;
secondElement=firstElement;
firstElement=i;
}
else if(i>secondElement)
{
thirdElement=secondElement;
secondElement=i;
}
else if(i>thirdElement)
{
thirdElement=i;
}
}
System.out.println(firstElement+" "+secondElement+"
"+thirdElement);
}
}
15) Write a java program to display duplicate elements from given
array?
input:
5 7 1 3 9 4 1 3 7 6
output:
7 1 3
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={5,7,1,3,9,4,1,3,7,6};
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
for(int j=i+1;j<arr.length;j++)
{
if(arr[i]==arr[j])
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
}
}
}
16) Write a java program to display unique elements from given array?
input:
5 7 1 3 9 4 1 3 7 6
output:
5 9 4 6
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={5,7,1,3,9,4,1,3,7,6};
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
int cnt=0;
for(int j=0;j<arr.length;j++)
{
if(arr[i]==arr[j])
{
cnt++;
}
}
if(cnt==1)
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
}
17) Write a java program to display most repeating element from given
array?
input:
5 7 1 3 9 4 1 3 7 6 1 8 1
output:
1 repeating for 4 times
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{a
int[] arr={5,7,1,3,9,4,1,3,7,6,1,8,1};
int maxCount=0;
int element=0;
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
int cnt=0;
for(int j=0;j<arr.length;j++)
{
if(arr[i]==arr[j])
{
cnt++;
}
}
if(cnt>maxCount)
{
maxCount=cnt;
element=arr[i];
}
}
System.out.println(element+" is repeating for "+maxCount+"
times" );
}
}
Assignment
==========
18) Write a java program to display second highest element from given
array without using sort() method?
input:
5 8 1 9 6 2 7
output:
8
19) Write a java program to segregate array elements?
input:
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
output:
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1};
int[] newArr=new int[arr.length];
//for each loop
int j=0;
for(int i:arr)
{
if(i==0)
{
newArr[j++]=i;
}
}
//inserting 1
while(j<arr.length)
{
newArr[j++]=1;
}
//display new array
for(int i:newArr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
20) Write a java program to find out leader elements from given array?
input:
5 2 34 7 16 3 9
output:
9 16 34
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={5,2,34,7,16,3,9};
int max=arr[arr.length-1];
System.out.print(max+" ");
for(int i=arr.length-2;i>=0;i--)
{
if(arr[i]>max)
{
max=arr[i];
System.out.print(max+" ");
}
}
}
}
21) Write a java program to display missing element from given array?
input:
7 3 1 5 6 2
output:
4
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={7,3,1,5,6,2};
int sum_of_ele=arr.length+1;
int sum=(sum_of_ele * (sum_of_ele + 1))/2;
for(int i:arr)
{
sum-=i; //sum = sum - i;
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
22) Write a java program to delete first occurance of a given element?
input:
arr = 8 3 2 5 6 2 9 1 2
element = 2
output:
8 3 5 6 2 9 1 2
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={8,3,2,5,6,2,9,1,2};
int element=2;
int[] newArr=new int[arr.length-1];
int cnt=0,j=0;
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
if(arr[i]==element && cnt==0)
{
cnt=1;
continue;
}
newArr[j++]=arr[i];
}
//display the data
for(int i:newArr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
23) Write a java program to insert given element in a given index of
array?
input:
arr = 7 1 9 4 7 2
ele = 10
index = 3
output:
7 1 9 10 4 7 2
ex:
---
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={7,1,9,4,7,2};
int ele=10;
int index=3;
arr=Arrays.copyOf(arr,arr.length+1);
for(int i=arr.length-1;i>=index;i--)
{
arr[i]=arr[i-1];
}
arr[index]=ele;
//display elements
for(int i:arr)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
24) Write a java program to merge two arrays and display them in
sorting order?
input:
5 1 4 3 2
9 6 8 7 10
output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ex:
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr1={5,1,4,3,2};
int[] arr2={9,6,8,7,10};
int size1=arr1.length;
int size2=arr2.length;
arr1=Arrays.copyOf(arr1,size1+size2);
int j=0;
for(int i=size1;i<arr1.length;i++)
{
arr1[i]=arr2[j++];
}
Arrays.sort(arr1);
//display elements
for(int i:arr1)
{
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}
Q)
Write a java program to identify and print all elements in an array
that are greater
than both their immediate predecessors and successors, considering the
first and
last elements as having only one neighbor?
Input:
1 3 20 4 75 0 90
Output:
20 75 90
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={1,3,20,4,75,0,90};
//first element
if(arr[0]>arr[1])
{
System.out.print(arr[0]+" ");
}
//Middle elements
for(int i=1;i<arr.length-1;i++)
{
if(arr[i]>arr[i-1] && arr[i]>arr[i+1])
{
System.out.print(arr[i]+" ");
}
}
//last element
if(arr[arr.length-1]>arr[arr.length-2])
{
System.out.println(arr[arr.length-1]);
}
}
}
Q)
Write a java program to determine the smallest number of coins needed
to total
86 rupees. Use the denominations provided in the array {1,2,5,10}?
Output:
1 coin(s) of 1 rupee(s)
1 coin(s) of 5 rupee(s)
8 coin(s) of 10 rupee(s)
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] denominations={1,2,5,10};
int amount=86;
//caller method
int[] coins=findMinimumCoins(denominations,amount);
for(int i=0;i<coins.length;i++)
{
if(coins[i]>0)
{
System.out.println(coins[i]+" coin(s) of
"+denominations[i]+" rupee(s)");
}
}
}
//callie method
public static int[] findMinimumCoins(int[] denominations,int
amount)
{
int[] coinsCount=new int[denominations.length];
for(int i=denominations.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
coinsCount[i]= amount / denominations[i];
amount = amount % denominations[i];
}
return coinsCount;
}
}
Double Dimensional Array
=========================
Double dimensional array is implemented based on array of arrays
approach but not matrix form.
Double dimensional array is a combination of rows and columns.
The main objective of double dimensional array is a memory utilization.
We can use double dimensional array is used to develop business
oriented applications, gaming applications, matrix type of applications
and etc.
We can declare double dimensional array as follow.
syntax:
------
datatype[][] variable_name=new datatype[rows][columns];
ex:
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];
Here we can store 9(3*3) elements in array.
Q) Write a java program to display array elements in matrix form?
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the rows :");
int rows=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the columns :");
int cols=sc.nextInt();
int[][] arr=new int[rows][cols];
//insert the elements
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
System.out.println("Enter the element :");
arr[i][j]=sc.nextInt();
}
}
//display elements
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
//new line
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find out square of a matrix?
input:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
output:
1 4 9
16 25 36
49 64 81
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] arr={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int rows=arr.length;
int cols=arr[0].length;
//display square of a matrix
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i][j]*arr[i][j]+" ");
}
//new
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find sum of diagonal elements?
input:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] arr={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int rows=arr.length;
int cols=arr[0].length;
//sum of diagonal elements
int sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
if(i==j)
{
sum+=arr[i][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println("sum of diagonal elements is ="+sum);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find sum of upper triangle elements?
input:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] arr={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int rows=arr.length;
int cols=arr[0].length;
//sum of diagonal elements
int sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
if(i<j)
{
sum+=arr[i][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println("sum of upper triangle elements is
="+sum);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to find sum of lower triangle elements?
input:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] arr={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int rows=arr.length;
int cols=arr[0].length;
//sum of diagonal elements
int sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
if(i>j)
{
sum+=arr[i][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println("sum of lower triangle elements is
="+sum);
}
}
Anonymous Array
===============
Sometimes we will declare an array without name such type of nameless
array is called anonymous array.
The main objective of anonymous array is a just for instance use.
We can declare anonymous array as follow.
ex:
new int[]{10,20,30};
new int[][]{{10,20,30},{40,50,60}};
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
sum(new int[]{10,20,30});
}
//callie method
public static void sum(int[] arr)
{
int sum=0;
for(int i:arr)
{
sum+=i;
}
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//caller method
System.out.println(sum(new int[]{10,20,30}));
}
//callie method
public static int sum(int[] arr)
{
int sum=0;
for(int i:arr)
{
sum+=i;
}
return sum;
}
}
Interview Program
===================
Q) Write a java program to display largest prime number in the list?
Input:
2 3 4 5 7 9 11 12
Output:
11
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={2,3,4,5,7,9,11,12};
int maxElement=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for(int n:arr)
{
boolean flag=true;
for(int i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
{
if(n>maxElement)
{
maxElement=n;
}
}
}
System.out.println(maxElement);
}
Q) Write a java program to display array elements in spiral form?
input:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
output:
1 2 3 6 9 8 7 4 5
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] matrix={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int rows=matrix.length;
int cols=matrix[0].length;
int left=0;
int right=rows-1;
int top=0;
int bottom=cols-1;
while(true)
{
if(left>right)
{
break;
}
for(int i=left;i<=right;i++)
{
System.out.print(matrix[top][i]+" ");
}
top++;
if(top>bottom)
{
break;
}
for(int i=top;i<=bottom;i++)
{
System.out.print(matrix[i][right]+" ");
}
right--;
if(left>right)
{
break;
}
for(int i=right;i>=left;i--)
{
System.out.print(matrix[bottom][i]+" ");
}
bottom--;
if(top>bottom)
{
break;
}
for(int i=bottom;i>=top;i--)
{
System.out.print(matrix[i][left]+" ");
}
left++;
}
}
}
OOPS
======
OOPS stands for Object Oriented Programming System / Structure.
OOPS allows us to deal with real world entities using programming
language.
A language is said to be object oriented if it supports following
features.
ex:
class
object
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
and
Polymorphism
class
======
A class is a blue print of an object.
A class is a collection of objects.
We can declare a class as follow.
syntax:
optional
|
Modifier class class_name <extends> Parent_classname
<implements> interface_name
{
-
-
-
}
A class will accept following modifiers.
ex:
default
public
final
abstract
Realtime example
-----------------
To constructor a building we required a design. That design is known as
blue print/class.
Q) What is difference between default class and public class?
default class public class
-------------------- -----------------
If we declare a class without modifier If we declare a class
with public modifier
is called default class. is called public class.
ex: ex:
class Test public class Test
{ {
} }
If we declare any class as default then If we declare any class
as public then
we can access that class within the package. we can access that class
within the package
and outside the package.
Q) What is the difference between final class and abstract class?
final class abstract class
------------- -----------------
If we declare a class with final If we declare a class with abstract
modifier
is called final class. is called abstract class.
ex: ex:
final class Test abstract class Test
{ {
} }
Child creation is not possible. Child creation is
possible.
We can create object. We can't create object.
object
=======
It is a outcome of a blue print.
It is a instance of a class.
Here instance means allocating memory for our data members.
It is a physical entity.
It is a collection of properties and behaviours.
Realtime example
-----------------
Dog (object)
|
|--------------------------------|
properties behaviours
> Name > Eating
> Age > Barking
> Breed > Sleeping
> Height > Running
> Width and etc.
> Color
and etc.
Memory space will be allocated when we create an object.
It is possible to create more then one object in a single class.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test();
Test t3=new Test();
System.out.println(t1.hashCode());
System.out.println(t2.hashCode());
System.out.println(t3.hashCode());
System.out.println(t1); //Test@Hexadecimal
System.out.println(t2.toString());
System.out.println(t3.toString());
}
}
Q) What is hash code in java?
For every object, JVM will create a unique identification number i.e
hash code.
In order to read the hash code of an object we need to use hashCode()
method of Object class.
Diagram: java27.1
Q) What is toString() method?
It is a method present in Object class.
Whenever we are trying to display any object reference. Directly or
indirectly toString() method will be executed.
Q) What is Object class?
Object class present in java.lang package.
It is a parent class for every java class.
What ever the properties are present in Object class that can be
inherit by child classes.
Object class contains following methods.
ex:
cmd> javap java.lang.Object
hashCode()
toString()
getClass()
clone()
notify()
notifyAll()
wait()
and etc.
Q) What is the difference between a class and object ?
class object
---------------- -----------
To declare a class we will use To declare an object we will use
class keyword. new .
It is a blueprint of an object. It is a outcome of a blueprint.
It is a collection of objects. It is a collection of properties &
behaviourse.
It is a logical entity. It is a physical entity.
It is declared once. It is declared more then once.
It does not allocate the memory. It allocates the memory.
We can't manipulate. We can manipulate.
Data Hiding
===========
It is a technique of hiding object data from outsiders.
Using private modifier we can achieve data hiding.
The main objective of data hiding is to provide security.
ex:
---
class Account
{
private double balance=10000d;
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Account account=new Account();
System.out.println(account.balance); // 10000
}
}
Our internal data should not go out directly. It means outside person
must not access our data directly.
Abstraction
============
The process of hiding internal implementation and highlighting the set
of services is called abstraction.
Using abstract classes and interfaces we can implements abstraction.
The best example of abstraction is GUI ATM machine.
Where bank people will hide internal implementation and highlights the
set of services like Banking, Withdrawl, MiniStatement and etc.
The main advantages of abstraction are
1) It gives security because it will hide internal implementation.
2) Enhancement becomes more easy because without effecting enduser they
can perform many changes
in our internal system.
3) It provides flexibility to the enduser to use the system.
4) It improves maintainability of an application.
Ecapsulation
=============
The process of encapsulating or grouping variables and it's associate
methods in a single entity is called encapsulation.
Encapsulation is used to protect the data.
Diagram: java27.2
A class is said to be encapsulated class if it supports data hiding and
abstraction.
In encapsulation for every variable we need to declare setter and
getter methods.
Diagram: java27.3
The main advantages of encapsulation are
1) It gives security.
2) Enhancement becomes more easy.
3) It provides flexibility to the end-user to use the system.
4) It improves maintainability of an application.
The main disadvantage of encapsulation is , it will increase the length
of our code and slow down the execution process.
ex:
---
class Student
{
private int studId;
private String studName;
private double studFee;
//setter methods
public void setStudId(int studId)
{0
this.studId=studId;
}
public void setStudName(String studName)
{
this.studName=studName;
}
public void setStudFee(double studFee)
{
this.studFee=studFee;
}
//getter methods
public int getStudId()
{
return studId;
}
public String getStudName()
{
return studName;
}
public double getStudFee()
{
return studFee;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student s=new Student();
s.setStudId(101);
s.setStudName("Alan");
s.setStudFee(1000d);
System.out.println("Student Id :"+s.getStudId());
System.out.println("Student Name :"+s.getStudName());
System.out.println("Student Fee :"+s.getStudFee());
}
}
Q) What is tightly encapsulated?
A class is said to be tightly encapsulated if all the variables of that
class must declare as private.
Here we don't need to check these variables contain setter and getter
methods.
ex:
class A
{
private int i;
}
It is tightly encapsulated class.
ex:
class A
{
int i;
private int j;
}
It is not tightly encapsulated class.
Is-A relationship
=================
Is-A relationship is also known as inheritance.
Using "extends" keyword we can implements Is-A relationship.
The main objective of Is-A relationship is to achieve reusability.
ex:
class Vehicle
{
public void engine()
{
System.out.println("Engine Method");
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle
{
public void company()
{
System.out.println("Company Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vehicle v=new Vehicle();
v.engine();
Car c=new Car();
c.engine();
c.company();
Vehicle v1=new Car();
v1.engine();
//Car c1=new Vehicle(); // invalid
}
}
conclusion
-----------
Whatever our parent contains property it comes to child. But whatever
child contains property never
goes back to parent.
A parent reference can hold child object but child reference can't hold
parent object.
Inheritance
============
Inheritance is a mechanism where we will derived a class in the
presence of existing class.
Inheritance is a mechanism where one class will inherit the properties
of another class.
Using "extends" keyword we can implements inheritance.
The main objective of inheritance is to achieve reusability.
Diagram: java28.1
In java, we have five types of inheritance.
1) Single Level inheritance
2) Multi Level inheritance
3) Multiple inheritance
4) Hierarchical inheritance
5) Hybrid inheritance
1) Single Level inheritance
---------------------------
If we derived a class in the presence of one base class is called
single level inheritance.
Diagram:
A (Parent/Base/Super class)
|
|
|
B (Child/Derived/Sub class)
ex:
----
class A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A();
a.m1();
B b=new B();
b.m1();
b.m2();
}
}
ex:
---
class A
{
int i=10;
}
class B extends A
{
int j=20;
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B b=new B();
int c=b.i+b.j;
System.out.println(c); //30
}
}
2) Multi Level inheritance
--------------------------
If we derived a class in the presence of one base class and that class
is derived from another base
class is called multi level inheritance.
Diagram:
A
|
|
B
|
|
C
ex:
---
class A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class C extends B
{
public void m3()
{
System.out.println("M3-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A();
a.m1();
B b=new B();
b.m1();
b.m2();
C c=new C();
c.m1();
c.m2();
c.m3();
}
}
3) Multiple inheritance
----------------------
In java, we can't extends more then one class simultenously because
java does not support multiple
inheritance.
ex:
class A
{
}
class B
{
}
class C extends A,B --> invalid
{
}
But interface can extends more then one interface so we can achieve
multiple inheritance concept
through interfaces.
ex: interface A
{
}
interface B
{
}
interface C extends A,B
{
}
If our class does not extends any other class then it is a direct child
class of Object class.
ex: Diag:
class A Object
{ |
|
} A
If our class extends some other class then it is a indirect child class
of Object class.
ex: Diag:
class A Object
{ |
} |
class B extends A A
{ |
} |
B
Java does not support cyclic inheritance.
ex:
class A extends B
{
}
class B extends A
{
}
Q) Why java does not support multiple inheritance?
There is a chance of raising ambiguity problem that's why java does not
support multiple inheritance.
ex:
P1.m1() P2.m1()
|--------------------------------------------|
|
c.m1();
4) Hierarchical inheritance
----------------------------
If we derived multiple classes in the presence of one base class is
called hierarchical inheritance.
ex: Diagram:
class A A
{ |----------|-------|
} B C
class B extends A
{
}
class C extends A
{
}
ex:
---
class A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class C extends A
{
public void m3()
{
System.out.println("M3-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A();
a.m1();
B b=new B();
b.m1();
b.m2();
C c=new C();
c.m1();
c.m3();
}
}
5) Hybrid inheritance
----------------------
Hybrid inheritance is a combination of more then one inheritance.
Java does not support hybrid inheritance.
Diagram:
A
|---------------|---------------|
B C
|---------------|---------------|
D
Has-A relationship
==================
Has-A relationship is also known as composition and aggregation.
There is no specific keyword to implements Has-A relationship but
mostly we will use new operator.
The main objective of Has-A relationship is to provide reusability.
Has-A relationship increase dependency between two components.
ex:
class Course
{
-
- //course logic
-
}
class Job
{
Course c=new Course();
-
-
}
ex:
---
class Ihub
{
public String courseName()
{
return "Full Stack Java";
}
public double courseFee()
{
return 30000d;
}
public String trainerName()
{
return "Niyaz Sir";
}
}
class Usha
{
public void getCourseDetails()
{
Ihub i=new Ihub();
System.out.println("Course Name :"+i.courseName());
System.out.println("Course Fee :"+i.courseFee());
System.out.println("Trainer Name :"+i.trainerName());
}
}
class Student
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Usha u=new Usha();
u.getCourseDetails();
}
}
Composition
============
Without existing container object there is no chance of having
contained object then the relationship
between container and contained object is called composition which is
strongly association.
Diagram: java28.2
Aggregation
============
Without existing container object there is a chance of having contained
object then the relationship
between container and contained object is called aggregation which is
loosely association.
Diagram: java28.3
Method overloading
=====================
Having same method name with different parameters/signatures in a
single class is called method
overloading.
Methods which are present in a class are called overloaded methods.
Method overloading will reduce complexity of the programming.
ex:
--
class MeeSeva
{
//overloaded methods
public void search(int voterId)
{
System.out.println("Details Found via voterId");
}
public void search(String houseNo)
{
System.out.println("Details Found via houseNo");
}
public void search(long aadharNo)
{
System.out.println("Details Found via aadharNo");
}
}
class Customer
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MeeSeva ms=new MeeSeva();
ms.search(101);
ms.search("1-6-4/1/A");
ms.search(1024L);
}
}
Q) Can we overload main method in java?
Yes, we can overload main method in java but JVM always execute main
method with String[]
argument.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(int[] iargs)
{
System.out.println("int[] iargs");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("string[] args");
}
}
Method overriding
==================
Having same method name with same parameters in a two different class
is called method overriding.
Methods which are present in parent class are called overridden
methods.
Methods which are present in child class are called overriding methods.
ex:
---
class Parent
{
public void property()
{
System.out.println("cash+gold+land");
}
//overridden method
public void marry()
{
System.out.println("Anushka");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
//overriding method
public void marry()
{
System.out.println("Rashmika");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Parent p=new Parent();
p.property(); // cash+gold+land
p.marry(); // Anushka
Child c=new Child();
c.property(); // cash+gold+land
c.marry(); // Rashmika
Parent p1=new Child();
p1.property(); // cash+gold+land
p1.marry(); // Rashmika
}
}
If we declare any method as final then overriding of that method is not
possible.
ex:
class Parent
{
public void property()
{
System.out.println("cash+gold+land");
}
//overridden method
public final void marry()
{
System.out.println("Anushka");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
//overriding method
public void marry()
{
System.out.println("Rashmika");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Parent p=new Parent();
p.property(); // cash+gold+land
p.marry(); // Anushka
Child c=new Child();
c.property(); // cash+gold+land
c.marry(); // Rashmika
Parent p1=new Child();
p1.property(); // cash+gold+land
p1.marry(); // Rashmika
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : Overridden method is final
If we declare any method as private then overriding is not possible.
ex:
class Parent
{
private void property()
{
System.out.println("House-Not For Sale");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
public void property()
{
System.out.println("House- For Sale");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Parent p=new Parent();
p.property();
Child c=new Child();
c.property();
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : property() has private access in Parent
Q) What is the difference method method overloading and method
overriding?
Method overloading Method overriding
------------------- -------------------
Having same method name with different Having same method name
with same parameters in
two different classes is called method overriding.
method overloading.
Method resolution will taken care by a Method resolution will
taken care by JVM based
compiler based on reference type. on runtime object.
Private and final methods can be overloaded. Private and final methods
can't be overridden.
It is also known as compile time polymorphism. It is also known as
runtime polymorphism.
Method Hiding
=============
Method hiding is exactly same as method overriding with following
differences.
Method overriding Method hiding
------------------------- ----------------
Methods present in method overriding Methods present in method
hiding must be
must be non-static. static.
Method resolution will taken care by a Method resolution will
taken care by a
JVM based on runtime object. compiler based on reference
type.
It is also known as runtime polymorhism, It is also known as
compile time polymorphism,
dynamic polymorphism or late binding. static polymorphism or
early binding.
ex:
--
class Parent
{
public static void property()
{
System.out.println("cash+gold+land");
}
//overridden method
public static void marry()
{
System.out.println("Anushka");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
//overriding method
public static void marry()
{
System.out.println("Rashmika");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Parent p=new Parent();
p.property(); // cash+gold+land
p.marry(); // Anushka
Child c=new Child();
c.property(); // cash+gold+land
c.marry(); // Rashmika
Parent p1=new Child();
p1.property(); // cash+gold+land
p1.marry(); // Anushka
}
}
Q) Can we override main method in java?
No, we can't override main method in java because it is static.
Polymorphism
==============
Polymorphism has taken from Greek.
Here poly means many and morphism means forms.
The ability to represent in different forms is called polymorphism.
The main objective of polymorphism is to provide flexibility.
Diagram: java29.1
In java, we have two types of polymorphism.
1) Compile time polymorphism
2) Runtime polymorphism
1) Compile time polymorphism
------------------------------
A polymorphism which exhibits at compile time is called compile time
polymorphism.
ex:
Method overloading
Method hiding
2) Runtime polymorphism
-----------------------
A polymorphism which exhibits at run time is called run time
polymorphism.
ex:
Method overriding
Q) What is the difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation ?
Abstraction Encapsulation
---------- -------------
Hiding internal implementation and highlighting The process of
encapsulating variables and it's
the set of services is called abstraction. associate methods in a
single entity is called
encapsulation.
Using abstract classes and interfaces we Using access modifiers we
can implements
can implements abstraction. Encapsulation.
It is used to hide the data. It is used to protect the data.
It solves the issue at design level. It solves the issue at
implementation level.
Q) What is the difference between POJO class and Java Bean class?
POJO Java Bean
---------- ------------
It can’t be serialized. It can be serialized.
Fields can have any visibility. Fields can have only private
visibility.
There may or may not have 0-arg constructor. It must have 0-argument
constructor.
It does not extend any other class. It can extends.
It does not implement any other interface. It can implements.
It does not use any outside annotation. It uses outside
annotation.
ex:
POJO
----
class Student
{
private int studId;
public void setStudId(int studId)
{
this.studId=studId;
}
public int getStudId()
{
return studId;
}
}
Java Bean
---------
class Student implements java.io.Serializable
{
private int studId;
Student()
{
public void setStudId(int studId)
{
this.studId=studId;
}
public int getStudId()
{
return studId;
}
}
Diagram: java29.2
constructors
==============
A constructor is a special method which is used to initialized an
object.
Having same name as class name is called constructor.
Constructor will call when we create an object.
A constructor will accept following modifiers.
ex:
default
public
private
protected
A constructor does not allow any returntype.
In java , constructors are divided into two types.
1) Userdefined constructor
2) Default constructor
1) Userdefined constructor
-------------------------
If a constructor is created by the user based on the application
requirement is
called user defined constructor.
It is classified into two types.
i) Zero Argument constructor
ii) Parameterized constructor
i) Zero Argument constructor
-----------------------------
Suppose if we are not passing any argument to userdefined constructor
then that constructor
is called 0-arg constructor.
ex:
---
class Test
{
Test()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("main-method");
}
}
o/p:
main-method
ex:
---
class Test
{
public Test()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("main-method");
Test t=new Test();
}
}
o/p:
main-method
0-arg const
ex:
---
class Test
{
private Test()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println("main-method");
Test t2=new Test();
}
}
o/p:
0-arg const
main-method
0-arg const
ex:
---
class Test
{
protected Test()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println("main-method");
Test t2=new Test();
}
}
o/p:
0-arg const
main-method
0-arg const
ii) Parameterized constructor
-------------------------
Suppose if we are passing atleast one argument to userdefined
constructor then that constructor
is called parameterized constructor.
ex:
class Employee
{
//current class variables
private int empId;
private String empName;
private double empSal;
public Employee(int empId,String empName,double empSal)
{
this.empId=empId;
this.empName=empName;
this.empSal=empSal;
}
public void getEmployeeDetails()
{
System.out.println("Employee Id :"+empId);
System.out.println("Employee Name :"+empName);
System.out.println("Employee Salary :"+empSal);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee e=new Employee(101,"Alan Morries",1000d);
e.getEmployeeDetails();
}
}
2) Default constructor
------------------------
It is a compiler generated constructor for every java program where we
are not defining
atleast zero argument constructor.
To see the default constructor we need to run below command.
ex:
cmd> javac Test.java
cmd> javap -c Test
Diagram: java30.1
Q) What is constructor overloading?
Having same constructor name with different parameters in a single
class is called
constructor overloading.
ex:
class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
A(int i)
{
System.out.println("int-arg const");
}
A(double d)
{
System.out.println("double-arg const");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a1=new A();
A a2=new A(10);
A a3=new A(10.5d);
}
}
this keyword
==============
A this keyword is a java keyword which is used to refer current class
object reference.
We can utilize this keyword in following ways.
1) To refer current class variables
2) To refer current class methods
3) To refer current class constructors
1) To refer current class variables
------------------------------------
class A
{
int i=10;
int j=20;
A(int i,int j)
{
System.out.println(i+" "+j); // 100 200
System.out.println(this.i+" "+this.j); //10 20
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a =new A(100,200);
}
}
2) To refer current class methods
---------------------------------
class A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
this.m2();
}
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A();
a.m1();
}
}
3) To refer current class constructors
------------------------------------
class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("0-arg const");
}
A(int i)
{
this();
System.out.println("int-arg const");
}
A(double d)
{
this(10);
System.out.println("double-arg const");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A(10.5d);
}
}
super keyword
===============
A super keyword is a java keyword which is used to refer super class
object reference.
We can utilize super keyword in following ways.
1) To refer super class variables
2) To refer super class methods
3) To refer super class constructors
1) To refer super class variables
-----------------------------------
class A
{
int i=10;
int j=20;
}
class B extends A
{
int i=100;
int j=200;
B(int i,int j)
{
System.out.println(this.i+" "+this.j); //100 200
System.out.println(super.i+" "+super.j); //10 20
System.out.println(i+" "+j); // 1000 2000
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B b=new B(1000,2000);
}
}
2) To refer super class methods
-------------------------------
class A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void m2()
{
super.m1();
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B b=new B();
b.m2();
}
}
3) To refer super class constructors
-------------------------------------
class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("A constructor");
}
}
class B extends A
{
B()
{
super();
System.out.println("B constructor");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B b=new B();
}
Has-A relationship example
===========================
class Customer
{
private int custId;
private String custName;
private Address address;
public Customer(int custId,String custName,Address address)
{
this.custId=custId;
this.custName=custName;
this.address=address;
}
public int getCustId()
{
return custId;
}
public String getCustName()
{
return custName;
}
public Address getAddress()
{
return address;
}
}
class Address
{
private String houseNo;
private String locality;
private String city;
public Address(String houseNo,String locality,String city)
{
this.houseNo=houseNo;
this.locality=locality;
this.city=city;
}
public String getHouseNo()
{
return houseNo;
}
public String getLocality()
{
return locality;
}
public String getCity()
{
return city;
}
public String toString()
{
return houseNo+" "+locality+" "+city;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Address add=new Address("1-465/1/A","Ameerpet","Hyderabad");
Customer cust=new Customer(101,"Alan",add);
System.out.println(cust.getCustId());
System.out.println(cust.getCustName());
System.out.println(cust.getAddress());
}
}
Interface
============
Interface is a collection of zero or more abstract methods.
Abstract methods are incomplete methods because they ends with
semicolon and does not have any body.
ex:
void m1();
By default every abstract method is a public and abstract.
ex:
public abstract void m1();
It is not possible to create object for interfaces.
To write the implementation of abstract methods of an interface we will
use implementation class.
It is possible to create object for implementation class because it
contains method with body.
Interface contains constants i.e public static final.
syntax:
-------
interface <interface_name>
{
- //abstract methods
- //constants
}
If we know service requirement specification then we need to use
interface.
Diagram: java31.1
ex:
----
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
}
class B implements A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new B();
a.m1();
}
}
ex:
---
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A()
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("From M1 Method");
}
};
a.m1();
}
}
If interface contains four methods then we need to override all four
methods.
ex:
---
interface A
{
public abstract void see();
public void show();
abstract void view();
void display();
}
class B implements A
{
public void see()
{
System.out.println("See Method");
}
public void show()
{
System.out.println("Show Method");
}
public void view()
{
System.out.println("View Method");
}
public void display()
{
System.out.println("Display Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a =new B();
a.show();
a.see();
a.view();
a.display();
}
}
In java, a class can't extends more then one class.
But interface can extends more then one interface.
ex:
interface A
{
void m1();
}
interface B
{
void m2();
}
interface C extends A,B
{
void m3();
}
class D implements C
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
public void m3()
{
System.out.println("M3-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
C c=new D();
c.m1();
c.m2();
c.m3();
}
}
A class can implements more then one interface.
ex:
interface Father
{
float HT=6.2f;
void height();
}
interface Mother
{
float HT=5.8f;
void height();
}
class Child implements Father,Mother
{
public void height()
{
float height=(Father.HT+Mother.HT)/2;
System.out.println("Child Height :"+height);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Child c=new Child();
c.height();
}
}
Note:
-----
From Java 8 version, Interface is a collection of abstract methods,
default methods and static methods.
Q) What is marker interface?
Interface which does not contains any methods or constants is called
marker interface
In general , Empty interface is called marker interface.
By using marker interface we will get some ability to do.
We have following list of marker interfaces.
ex:
Serializable
Cloneable
Remote
and etc.
ex:
---
class Item implements java.io.Serializable
{
private int itemId;
private String itemName;
private double itemPrice;
Item(int itemId,String itemName,doule itemPrice)
{
this.itemId=itemId;
this.itemName=itemName;
this.itemPrice=itemPrice;
}
public int getItemId()
{
return itemId;
}
public String getItemName()
{
return itemName;
}
public double getItemPrice()
{
return itemPrice;
}
}
Abstract class
==============
Abstract class is a collection of zero or more abstract methods and
concrete methods.
A abstract keyword is applicable for methods and classes but not for
variables.
It is not possible to create object for abstract classes.
To write the implementation of abstract methods of an abstract class we
will use sub classes.
By default every abstract method is a public and abstract.
Abstract class contains only instance variables.
syntax:
-----
abstract class class_name
{
-
- // abstract methods
- // concrete methods
- // instance variables
}
If we know partial implementation then we need to use abstract class.
ex:
----
abstract class Plan
{
//instance variable
protected double rate;
//abstract method
public abstract void getRate();
//concrete method
public void calculateBillAmt(int units)
{
System.out.println("Total Units :"+units);
System.out.println("Total Bill :"+rate*units);
}
}
class DomesticPlan extends Plan
{
public void getRate()
{
rate=2.5d;
}
}
class CommercialPlan extends Plan
{
public void getRate()
{
rate=5.0d;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
DomesticPlan dp=new DomesticPlan();
dp.getRate();
dp.calculateBillAmt(250);
CommercialPlan cp=new CommercialPlan();
cp.getRate();
cp.calculateBillAmt(250);
}
}
Abstraction example
===================
abstract class Shape
{
public abstract void draw();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
public void draw()
{
System.out.println("I draw rectangle");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle rect=new Rectangle();
rect.draw();
}
}
Q) What is the difference between interface and abstract class?
interface abstract class
-------------- -----------------
To declare interface we will use interface To declare abstract class
we will use abstract
keyword. keyword.
It is a collection of abstract methods, It is a collection of
abstract methods and
default methods and static methods. concrete methods.
Multiple inheritence is possible. Multiple inheritance is not
possible.
It contains constants. It contains instance variables.
It does not allow constructors. It allows constructors.
It does not allow blocks. It allows blocks.
To write the implementation of abstract To write the
implementation of abstract methods
methods we will use implementation class. we will use sub class.
If we know only specification then we need to If we know partial
implementation then we need to use
use interface. abstract class.
API
=====
API stands for Application Programming Interface.
It is a base for the programmer to develop software applications.
It is a collection of packages.
In java, We have three types of API's.
1) Predefined API
------------------
Built-In API is called predefined API.
ex:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/
2) User-defined API
-------------------
API created by the user based on the application requirements.
3) Third party API
-----------------
API which is given by third party vendor.
ex:
JAVAZOOM API
iText API and etc.
Package
========
A package is a collection of classes, interfaces , enums and
annotations.
Here enum is a special class and annotation is a special interface.
In general, a package is a collection of classes and interfaces.
A package is also known as folder or a directory.
In java, we have two types of packages.
1) Predefined packages
2) Userdefined packages
1) Predefined packages
------------------------
Built-In packages are called predefined packages.
ex:
java.lang
java.io
java.util
java.time
java.util.stream
java.text
java.sql
javax.servlet
and etc.
2) Userdefined packages
------------------------
Packages which are created by the user based on the application
requirements are called userdefined packages.
We can declare userdefined package as follow.
syntax:
package package_name;
It is always recommended to declare a package name in the reverse order
of url.
ex:
package com.google.www;
ex:
---
package com.ihub.www;
import java.util.Calendar;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calendar c=Calendar.getInstance();
int h=c.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
if(h<12)
System.out.println("Good Morning");
else if(h<16)
System.out.println("Good Afternoon");
else if(h<20)
System.out.println("Good Evening");
else
System.out.println("Good Night");
}
}
We can compile above program by using below command.
ex:
current directory
|
javac -d . Test.java
|
destination folder
We can run above program by using below command.
ex:
java com.ihub.www.Test
| |
packagename classname
Singleton class
================
A class which allows us to create only one object is called singleton
class.
It is a design pattern that ensures that a class can only have one
object.
If we call any method by using class name and that method returns same
class object is called singleton class.
ex:
Calendar c=Calendar.getInstance();
LocalDate d=LocalDate.now();
LocalTime t=LocalTime.now();
To create a singleton class, we required private constructor and static
method.
ex:
---
class Singleton
{
static Singleton singleton=null;
//private constructor
private Singleton()
{
}
//static method
public static Singleton getInstance()
{
if(singleton==null)
{
singleton=new Singleton();
}
return singleton;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Singleton s1=Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println(s1.hashCode());
Singleton s2=Singleton.getInstance();
System.out.println(s2.hashCode());
}
}
Inner classes
==============
Sometimes we will declare a class inside another class such concept is
called inner class.
ex:
class Outer
{
class Inner
{
-
- //code to be execute
-
}
}
Inner classes introduced as a part of event handling to remove GUI
bugs.
But due to powerful features and benefits of inner classes, programmers
started to use
inner classes in our regular programming.
Accessing inner class data from static area of outer class
--------------------------------------------------------
class Outer
{
class Inner
{
//non-static method
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Inner-M1 Method");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Outer.Inner i=new Outer().new Inner();
i.m1();
}
}
Note:
-----
If we compile above program we will get two .class files i.e
Outer.class and Outer$Inner.class.
ex:
---
class Outer
{
class Inner
{
//non-static method
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Inner-M1 Method");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Outer().new Inner().m1();
}
}
Inner class does not allow static declaration.
ex:
---
class Outer
{
class Inner
{
//static method
public static void m1()
{
System.out.println("Inner-M1 Method");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Outer().new Inner().m1();
}
}
o/p:
C.T.E : Illegal static declaration in inner class
Accessing inner class data from non-static area of outer class
---------------------------------------------------------------
class Outer
{
class Inner
{
//non-static method
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Inner-M1 Method");
}
}
public void m2()
{
Inner i=new Inner();
i.m1();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Outer o=new Outer();
o.m2();
}
Enum
======
Enum concept introduced in 1.5v.
Enum is a group of named constants.
Using enum we can create our own datatype called enumerated datatype.
When compare to old language enum, java enum is more powerful.
We can declare enum as follow.
syntax:
------
enum enumtype_name
{
value1,value2,.....,valueN
}
ex:
----
enum Months
{
JAN,FEB,MAR
}
Internal implementation of enum
-------------------------------
Every enum internally consider as class concept and extended with
java.lang.Enum class.
Every enum constant is reference variable of enum type.
ex:
enum Months final class Months extends java.lang.Enum
{ {
JAN,FEB,MAR ==> public static final Months JAN=new
Months();
} public static final Months FEB=new
Months();
public static final Months MAR=new
Months();
}
Declaration and Usage of Enum
--------------------------------
enum Months
{
JAN,FEB,MAR
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Months m=Months.JAN;
System.out.println(m); // JAN
}
}
ex:
---
enum Months
{
JAN,FEB,MAR
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Months m=Months.MAR;
switch(m)
{
case JAN: System.out.println("January"); break;
case FEB: System.out.println("February"); break;
case MAR: System.out.println("March"); break;
}
}
}
java.lang.Enum
---------------
The power to enum will be inherited from java.lang.Enum class.
It contains following two methods.
1) values()
----------
It will return group of constants from enum.
2) ordinal()
------------
It will return ordinal number.
ex:
----
enum Months
{
JAN,FEB,MAR
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Months[] m=Months.values();
//for each loop
for(Months m1:m)
{
System.out.println(m1+" ------------ "+m1.ordinal());
}
}
}
When compare to old language enum , java enum is more powerful because
in addition to constants we can declare variables, methods and
constructors.
ex:
---
enum Week
{
MON,TUE,WED,THU,FRI,SAT,SUN;
Week()
{
System.out.println("constructor");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Week w=Week.TUE;
}
}
ex:
---
enum Drinks
{
COLA,CAMPA,PEPSI;
static int i=100;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Wrapper classes
=================
The main objective of wrapper classes are.
1) To wrap primitive type to wrapper object and vice versa.
2) To define several utility methods.
ex:
primitive type wrapper class
--------------- ---------------
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
boolean Boolean
char Character
constructor
-----------
There are two ways to create object for wrapper classes. One will take
corresponding primitive as an argument and another takes corresponding
String as an argument.
ex:
Wrapper class constructor
--------------- ------------
Byte byte or String
Short short or String
Integer int or String
Long long or String
Float float or String
Double double or String
Boolean boolean or String
Character char
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Integer i1=new Integer(10);
System.out.println(i1);
Integer i2=new Integer("20");
System.out.println(i2);
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Boolean b1=new Boolean(true);
System.out.println(b1);
Boolean b2=new Boolean("false");
System.out.println(b2);
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Character ch=new Character('a');
System.out.println(ch); //a
}
}
Utility methods
===============
1) parseXxx()
-------------
It is used to convert string type to primitive type.
ex:
--
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="23";
int i=Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.println(i); //23
long l=Long.parseLong(str);
System.out.println(l); //23
float f=Float.parseFloat(str);
System.out.println(f); //23.0
double d=Double.parseDouble(str);
System.out.println(d); //23.0
}
}
2) toString()
--------------
It is used to convert wrapper object to String type.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Integer i=new Integer(10);
String str= i.toString();
System.out.println(str); //10
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=10;
String str= i.toString();
System.out.println(str); // C.T.E
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform sum of two binary numbers?
input:
1010
0101
output:
1111
ex:
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the first binary : ");
String binary1=sc.next(); //1010
System.out.println("Enter the second binary :");
String binary2=sc.next(); //0101
//convert binary to decimal
int a=Integer.parseInt(binary1,2);
int b=Integer.parseInt(binary2,2);
int c=a+b;
//convert decimal to binary
String result=Integer.toBinaryString(c);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char ch='a';
String s=Character.toString(ch);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Types of objects in java
========================
We have two types of objects in java.
1) Immutable object
2) Mutable object
1) Immutable object
--------------------
After object creation if we perform any changes then for our change a
new object will be created
such type of object is called immutable object.
ex:
String and wrapper classes
2) Mutable object
-----------------
After object creation if we perform any changes then all the required
changes will be reflected to same object only such type of object is
called mutable object.
ex:
StringBuffer and StringBuilder
String
========
It is a collection of characters which is enclosed in a double
quotation.
case1:
------
Once if we create a String object we can't perform any changes.If we
perform any changes then for change a new object will be created such
behaviour is called immutability of an object.
Diagram: java34.1
case2:
------
What is the difference between == and .equals() method?
==
----
It is a comparision operator which always return boolean value.
It is used for reference comparision or address comparision.
We can compare primitives and objects.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s1=new String("ihub");
String s2=new String("ihub");
System.out.println(s1==s2);//false
}
}
.equals()
-----------
It is a method present in String class which always returns boolean
value.
It is used for content comparision and it is case sensitive.
We can't compare primitives.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s1=new String("ihub");
String s2=new String("ihub");
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true
}
}
case3:
------
Once if we create a String object, two objects will be created one is
on heap and another is on
SCP (String Constant Pool) Area.But 's' always points to heap area
only.
Diagram: java34.2
Object creation in SCP area is always optional.
First JVM will check is there object is created with same content or
not. If it is created then it simply refers to that object. If it is
not created then JVM will create a new object. Hence there is no chance
of having duplicate objects in SCP area.
Even though SCP area objects do not have any object reference , garbage
collection can't access them.
Diagram: java34.3
Interning of String object
-------------------------
With the help of heap object reference if we need corresponding SCP
object reference then we need
to use intern method.
Diagram: java34.4
String important methods
=========================
Q) Write a java program to display length of the string?
input:
hello
output:
5
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="hello";
System.out.println(str.length());//5
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the string character by character ?
input:
ihub
output:
i
h
u
b
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ihub";
//reading characters
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
char ch=str.charAt(i);
System.out.println(ch);
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to convert lowercase string to uppercase ?
input:
ihubtalent
output:
IHUBTALENT
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ihubtalent";
str=str.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to convert uppercase string to lowercase ?
input:
IHUBTALENT
output:
ihubtalent
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="IHUBTALENT";
str=str.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to concatinate two strings?
input:
ihub
talent
output:
ihubtalent
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="ihub";
String str2="talent";
String result=str1.concat(str2);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given strings is equal or not?
input:
ihubtalent
qualitythought
output:
Both are not equals
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="ihubtalent";
String str2="qualitythought";
if(str1.equals(str2))
System.out.println("Both are equals");
else
System.out.println("Both are not equals");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display index of first occurance of a given
character in a string?
input:
str = bhaskar
ch = 'a'
output:
2
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";
char ch='a';
int index=str.indexOf(ch);
System.out.println(index);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display last index of a given character in a
string?
input:
str = bhaskar
ch = 'a'
output:
5
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";
char ch='a';
int index=str.lastIndexOf(ch);
System.out.println(index);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to remove special characters from given string?
input:
I_hu@bTa$len#t12
output:
IhubTalent12
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="I_hu@bTa$len#t12";
str = str.replaceAll("[^A-Za-z0-9]","");
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display special characters from given
string?
input:
I_hu@bTa$len#t12
output:
_@$#
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="I_hu@bTa$len#t12";
str = str.replaceAll("[A-Za-z0-9]","");
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to concatinate two strings?
input:
ihub23
talent17
output:
ihubtalent40
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="ihub23";
String str2="talent17";
String word1=str1.replaceAll("[^A-Za-z]","");
int num1=Integer.parseInt(str1.replaceAll("[^0-9]",""));
String word2=str2.replaceAll("[^A-Za-z]","");
int num2=Integer.parseInt(str2.replaceAll("[^0-9]",""));
String word=word1+word2;
int num=num1+num2;
System.out.println(word+num);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to return substring?
input:
ihubtalent
output:
talent
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ihubtalent";
String newStr=str.substring(4);
System.out.println(newStr);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to return substring?
input:
ihubtalent
output:
hub
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ihubtalent";
String newStr=str.substring(1,4);
System.out.println(newStr);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to insert given word in a given index of a
string?
input:
str = javaisindependent
word = platform
index = 6
output:
javaisplatformindependent
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="javaisindependent";
String word ="platform";
int index = 6;
String word1=str.substring(0,index);
String word2=str.substring(index,str.length());
System.out.println(word1+word+word2);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform right rotation of a given string?
input:
str = ihubtalent
cnt = 2
output:
ubtalentih
ex:
--
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="ihubtalent";
int cnt=2;
String word1=str.substring(cnt,str.length());
String word2=str.substring(0,cnt);
System.out.println(word1+word2);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a given string?
input:
hello
output:
olleh
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="hello"; // h e l l o
String rev="";
for(int i=str.length()-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=str.charAt(i);
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
approach2
----------
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="hello";
char[] carr=str.toCharArray(); // h e l l o
String rev="";
for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given string is palindrome or not?
input:
racar
output:
It is a palindrome string
ex:
--
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="racar";
char[] carr=str.toCharArray(); // r a c a r
String rev="";
for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
}
if(str.equals(rev))
System.out.println("It is a palindrome string");
else
System.out.println("It is not a palindrome string");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a sentence?
input:
This is java class
output:
class java is This
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This is java class";
String[] sarr=str.split(" "); // This is java class
String rev="";
//reading reverse
for(int i=sarr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=sarr[i]+" ";
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a word in a given string?
input:
This is java class
output:
sihT si avaj ssalC
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This is java class";
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");// This is java class
String rev="";
//for each loop
for(String s:sarr)
{
char[] carr=s.toCharArray(); // T h i s
//reading reverse
for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
}
//add space
rev+=" ";
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display duplicate characters from given
string?
input:
google
output:
og
ex:
--
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="google";
String duplicates="";
String uniques="";
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
String current=Character.toString(str.charAt(i));
if(uniques.contains(current))
{
if(!duplicates.contains(current))
{
duplicates+=current;
continue;
}
}
uniques+=current;
}
System.out.println(duplicates);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display unique characters from given
string?
input:
google
output:
gole
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="google";
String duplicates="";
String uniques="";
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
String current=Character.toString(str.charAt(i));
if(uniques.contains(current))
{
if(!duplicates.contains(current))
{
duplicates+=current;
continue;
}
}
uniques+=current;
}
System.out.println(uniques);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display most repeating character in a given
string?
input:
ihubtalentinstitute
output:
t is repeating for 5 times
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ihubtalentinstitute";
int maxCount=0;
char element=' ';
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
int cnt=0;
for(int j=0;j<str.length();j++)
{
if(str.charAt(i) == str.charAt(j))
{
cnt++;
}
}
if(maxCount<cnt)
{
maxCount=cnt;
element=str.charAt(i);
}
}
System.out.println(element+" is repeating for "+maxCount+"
times");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to remove spaces from given string?
input:
i hub tale nt
output:
ihubtalent
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="i hub tale nt";
str=str.replaceAll("\\s","");
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the string in a given format?
input:
str = This is java class
delete = is
output:
Th java class
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="This is java class";
String delete ="is";
str = str.replaceAll(delete,"");
System.out.println(str);
}
}
Q) Write a java program display given string is anagram or not?
input:
silent
listen
output:
It is a anagram string
ex:
---
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="silent";
String str2="listen";
char[] carr1=str1.toCharArray();
char[] carr2=str2.toCharArray();
Arrays.sort(carr1); // e i l n s t
Arrays.sort(carr2); // e i l n s t
boolean flag=true;
for(int i=0;i<carr1.length && i<carr2.length;i++)
{
if(carr1[i]!=carr2[i])
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
System.out.println("It is a anagram string");
else
System.out.println("It is not a anagram string");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the given string in a given format?
input:
A1B2C3D4
output:
ABBCCCDDDD
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="A1B2C3D4";
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
if(Character.isAlphabetic(str.charAt(i)))
{
System.out.print(str.charAt(i));
}
else
{
int j=Character.getNumericValue(str.charAt(i));
for(int k=1;k<j;k++)
{
System.out.print(str.charAt(i-1));
}
}
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the strings starting with uppercase
letter?
input:
This is java Class for Student
output:
This Class Student
ex:
--
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This is java Class for Student";
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");
for(String s:sarr)
{
if(s.charAt(0)>='A' && s.charAt(0)<='Z')
{
System.out.print(s+" ");
}
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the strings starting with vowels?
input:
Now is raining where my Umbrella
output:
is umbrella
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="Now is raining where my Umbrella";
str=str.toLowerCase();
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");
for(String s:sarr)
{
char ch=s.charAt(0);
if(ch=='a' || ch=='e' || ch=='i' || ch=='o'|| ch=='u')
{
System.out.print(s+" ");
}
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display number of vowels present in a
string?
input:
umbrella
output:
u e a
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="umbrella";
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
char ch=str.charAt(i);
if(ch=='a' || ch=='e' || ch=='i' || ch=='o'|| ch=='u')
{
System.out.print(str.charAt(i)+" ");
}
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to count number of vowels present in a string?
input:
umbrella
output:
3
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="umbrella";
int cnt=0;
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
char ch=str.charAt(i);
if(ch=='a' || ch=='e' || ch=='i' || ch=='o'|| ch=='u')
{
cnt++;
}
}
System.out.println(cnt);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the string in a given format?
input:
XYZ
output:
XY
XZ
YX
YZ
ZX
ZY
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="XYZ";
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<str.length();j++)
{
if(i!=j)
{
System.out.println(str.charAt(i)+""+str.charAt(j));
}
}
}
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display permutation of a given string?
Input:
ABC
output:
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CBA
CAB
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ABC";
//caller method
permutation(str.toCharArray(),0);
}
//callie method
public static void permutation(char[] carr,int fi)
{
if(fi==carr.length-1)
{
System.out.println(carr);
return;
}
for(int i=fi;i<carr.length;i++)
{
swap(carr,fi,i);
permutation(carr,fi+1);
swap(carr,fi,i);
}
}
//callie method
public static void swap(char[] carr,int fi,int i)
{
//swapping logic
char temp=carr[fi];
carr[fi]=carr[i];
carr[i]=temp;
}
}
Q) Write a java program to perform largest common subsequence in a
given string?
Input:
ABCAB
AECB
Output:
3
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="ABCAB";
String str2="AECB";
//caller method
System.out.println(longestCommSubsequence(str1,str2));
}
//callie method
public static int longestCommSubsequence(String s1,String s2)
{
return solve(s1,s2,0,0);
}
//callie method
public static int solve(String s1,String s2,int i,int j)
{
if(i==s1.length())
return 0;
if(j==s2.length())
return 0;
int ans=0;
if(s1.charAt(i)==s2.charAt(j))
{
ans=1+solve(s1,s2,i+1,j+1);
}
else
{
ans=Math.max(solve(s1,s2,i+1,j),solve(s1,s2,i,j+1));
}
return ans;
}
}
StringBuffer
==============
If our content change frequently then it is never recommanded to go
with String object because for every change a new object will be
created.
To overcome this limitation Sun Micro System introduced StringBuffer
object.
In Stringuffer all the required changes will be done in a single object
only.
constructor
-----------
1) StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
--------------------------------------
It will create empty StringBuffer object with default initial capacity
of 16.
If we reach to maximum capacity then new capacity will be created with
below formulea.
syntax:
new_capacity = current_capacity + 1 * 2;
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //16
sb.append("abcdefgjijklmnop");
System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //16
sb.append("qr");
System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //16+1*2=34
}
}
2) StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(int capacity);
---------------------------------------------
It will create StringBuffer object with specified initial capacity.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(19);
System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //19
}
}
3) StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(String str);
----------------------------------------------
It will create StringBuffer object equivalent to String.
Here capacity will be created with below formulea.
ex:
capacity = s.length()+16;
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("ihub");
System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //4+16=20
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display reverse of a string?
input:
hello
output:
olleh
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="hello";
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(str);
String rev=sb.reverse().toString();
System.out.println(rev);
}
}
Q) Write a java program to check given string is palindrome or not?
input:
racar
output:
It is a plaindrome string
eX:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="racar";
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(str);
String rev=sb.reverse().toString();
if(str.equals(rev))
System.out.println("It is a palindrome string");
else
System.out.println("It is not a palindrome string");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display the string in a given format?
input:
ABBCCCDDDD
output:
A1B2C3D4
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ABBCCCDDDD";
int count=1;
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
if(i<str.length()-1 && str.charAt(i)==str.charAt(i+1))
{
count++;
}
else
{
sb.append(str.charAt(i)).append(count);
count=1;
}
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
}
Q) Write a java program to multiply two arrays?
input:
5 8 2
2 6
output:
15132 (582*26)
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr1={5,8,2};
int[] arr2={2,6};
//caller method
int a=Integer.parseInt(arrayToString(arr1));
int b=Integer.parseInt(arrayToString(arr2));
System.out.println(a*b);
}
//callie method
public static String arrayToString(int[] arr)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
for(int i:arr)
{
sb.append(i);
}
return sb.toString();
}
}
Q) Write a java program to count number of 2's present in a given
number?
input:
22
output:
6 (2,12,20,21,22)
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num=22;
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
for(int i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
sb.append(i);
}
//counting number of 2's
int count=0;
for(int i=0;i<sb.length();i++)
{
int n=Character.getNumericValue(sb.charAt(i));
if(n==2)
{
count++;
}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
Q) Write a java program to encode a given string?
input:
1106
output:
AAJF
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="1106";
//caller method
System.out.println(encodeString(str));
}
//callie method
public static String encodeString(String str)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
int n=Character.getNumericValue(str.charAt(i));
if(n>0)
{
sb.append((char)('A'+ n - 1));
}
else
{
int k=Integer.parseInt(str.substring(i-1,i+1));
sb.append((char)('A'+ k - 1));
}
return sb.toString();
}
StringBuilder
===============
StringBuilder is exact same as StringBuffer with following differences.
StringBuffer StringBuilder
------------------- ----------------
Every method present in StringBuffer is No method present in
StringBuilder is
synchronized. synchronized.
At a time only one thread is allowed to Multiple threads are
allowed to operator
operator on StringBuffer object.Hence StringBuffer on StringBuilder
object.Hence StringBuilder
is thread safe. is not thread safe.
Waiting time of a thread will increase There is no waiting
time relatively
relatively performance is low. performance is high.
It is introduced in 1.0v. It is introduced in 1.5v.
Note:
-----
If our content not change frequently then we need to use String.
If our content change frequently where thread safety is required then
we need to use StringBuffer.
If our content change frequently where thread safety is not required
then we need to use StringBuilder.
StringTokenizer
=================
StringTokenizer is a class which is present in java.util package.
It is used to tokenize the string irrespective of regular expression.
We can create StringTokenizer object as follow.
syntax:
------
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(String
str,RegularExpression regEx);
StringTokenizer class contains following methods.
ex:
public boolean hasMoreTokens()
public String nextToken()
public boolean hasMoreElements();
public Object nextElement();
public int countTokens()
ex:
---
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("this is java
class");
System.out.println(st.countTokens()); // 4
}
}
Here default regular expression is space.
ex:
---
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("this is java
class"," ");
System.out.println(st.countTokens()); // 4
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("this is java
class"," ");
while(st.hasMoreTokens())
{
String s=st.nextToken();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
ex:
----
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("this is java
class"," ");
while(st.hasMoreElements())
{
String s=(String)st.nextElement();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("9,99,999",",");
while(st.hasMoreElements())
{
String s=(String)st.nextElement();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
Assignment
===========
Q) Write a java program to display palindrome strings?
input:
racar is madam for bit
output:
racar madam
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="racar is madam for bit";
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");
//for each
for(String s:sarr)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(s);
sb.reverse();
if(s.equals(sb.toString()))
{
System.out.print(s+" ");
}
}
}
}
Assignment
===========
Q) Write a java program to decode the string?
input:
AAJF
output:
1106
Exception Handling
===================
Q) What is the difference between Exception and Error?
Exception
---------
Exception is a problem for which we can provide solution
programmatically.
Exception will raise due to syntax errors.
ex:
FileNotFoundException
ArithmeticException
IllegalArgumentException
Error
------
Error is a problem for which we can't provide solution
programmatically.
Error will raise due to lack of system resources.
ex:
LinkageError
OutOfMemoryError
StackOverFlowError
As a part of java application development it is a responsibility of a
programmer to provide
smooth termination for every java program.
We have two types of terminations.
1) Smooth termination / Graceful termination
2) Abnormal termination
1) Smooth termination
----------------------
During the program execution suppose if we are not getting any
interruption in the middle of the
program such type of termination is called smooth termination.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
1) Abnormal termination
----------------------
During the program execution suppose if we are getting some
interruptions in the middle of the
program such type of termination is called abnormal termination.
ex
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
}
If any exception raised in our program we must and should handle that
exception otherwiser our
program will terminates abnormally.
Here exception will display name of the exception , description of the
exception and line number of
the exception.
Exception
===========
It is a unwanted, expected event which disturbs normal flow of our
program.
Exceptions always raised at runtime so they are also known as runtime
events.
The main objective of exception handling is to provide graceful
termination.
In java, Exceptions are divided into two types.
1) Predefined exceptions
2) Userdefined exception
1) Predefined exceptions
--------------------------
Built-In exceptions are called predefined exceptions.
It is categories into two types.
i) Checked exceptions
--------------------
Exceptions which are checked by the compiler at the time of
compilation are called
checked exceptions.
ex:
EOFException
FileNotFoundException
InterruptedException
ii) Unchecked exceptions
------------------------
Exceptions which are checked by the JVM at the time of runtime
are called unchecked exceptions.
ex:
ArithmeticException
ClassCastException
IllegalArgumentException
Diagram: java38.1
If any checked exception raised in our program we must and should
handle that exception by using try and catch block.
try block
==========
It is a block which contains risky code.
A try block associate with catch block.
If any exception raise in try block then try block won't be executed.
A try block is used to throw the exception to catch block.
catch block
=============
It is a block which contains error handling code.
A catch block always associate with try block.
A catch block is used to catch the exception which is thrown by try
block.
If there is no exception in try block then catch block won't be
executed.
A catch block will take exception name as a parameter and that name
must match with exception class name.
syntax:
-------
try
{
- // Risky Code
}
catch(ArithmeticException ie)
{
- // Error Handling Code
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try-block");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("catch-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
try-block
ex:2
-----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println("catch-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
catch-block
ex:3
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("stmt1");
System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println("catch-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
stmt1
catch-block
ex:4
-----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
try
{
i++;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
i++;
}
System.out.println(i); // 2
}
}
A try with multiple catch block
================================
A try block can have multiple catch blocks.
If a try block contains multiple catch block then order of catch blocks
are very important. It should be from child to parent but not from
parent to child.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println("From AE");
}
catch(RuntimeException re)
{
System.out.println("From RE");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("From E");
}
}
}
Various ways to display exception details
=========================================
Throwable class defines following three ways to display exception
details.
1) printStackTrace()
-------------------
It is used to display name of the exception ,description of the
exception and line number of the exception.
2) toString()
--------------
It is used to display name of the exception and description of the
exception.
3) getMessage()
---------------
It is used to display description of the exception.
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
ae.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("=================");
System.out.println(ae.toString());
System.out.println("=================");
System.out.println(ae.getMessage());
}
}
}
finally block
==============
It is never recommended to maintain cleanup code in try block because
if any exception raise in try block then try block won't be executed.
It is never recommended to maintain cleanup code in catch block because
if there is no exception in try block then catch block won't be
executed.
But we need a place where we can maintain cleanup code and it should
execute irrespective of
exception raise or not. Such block is called finally block.
syntax:
------
try
{
- // Risky Code
}
catch(Exception e)
{
- // Error Handling Code
}
finally
{
- // Cleanup code
}
ex:
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try-block");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
try-block
finally-block
ex:2
----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Test.main(Test.java:7)
finally-block
ex:3
-----
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try-block");
System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("stmt2");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally-block");
}
}
}
o/p:
try-block
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Test.main(Test.java:8)
finally-block
A try with finally combination is valid in java.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println("try-block");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally-block");
}
}
}
Q) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize method?
final
------
It is a modifier which is applicable for variables ,methods and
classes.
If we declare any variable as final then reinitialization of that
variable is not possible.
If we declare any method as final then overriding of that method is not
possible.
If we declare any class as final then creating child class is not
possible.
finally
--------
It is a block which contains cleanup code and it should execute
irrespective of exception raised or not.
finalize
---------
It is a method called by garbage collector just before destroying an
object for cleanup activity.
throw Statement
=================
Sometimes we will create exception objects explicitly and handover to
JVM manually by using throw statement.
ex:
throw new ArithmeticException("Don't divide by zero");
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(10/0);
}
}
Here exception object created and handover to JVM by main method.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
throw new ArithmeticException("don't divide by zero");
}
}
Here exception object created explicitly and handover to JVM manually
by using programmer via throw statement.
throws statement
==================
If any checked exception raised in our program we must and should
handle that exception by using try and catch block or by using throws
statement.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
}
2) Userdefined exceptions
=========================
Exceptions which are created by the user based on the application
requirements are called
customized exceptions or userdefined exceptions.
ex:
NotInterestInJavaException
NoPracticeException
NoJobException
EligileException
NotEligibleException
ex:
---
import java.util.Scanner;
class EligibleException extends RuntimeException
{
EligibleException(String s)
{
super(s);
}
}
class NotEligibleException extends RuntimeException
{
NotEligibleException(String s)
{
super(s);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the age :");
int age=sc.nextInt();
if(age<18)
throw new NotEligibleException("U r not eligible to
vote");
else
throw new EligibleException("U r eligile to vote");
}
}
Q) Can we handle multiple exceptions in a single catch block?
Yes, it is possible to handle multiple exceptions in a single catch
block.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
//System.out.println(10/0);
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(15);
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException | NullPointerException |
ArithmeticException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
java.io package
==================
File
=======
File f=new File("abc.txt");
File will check is there any abc.txt file already created or not.
If it is available it simply refers to that file.If it is not created
then
it won't create any new file.
ex:
---
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
File f=new File("abc.txt");
System.out.println(f.exists());//false
}
}
A File object can be used to create a physical file.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
File f=new File("abc.txt");
System.out.println(f.exists());//false
f.createNewFile();
System.out.println(f.exists());//true
}
}
A File object can be used to create a directory also.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
File f=new File("bhaskar123");
System.out.println(f.exists());//false
f.mkdir();
System.out.println(f.exists());//true
}
}
Q)Write a java program to Create a "cricket123" folder and inside that
folder create "abc.txt" file?
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
File f1=new File("cricket123");
f1.mkdir();
File f2=new File("cricket123","abc.txt");
f2.createNewFile();
System.out.println("Please check the location");
}
}
FileWriter
==========
FileWriter is used to write character oriented data into a file.
constructor
--------------
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter(String s);
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter(File f);
ex:
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("aaa.txt");
or
File f=new File("aaa.txt");
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter(f);
If file does not exist then FileWriter will create a physical file.
Methods
-----------
1)write(int ch)
-----------------
It will insert single character into a file.
2)write(char[] ch)
-----------------
It will insert array of characters into a file.
3)write(String s)
-------------------
It will insert String into a file.
4)flush()
----------
It gives guaranttee that last character of a file is also
inserted.
5)close()
-----------
It is used to close the FileWriter object.
ex:
-----
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("aaa.txt");
fw.write(98);// b
fw.write("\n");
char[] ch={'a','b','c'};
fw.write(ch);
fw.write("\n");
fw.write("bhaskar\nsolution");
fw.flush();
fw.close();
System.out.println("Please check the location");
}
}
FileReader
==================
It is used to read character oriented data from a file.
constructor
--------------
FileReader fr=new FileReader(String s);
FileReader fr=new FileReader(File f);
ex:
FileReader fr=new FileReader("aaa.txt");
or
File f=new File("aaa.txt");
FileReader fr=new FileReader(f);
Methods
----------
1)read()
--------
It will read next character from a file and return unicode value.
If next character is not available then it will return -1.
2)read(char[] ch)
----------------
It will read collection of characters from a file.
3)close()
---------
It is used to close FileReader object.
ex:1
-------
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
FileReader fr=new FileReader("aaa.txt");
int i=fr.read();
while(i!=-1)
{
System.out.print((char)i);
i=fr.read();
}
fr.close();
}
}
ex:2
----------
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
FileReader fr=new FileReader("aaa.txt");
char[] carr=new char[255];
//load the data from file to char array
fr.read(carr);
//reading the data from char array
for(char c:carr)
{
System.out.print(c);
}
fr.close();
}
}
Usage of FileWriter and FileReader is not recommanded to use
==============================================================
While inserting the data by using FileWriter ,we need to insert line
seperator(\n) which is very headache for the programmer.
While reading the data by using FileReader object ,we need to read
character
by character which is not convenient to the programmer.
To overcome this limitation Sun micro system introduced BufferedWriter
and BufferedReader.
BufferedWriter
=================
It is used to insert character oriented data into a file.
constructor
-----------
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(Writer w);
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(Writer w,int buffersize);
BufferedWriter object does not communicate with files directly.
It will take the support of some writer objects.
ex:
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("bbb.txt");
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(fw);
or
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("bbb.txt"));
Methods
---------
1)write(int ch)
-----------------
It will insert single character into a file.
2)write(char[] ch)
-----------------
It will insert array of characters into a file.
3)write(String s)
-------------------
It will insert String into a file.
4)flush()
----------
It gives guaranttee that last character of a file is also
inserted.
5)close()
-----------
It is used to close the BufferedWriter object.
6)newLine()
----------
It will insert new line into a file.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("bbb.txt"));
bw.write(98);//b
bw.newLine();
char[] ch={'a','b','c'};
bw.write(ch);
bw.newLine();
bw.write("bhaskar");
bw.newLine();
bw.flush();
bw.close();
System.out.println("Please check the location");
}
}
BufferedReader
=================
It is enhanced reader to read character oriented data from a file.
constructor
------------
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(Reader r);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(Reader r,int buffersize);
BufferedReader object can't communicate with files directly.IT will
take
support of some reader objects.
ex:
FileReader fr=new FileReader("bbb.txt");
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(fr);
or
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("bbb.txt"));
The main advantage of BufferedReader over FileReader is we can read
character line by line instead of character by character.
methods
---------
1)read()
--------
It will read next character from a file and return unicode value.
If next character is not available then it will return -1.
2)read(char[] ch)
----------------
It will read collection of characters from a file.
3)close()
---------
It is used to close BufferedReader object.
4)nextLine()
------------
It is used to read next line from the file.If next line is
not available then it will return null.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
FileReader("bbb.txt"));
String line=br.readLine();
while(line!=null)
{
System.out.println(line);
line=br.readLine();
}
br.close();
}
}
PrintWriter
===============
It is enhanced write to write character oriented data into a file.
constructor
-----------
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(String s);
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(File f);
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(Writer w);
PrintWriter can communicate with files directly and it will take the
support of some writer objects.
ex:
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter("ccc.txt");
or
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(new File("ccc.txt"));
or
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("ccc.txt"));
The main advantage of PrintWriter over FileWriter and BufferedWriter is
we can insert any type of data.
Assume if we want insert primitive values then PrintWriter is best
choice.
methods
------------
write(int ch)
write(char[] ch)
write(String s)
flush()
close()
writeln(int i)
writeln(float f)
writeln(double d)
writeln(String s)
writeln(char c)
writeln(boolean b)
write(int i)
write(float f)
write(double d)
write(String s)
write(char c)
write(boolean b)
ex:
------
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter("ccc.txt");
pw.write(100);// d
pw.println(100);// 100
pw.print('a');
pw.println(true);
pw.println("hi");
pw.println(10.5d);
pw.flush();
pw.close();
System.out.println("Please check the location");
}
}
various ways to provide input values from the keyboard
======================================================
There are various ways to provide input values from keyboard.
1)Command line argument
2)BufferedReader class
3)Console class
4)Scanner class
1)Command line argument
-------------------------
In command line argument we need to pass our inputs at runtime.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String name=args[0];
System.out.println("Welcome : "+name);
}
}
o/p:
javac Test.java
java Test Alan
2)BufferedReader class
--------------------------
BufferedReader class present in java.io package.
BufferedReader class will take InputStreamReader object as a parameter
which is embedded with System.in.
ex:
BufferedReader br=
new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
To read input values from console we need to readLine() method.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter the Name :");
String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome : "+name);
}
}
3)Console class
================
Console class present in java.io package.
We can create Console class object by using console() method of System
class.
ex:
Console c=System.console();
To read inputs from console we need to use readLine() method.
ex:
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException
{
Console c=System.console();
System.out.println("Enter the Name :");
String name=c.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome : "+name);
}
}
4)Scanner class
==================
Scanner class present java.util package.
We can create Scanner object class as follow.
ex:
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
We can read inputs from the console by using following methods.
ex:
next()
nextLine()
nextInt()
nextFloat()
nextDouble()
next().charAt(0);
and etc.
ex:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the No :");
int no=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the Name :");
String name=sc.next();
System.out.println("Enter the Fee :");
double fee=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println(no+" "+name+" "+fee);
}
}
Generics
=========
Arrays are typesafe. We can give guarantee that what type of elements
are present in array.
If requirement is there to store String values then it is recommanded
to use String array.
ex:
String[] sarr=new String[5];
sarr[0]="hi";
sarr[1]="hello";
sarr[2]="bye";
sarr[3]=10; // invalid
At the time of retrieving the data from array we don't need to perform
typecasting.
ex:
String[] sarr=new String[5];
sarr[0]="hi";
sarr[1]="hello";
sarr[2]="bye";
-
-
String value=sarr[0];
Collections are not typesafe. We can't give guarantee that what type of
elements are present in
Collections.
If requirement is there to store String values then it is never
recommended to use ArrayList because we won't get any compile time
error or runtime error but sometimes our program get failure.
ex:
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("hi");
al.add("hello");
al.add(10);
AT the time of retrieving the data from Collection , compulsary we need
to perform typecasting.
ex:
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("hi");
al.add("hello");
al.add(10);
-
-
String value=(String)al.get(0);
To overcome this above limitations Sun Micro System introduced Generics
concept in 1.5v.
The main objective of generics are.
1) To make Collections as typesafe.
2) To avoid typecasting problem.
java.util package
===================
Q) What is the difference between Arrays and Collections ?
Arrays Collections
------------- ----------------
It is a collection of homogeneous It is a collection of
Data elements. homogeneous and hetrogeneous
Data elemnets
It is fixed in size. It is growable in nature.
Performance point of view arrays are Memory point of view Collections
recommanded to use. Are recommanded to use.
Arrays are not implemented based on Collections are implemented
structure concept. based on data structure concept
Hence we can't expect concept. Hence we can expect ready made
any readymade methods. methods.
Arrays can hold primitive types and Collections can hold only
Object types. object types.
Collection Framework
=======================
Collection framework defines several classes and interfaces to
represent group of individual objects.
Collection
============
It is a root interface for entire Collection Framework.
If we want to represent group of individual objects in a single entity
then we need to use Collection.
Collection interface contains following methods which are applicable
for entire Collection objects.
ex:
cmd> javap java.util.Collection
ex:
public abstract int size();
public abstract boolean isEmpty();
public abstract boolean contains(java.lang.Object);
public abstract java.util.Iterator<E> iterator();
public abstract java.lang.Object[] toArray();
public abstract boolean add(E);
public abstract boolean remove(java.lang.Object);
public abstract boolean containsAll(java.util.Collection<?>);
public abstract boolean addAll(java.util.Collection<? extends
E>);
public abstract boolean removeAll(java.util.Collection<?>);
and etc..
Q) What is the difference between Collection and Collections?
Collection Collections
----------- ------------
It is a root interface for It is a utility class.
Entire collection framework.
It is used to represent a group It defines several utility methods
Of individual objects in a single that are used to operates on
unit. collection.
It contains abstract methods, It contains only static methods.
Static methods and default
Methods.
Q) Write a java program to display the string in a sorting order?
input:
ball cat dog apple elephant
output:
apple ball cat dog elephant
ex:
--
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ball cat dog apple elephant";
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
//for each loop
for(String s:sarr)
{
al.add(s);
}
Collections.sort(al);
al.forEach(element -> System.out.print(element+" "));
}
}
1.List
======
It is a child interface of Collection interface.
If we want to represent group of individual objects in a single entity
where duplicate objects are allowed and order is preserved the we need
to use List interface.
Diagram: java40.1
i)ArrayList
==========
The underlying data structure is resizable array or growable array.
Duplicate objects are allowed.
Insertion order is preserved.
Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
Null insertion is possible.
It implements Serializable, Cloneable and RandomAccess interface.
If our frequent operation is a retrieval operation then ArrayList is a
best choice.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("one");
al.add("two");
al.add("three");
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three]
al.add("one");
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three,one]
al.add(10);
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three,one,10]
al.add(null);
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three,one,10,null]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("one");
al.add("two");
al.add("three");
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three]
al.add("one");
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three,one]
al.add(null);
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three,one,null]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("one");
al.add("two");
al.add("three");
System.out.println(al.isEmpty()); // false
for(int i=0;i<al.size();i++)
{
String s=al.get(i);
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("one");
al.add("two");
al.add("three");
al.add(1,"gogo");
System.out.println(al); //[one,gogo,two,three]
System.out.println(al.contains("gogo")); // true
al.remove("gogo");
System.out.println(al);//[one,two,three]
al.clear();
System.out.println(al);//[]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("one");
list.add("two");
list.add("three");
System.out.println(list);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<String> list=Arrays.asList("one","two","three","four");
list.forEach(element -> System.out.print(element+" "));
}
}
ex:
--
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(6,3,9,1,4);
list.forEach(element -> System.out.print(element+" "));
}
}
ii)LinkedList
============
The underlying data structure is doubly LinkedList.
Duplicate objects are allowed.
Insertion order is preserved.
Hetrogeneous objects are allowed.
Null insertion is possible.
It implements Serializable, Cloneable and Deque interface.
If our frequent operation is adding and removing in the middle then
LinkedList is a best choice.
LinkedList class contains following methods.
ex:
public E getFirst();
public E getLast();
public E removeFirst();
public E removeLast();
public void addFirst(E);
public void addLast(E);
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LinkedList ll=new LinkedList();
ll.add("one");
ll.add("two");
ll.add("three");
System.out.println(ll);//[one,two,three]
ll.add("one");
System.out.println(ll);//[one,two,three,one]
ll.add(10);
System.out.println(ll);//[one,two,three,one,10]
ll.add(null);
System.out.println(ll);//[one,two,three,one,10,null]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LinkedList<String> ll=new LinkedList<String>();
ll.add("one");
ll.add("two");
ll.add("three");
ll.addFirst("gogo");
ll.addLast("jojo");
System.out.println(ll);//[gogo,one,three,three,jojo]
System.out.println(ll.getFirst());//gogo
System.out.println(ll.getLast());//jojo
ll.removeFirst();
ll.removeLast();
System.out.println(ll); //[one,two,three]
}
}
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LinkedList<String> ll1=new LinkedList<String>();
ll1.add("one");
ll1.add("two");
ll1.add("three");
System.out.println(ll1);//[one,two,three]
LinkedList<String> ll2=new LinkedList<String>();
ll2.add("raja");
System.out.println(ll2);//[raja]
ll2.addAll(ll1);
System.out.println(ll2);//[raja,one,two,three]
System.out.println(ll2.containsAll(ll1)); // true
ll2.removeAll(ll1);
System.out.println(ll2);//[raja]
}
}
iii)Vector
========
The underlying data structure is resizable array or growable array.
Duplicate objects are allowed.
Insertion order is preserved.
Hetrogeneous objects are allowed.
Null insertion is possible.
It implements Serializable, Cloneable and RandomAccess interface.
Vector contains synchronized methods. Hence it is thread safe.
Vector class contains following methods.
ex:
addElement()
firstElement()
lastElement()
removeElementAt()
removeAllElements()
and etc.
ex:
----
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vector<Integer> v=new Vector<Integer>();
System.out.println(v.capacity()); // 10
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
v.addElement(i);
}
System.out.println(v);//[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
System.out.println(v.firstElement());//1
System.out.println(v.lastElement());//10
v.removeElementAt(5);
System.out.println(v);//[1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10]
v.insertElementAt(100,5);
System.out.println(v);
v.removeAllElements();
System.out.println(v); //[]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vector<Integer> v=new Vector<Integer>();
System.out.println(v.capacity()); // 10
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
v.add(i);
}
System.out.println(v);//[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
System.out.println(v.get(0));//1
System.out.println(v.get(v.size()-1));//10
v.remove(5);
System.out.println(v);//[1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10]
v.add(5,100);
System.out.println(v);
v.clear();
System.out.println(v); //[]
}
}
Q) What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector?
ArrayList Vector
----------- --------
No method is synchronized All methods are synchronized.
At a time multiple Threads are At a time only one Thread is allow to
allow to operate on ArrayList operate on vector object and hence
object and hence ArrayList object vector object is Thread safe.
is not Thread safe.
Relatively performance is high Relatively performance is low because
Because Threads are not required Threads are required to wait.
to wait.
It is non legacy and introduced It is legacy and introduced in 1.0v
In 1.2v
Q) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
ArrayList LinkedList
------------- ----------
The underlying data structure is The underlying Data structure is
Resizable array or growable doubly linked list.
Array.
Array list is better for sorting Linked list is better for manipulating
And accessing data. Data.
The memory location for the The memory location for the elements
Elements of an ArrayList is of an LinkedList is not contiguous.
Contiguous.
When an ArrayList is initialized, There is no case of default capacity
a default capacity of 10 is in a LinkedList.
assigned to the ArrayList.
iv)Stack
========
It is a child class of Vector class.
If we depends upon Last In First Out order then we need to use Stack.
constructor
----------
Stack s=new Stack();
methods
-------
1) push(Object o)
-----------------
It is used to push the element in a stack.
2) pop()
---------
It is used to pop the element from stack.
3) peek()
---------
It returns toppest element from stack.
4) isEmpty()
-----------
It is used to check stack is empty or not.
5) Search(Object o)
-------------------
It will return offset value if element is found otherwise it will
return -1.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Stack<String> s=new Stack<String>();
s.push("A");
s.push("B");
s.push("C");
System.out.println(s);//[A,B,C]
s.pop();
System.out.println(s);//[A,B]
System.out.println(s.peek()); // B
System.out.println(s.isEmpty());//false
System.out.println(s.search("Z")); // -1
System.out.println(s.search("A"));// 2
}
}
2.Set
======
It is a child interface of Collection interface.
If we want to represent group of individual objects in a single entity
where duplicate objects are
not allowed and order is not preserved then we need to use Set
interface.
Diagram: java41.1
i)HashSet
========
The underlying data structure is Hashtable.
Duplicate objects are not allowed.
Insertion order is not preserved because it will take hash code of an
object.
Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
Null insertion is possible.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HashSet hs=new HashSet();
hs.add("nine");
hs.add("one");
hs.add("six");
System.out.println(hs);//[nine, six, one]
hs.add("one");
System.out.println(hs);//[nine, six, one]
hs.add(10);
System.out.println(hs);//[nine, six, one, 10]
hs.add(null);
System.out.println(hs);//[null, nine, six, one, 10]
}
}
ii)LinkedHashSet
================
LinkedHashSet is a child class of HashSet class.
LinkedHashSet is exactly same as HashSet class with following
differences.
ex:
HashSet LinkedHashSet
----------- ---------------
The underlying data structure is Hashtable. The underlying data
structure is Hashtable and
LinkedList.
Insertion order is not preserved. Insertion order is preserved.
It is introduced in 1.2v. It is introduced in 1.4v.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LinkedHashSet lhs=new LinkedHashSet();
lhs.add("nine");
lhs.add("one");
lhs.add("six");
System.out.println(lhs);//[nine, one, six]
lhs.add("one");
System.out.println(lhs);//[nine, one, six]
lhs.add(10);
System.out.println(lhs);//[nine, one, six, 10]
lhs.add(null);
System.out.println(lhs);//[nine, one, six, 10, null]
}
}
iii)TreeSet
============
The underlying data structure is Balanced Tree.
Duplicate objects are not allowed.
Insertion order is not preserved because it will take sorting order of
an object.
Heterogeneous objects are not allowed.
If we insert heterogeneous object then we will get runtime exception
called ClassCastException.
Null insertion is not possible.
If we insert null then we will get NullPointerException.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeSet ts=new TreeSet();
ts.add(10);
ts.add(1);
ts.add(5);
ts.add(3);
System.out.println(ts);//[1, 3, 5, 10]
ts.add(1);
System.out.println(ts);//[1, 3, 5, 10]
//ts.add("hi");
//System.out.println(ts); // R.E ClassCastException
//ts.add(null);
//System.out.println(ts); // R.E NullPointerException
}
}
Q) What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator interface?
Comparable
-----------
Comparable is an interface which is present in java.lang package.
It contains only one method i.e compareTo() method.
If we depends upon default natural sorting order then we need to use
Comparable interface.
ex:
obj1.compareTo(obj2)
It will return -ve if obj1 comes before obj2.
It will return +ve if obj1 comes after obj2.
it will return 0 if both objects are same.
ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("A".compareTo("Z")); // -25
System.out.println("Z".compareTo("A")); // 25
System.out.println("K".compareTo("K")); // 0
}
}
Comparator
----------
Comparator is an interface which is present in java.util package.
It contains two methods i.e compare() and equals() method.
If we depends upon customized sorting order then we need to use
Comparator interface.e
ex:
public int compare(Object obj1,Object obj2)
It will return +ve if obj1 comes before obj2.
It will return -ve if obj1 comes after obj2.
it will return 0 if both objects are same.
Implementation of equals() method is optional because this method
present in Object and it is available to the class through inheritance.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeSet<Integer> ts=new TreeSet<Integer>(newMyComparator());
ts.add(10);
ts.add(1);
ts.add(5);
System.out.println(ts);
}
}
class MyComparator implements Comparator
{
public int compare(Object obj1,Object obj2)
{
Integer i1=(Integer)obj1;
Integer i2=(Integer)obj2;
if(i1<i2)
return 1;
else if(i1>i2)
return -1;
else
return 0;
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeSet<Integer> ts=new TreeSet<Integer>(new
MyComparator());
ts.add(10);
ts.add(1);
ts.add(5);
System.out.println(ts);
}
}
class MyComparator implements Comparator
{
public int compare(Object obj1,Object obj2)
{
Integer i1=(Integer)obj1;
Integer i2=(Integer)obj2;
if(i1<i2)
return -1;
else if(i1>i2)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
}
3.Map
======
It is not a child interface of Collection interface.
If we want to represent group of individual objects in key and value
pair then we need to use Map interface.
key and value both must be objects.
key can't be duplicate but value can be duplicate.
Each key and value pair is known as single entry.
Diagram: java42.1
HashMap
========
The underlying data structure is Hashtable.
Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicates.
Insertion order is not preserved because it will take hashcode of a
key.
Hetrogeneous objects are allowed for both key and value.
Null insertion is possible for both key and value.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HashMap hm=new HashMap();
hm.put("one","raja");
hm.put("six","alan");
hm.put("ten","jose");
hm.put("four","nancy");
System.out.println(hm);//{six=alan, four=nancy, one=raja,
ten=jose}
hm.put("one","gogo");
System.out.println(hm);//{six=alan, four=nancy, one=gogo,
ten=jose}
hm.put(1,100);
System.out.println(hm);//{1=100, six=alan, four=nancy,
one=gogo, ten=jose}
hm.put(null,null);
System.out.println(hm);//{null=null, 1=100, six=alan,
four=nancy, one=gogo, ten=jose}
}
}
ex:
--
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HashMap hm=new HashMap();
hm.put("one","raja");
hm.put("six","alan");
hm.put("ten","jose");
hm.put("four","nancy");
Set s=hm.keySet();
System.out.println(s);//[six, four, one, ten]
Collection c=hm.values();
System.out.println(c);//[alan, nancy, raja, jose]
Set s1=hm.entrySet();
System.out.println(s1);//[six=alan, four=nancy, one=raja,
ten=jose]
}
}
LinkedHashMap
===============
It is a child class of HashMap class.
LinkedHashMap is exactly same as HashMap class with following
differences.
HashMap LinkedHashMap
------------- ---------------
The underlying data structure is The underlying data structure is
Hashtable. Hashtable and LinkedList.
Insertion order is not preserved. Insertion order is preserved.
Introduced in 1.2 version. Introduced in 1.4 version.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LinkedHashMap lhm=new LinkedHashMap();
lhm.put("one","raja");
lhm.put("six","alan");
lhm.put("ten","jose");
lhm.put("four","nancy");
System.out.println(lhm);//{one=raja, six=alan, ten=jose, four=nancy}
lhm.put("one","gogo");
System.out.println(lhm);//{one=gogo, six=alan, ten=jose, four=nancy}
lhm.put(1,100);
System.out.println(lhm);//{one=gogo, six=alan, ten=jose, four=nancy,
1=100}
lhm.put(null,null);
System.out.println(lhm);//{one=gogo, six=alan, ten=jose, four=nancy,
1=100, null=null}
}
}
TreeMap
=========
The underlying datastructure is RED BLACK TREE.
Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicate.
Insertion order is not preserved because it will take sorting order of
key.
If we depends upon default natural sorting order then key must be
homogeneous and Comparable.
If we depends customized sorting order then key must be hetrogeneous
and Non-Comparable.
Key can't be null but value can be null.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeMap<Integer,String> tm=new TreeMap<Integer,String>();
tm.put(10,"ten");
tm.put(1,"one");
tm.put(5,"five");
System.out.println(tm); //{1=one, 5=five, 10=ten}
tm.put(1,"gogo");
System.out.println(tm); //{1=gogo, 5=five, 10=ten}
tm.put(4,null);
System.out.println(tm); //{1=gogo, 4=null, 5=five, 10=ten}
tm.put(null,"four");
System.out.println(tm); //R.E NullPointerException
}
}
Hashtable
=========
The underlying data structure is Hashtable.
Keys can't be duplicate but values can be duplicate.
Insertion order is not preserved because it will take descending order
of key.
Hetrogeneous objects are allowed for both key and value.
Both key and value can't be null.
ex:
--
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Hashtable ht=new Hashtable();
ht.put(10,"ten");
ht.put(1,"one");
ht.put(5,"five");
System.out.println(ht); //{10=ten, 5=five, 1=one}
ht.put(1,"gogo");
System.out.println(ht); //{10=ten, 5=five, 1=gogo}
ht.put("six",6);
System.out.println(ht); //{10=ten, six=6, 5=five, 1=gogo}
//ht.put(4,null);
//System.out.println(ht); // R.E NullPointerException
//ht.put(null,"four");
//System.out.println(ht); // R.E NullPointerException
}
}
Interview Questions
======================
Q) Write a java program to check given string is balanced or not?
input:
{[()]}
output:
It is a balanced string
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="{[()]}";
//caller method
if(isBalanced(str.toCharArray()))
System.out.println("It is a balanced string");
else
System.out.println("It is not a balanced string");
}
//callie method
public static boolean isBalanced(char[] carr)
{
Stack<Character> s=new Stack<Character>();
//for each loop
for(char ch:carr)
{
if(ch=='{' || ch=='[' || ch=='(')
{
s.push(ch);
}
else if(ch==')' && !s.isEmpty() && s.peek()=='(')
{
s.pop();
}
else if(ch==']' && !s.isEmpty() && s.peek()=='[')
{
s.pop();
}
else if(ch=='}' && !s.isEmpty() && s.peek()=='{')
{
s.pop();
}
else
{
return false;
}
return s.isEmpty();
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display distinct elements from given array?
input:
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
output:
1 2 3 4
ex:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr={1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4};
Set<Integer> set=new LinkedHashSet<Integer>();
for(int i:arr)
{
set.add(i);
}
set.forEach(element -> System.out.print(element+" "));
}
}
Q) Write a java program to compare two dates?
ex:
import java.time.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LocalDate date1=LocalDate.of(2024,1,26);
LocalDate date2=LocalDate.of(2024,8,15);
if(date1.compareTo(date2)>0)
System.out.println("date1 is biggest");
else if(date1.compareTo(date2)<0)
System.out.println("date2 is biggest");
else
System.out.println("Both are same");
}
}
Q) Write a java program to count occurance of a string?
input:
this is is java java class
output:
this=1 is=2 java=2 class=1
ex:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="this is is java java class";
String[] sarr=str.split(" ");
Map<String,Integer> map=new LinkedHashMap<String,Integer>();
//for each loop
for(String s:sarr)
{
if(map.get(s)!=null)
{
map.put(s,map.get(s)+1);
}
else
{
map.put(s,1);
}
}
map.forEach((key,value) -> System.out.print(key+"="+value+" "));
}
}
4Q) Write a java program to count occurance of a character?
input:
java
output:
j=1 a=2 v=1
ex:
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="java";
char[] carr=str.toCharArray();
Map<Character,Integer> map=new
LinkedHashMap<Character,Integer>();
//for each loop
for(char c:carr)
{
if(map.get(c)!=null)
{
map.put(c,map.get(c)+1);
}
else
{
map.put(c,1);
}
}
map.forEach((key,value) -> System.out.print(key+"="+value+" "));
}
}
Coursors & Types of Cursors
===============================
Cursor is used to read the objects one by one from Collections.
We have three types of cursors.
1) Enumeration
2) Iterator
3) ListIterator
1) Enumeration
---------------
Enumeration is used to read objects one by one from legacy Collection
objects.
We can create Enumeration object by using elements() method.
ex:
Enumeration e=v.elements();
Enumeration interface contains following two methods.
ex:
public boolean hasMoreElements()
public Object nextElement()
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vector v=new Vector();
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
v.add(i);
}
System.out.println(v);//[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Enumeration e=v.elements();
while(e.hasMoreElements())
{
Integer i =(Integer)e.nextElement();
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Limitation with Enumeration
---------------------------
Enumeration interface is used read objects only from legacy Collection
objects.Hence it is not a universal cursor.
Using Enumeration we can perform read operation but not remove
operation.
To overcome this limitation Sun Micro System introduced Iterator.
2) Iterator
--------------
It is used to read objects one by one from any Collection object.Hence
it is a universal cursor.
Using Iterator interface we can perform read and remove operation.
We can create Iterator object by using iterator() method.
ex:
Iterator itr=al.iterator();
Iterator interface contains following three methods.
ex:
public boolean hasNext()
public Object next()
public void remove()
ex:
----
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
al.add(i);
}
System.out.println(al);//[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Iterator itr=al.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{
Integer i=(Integer)itr.next();
if(i%2==0)
System.out.println(i+" ");
else
itr.remove();
}
System.out.println(al);//[2,4,6,8,10]
}
}
Limitation with Iterator
----------------------
Using Enumeration and Iterator we can read objects only in forward
direction but not in backward direction.Hence they are not bi-
directional cursors.
Using Iterator interface we can perform read and remove operation but
not adding and replacement of new object.
To overcome this limitation we need to use ListIterator.
3) ListIterator
----------------
ListIterator is a child interface of Iterator interface.
ListIterator is used to read objects one by one from List Collection
object only.
ListIterator interface is used to perform read, remove , adding and
replacement of new object.
We can create ListIterator object by using listIterator() method.
ex:
ListIterator litr=al.listIterator();
ListIterator interface contains following 9 methods.
ex:
public abstract boolean hasNext()
public abstract Object next()
public abstract boolean hasPrevious()
public abstract Object previous()
public abstract int nextIndex()
public abstract int previousIndex()
public abstract void remove()
public abstract void add(E)
public abstract void set(E)
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("venki");
al.add("bala");
al.add("nag");
al.add("chiru");
System.out.println(al);//[venki,bala,nag,chiru]
ListIterator litr=al.listIterator();
while(litr.hasNext())
{
String s=(String)litr.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("venki");
al.add("bala");
al.add("nag");
al.add("chiru");
System.out.println(al);//[venki,bala,nag,chiru]
ListIterator litr=al.listIterator();
while(litr.hasNext())
{
String s=(String)litr.next();
if(s.equals("bala"))
{
litr.remove();
}
}
System.out.println(al);//[venki,nag,chiru]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("venki");
al.add("bala");
al.add("nag");
al.add("chiru");
System.out.println(al);//[venki,bala,nag,chiru]
ListIterator litr=al.listIterator();
while(litr.hasNext())
{
String s=(String)litr.next();
if(s.equals("nag"))
{
litr.add("chaitanya");
}
}
System.out.println(al);//[venki, bala, nag, chaitanya,
chiru]
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList al=new ArrayList();
al.add("venki");
al.add("bala");
al.add("nag");
al.add("chiru");
System.out.println(al);//[venki,bala,nag,chiru]
ListIterator litr=al.listIterator();
while(litr.hasNext())
{
String s=(String)litr.next();
if(s.equals("chiru"))
{
litr.set("ramcharan");
}
}
System.out.println(al);//[venki,bala,nag,ramcharn]
}
}
Q) Types of Data Structures in Java?
Diagram: java43.1
Multithreading
================
Q) What is the difference between Thread and Process?
Thread
------
A Thread is a light weight sub process.
We can run multiple threads concurently.
Once thread can communicate with another thread.
ex:
class is one thread
constructor is one thread
block is one thread
Process
-------
A process is a collection of threads.
We can run multiple process concurently.
Once process can't communicate with another process.
ex:
typing the notes in editor is one process
taking a class using zoom meeting is one process
downloading a file from internet is one process
Multitasking
=============
Executing several task simultenously such concept is called
multitasking.
We have two types of multitasking.
1) Thread based multitasking
2) Process based multitasking
1) Thread based multitasking
---------------------------
Executing several task simultenously where each task is a same part of
a program.
It is best suitable for programmatic level.
2) Process based multitasking
----------------------------
Executing several task simultenously where each task is a independent
process.
It is best suitable for OS level.
Multithreading
================
Executing several threads simultenously such concept is called
multithreading.
The main objective of multithreading is to improve the performance of
the application/system.
The important application area of multithreading are.
1) To implements multi media graphics.
2) To develop video games.
3) To develop animations.
In multithreading only 10% of work should be done by a programmer and
90% of work will be done by JAVA API.
Ways to create a thread in java
==============================
There are two ways to create a thread in java.
1) By extending Thread class
2) By implementing Runnable interface
1) By extending Thread class
----------------------------
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//instantiate a thread
MyThread t=new MyThread();
//start a thread
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
case1: Thread Schedular
-----------------------
If multiple threads are waiting for execution which thread will be
executed will decided by Thread schedular.
What algorithm, behaviour or mechanism used by thread schedular is
depends upon JVM vendor.
Hence we can't expect any execution order or exact output in
multithreading.
case2: Difference between t.start() and to.run() method
----------------------------------------------------------
If we invoke t.start() method then a new thread will be created which
is responsible to execute run() method automatically.
ex:
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//instantiate a thread
MyThread t=new MyThread();
//start a thread
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
If we invoke t.run() method then no new thread will be created but
run() method will execute just like a normal method.
ex:
---
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//instantiate a thread
MyThread t=new MyThread();
//no new thread
t.run();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
case3: If we won't override run() method
-------------------------------------------
If we won't override run() method then start() method will execute
Thread class run() method automatically.
But Thread class run() method is empty implementation.Hence we won't
get any output from child thread.
ex:
class MyThread extends Thread
{
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//instantiate a thread
MyThread t=new MyThread();
//new thread
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
case4: If we overload run() method
---------------------------------------
If we overload run() method then Thread class start() method always
execute run() method with zero argument only.
ex:
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run(int i)
{
System.out.println("int-arg method");
}
public void run()
{
System.out.println("0-arg method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//instantiate a thread
MyThread t=new MyThread();
//new thread
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
case5: Life cycle of a thread
------------------------------
Diagram: java43.2
Once if we create a thread , our thread will be in new or born state.
Once if we call t.start() method our thread will be in ready or
runnable state.
If thread schedular allocates to CPU our thread goes to running state.
Once run() method execution is completed our thread enters to dead
state.
2) By implementing Runnable interface
--------------------------------------
class MyRunnable implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyRunnable r=new MyRunnable();
Thread t=new Thread(r); // r is a targatable interface
//new thread
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
Various ways to prevent a thread from execution
===============================================
There are three ways to prevent(stop) a thread from execution.
1) yield()
2) join()
3) sleep()
1) yield()
-----------
It will pause current execution thread and gives the change to other
threads having same priority.
IF there is no waiting threads or low priority threads then same thread
will continue it's execution.
If multiple threads having same priority then we can't expect any
execution order.
ex:
public static native void yield()
Diagram: java44.1
ex:
---
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
Thread.currentThread().yield();
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
2) join()
-----------
If a thread wants to wait untill the completion of some other thread
then we need to use join() method.
A join() method will throw one checked exception called
InterruptedException so we must and should handle that exception by
using try and catch block or by using throws statement.
ex:
public final void join()throws InterruptedException
public final void join(long ms)throws InterruptedException
public final void join(int ns)throws InterruptedException
Diagram: java44.2
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
t.join();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
3) sleep()
-----------
If a thread don't want to perform any operation on perticular amount of
time then we need to use sleep() method.
A sleep() method will throw one checked exception so we must and should
handle that exception by using try and catch block or by using throws
statement.
ex:
public static native void sleep()throws InterruptedException
public static native void sleep(long ms)throws
InterruptedException
public static native void sleep(long ms,int ns)throws
InterruptedException
Diagram: java44.3
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
try
{
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
Setting and Getting name of a thread
===================================
In java, every thread has a name. Automatically generated by the JVM or
explicitly provided by the programmer.
We have following methods to set and get name of a thread.
ex:
public final void setName(String name)
public final String getName()
ex:
---
class MyThread extends Thread
{
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); //main
MyThread t=new MyThread();
System.out.println(t.getName()); // Thread-0
Thread.currentThread().setName("Parent-Thread");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());//Parent-
Thread
t.setName("Child-Thread");
System.out.println(t.getName());//Child-Thread
}
}
Thread Priority
=================
In java, every thread has a priority. Explicitly provided by the
programmer or automatically generated by JVM.
The valid range of thread priority is 1 to 10. Where 1 is a least
priority and 10 is a highest priority.
If we take more the 10 priority then we will get RuntimeException
called IllegalArgumentException.
A Thread gave following standard constants as a thread priority.
ex:
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY - 10
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY - 5
Thread.MIN_PRIORITY - 1
We have don't such constants like LOW_PRIORITY and HIGH_PRIORITY.
A thread which is having highest priority will be executed first.
If multiple threads having same priority then we can't expect any
execution order.
A Thread schedular uses thread priority while allocating to CPU.
We have following methods to set and get thread priority.
ex:
public final void setPriority(int priority)
public final int getPriority()
ex:
---
class MyThread extends Thread
{
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
//5
MyThread t=new MyThread();
System.out.println(t.getPriority()); // 5
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(10);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getPriority());//10
t.setPriority(4);
System.out.println(t.getPriority());//4
t.setPriority(11); // R.E IllegalArgumentException
}
}
Deamon Thread
=============
Deamon Thread is a service provider thread which provides services to
user threads.
Life of deamon thread is depends upon user threads. If user threads
died then daemon thread will die automatically.
There are many daemon thread are running internally such as Garbage
Collector, Finalizer and etc.
To start the daemon thread we need to use setDeamon(true) method.
To check a thread is a daemon thread or not we need to use isDaemon()
method.
ex:
--
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isDaemon());
System.out.println("Child-Thread");
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.setDaemon(true);
t.start();
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println("Parent-Thread");
}
}
}
Problem without synchronization
==============================
If there is no synchronization then we will face following problems.
1) Data inconsistency
2) Thread interference
ex:
----
class Table
{
public void printTable(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(n*i);
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(10);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Table obj=new Table();
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
synchronization
================
A synchronized keyword is applicable for methods and blocks.
A synchronization is allowed one thread to execute given object.Hence
we achieve thread safety.
The main advantage of synchronization is we solve data inconsistence
problem.
The main disadvantage of synchronization is ,it will increase waiting
time of a thread which reduce the performance of the system.
If there is no specific requirement then it is never recommanded to use
synchronization concept.
synchronization internally uses lock mechanism.
Whenever a thread wants to access object , first it has to acquire lock
of an object and thread will release the lock when it completes it's
task.
When a thread wants to execute synchronized method.It automatically
gets the lock of an object.
When one thread is executing synchronized method then other threads are
not allowed to execute other synchronized methods in a same object
concurently.But other threads are allowed to execute non-synchronized
method concurently.
ex:
class Table
{
synchronized void printTable(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(n*i);
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(10);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Table obj=new Table();
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
synchronized block
====================
If we want to perform synchronization on specific resource of a program
then we need to use
synchronization.
ex:
If we have 100 lines of code and if we want to perform
synchronization only for
10 lines then we need to use synchronized block.
If we keep all the logic in synchronized block then it will act as a
synchronized method.
ex:
class Table
{
void printTable(int n)
{
synchronized(this)
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(n*i);
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}//sync
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread1(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{
Table t;
MyThread2(Table t)
{
this.t=t;
}
public void run()
{
t.printTable(10);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Table obj=new Table();
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
3)Static synchronization
=====================
In static synchronization the lock will be on class but not on object.
If we declare any static method as synchronized then it is called
static synchronization method.
ex:
class Table
{
static synchronized void printTable(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println(n*i);
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
class MyThread1 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
Table.printTable(5);
}
}
class MyThread2 extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
Table.printTable(10);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1();
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2();
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Inter-Thread Communication
==========================
Two threads can communicate with one another by using wait(),notify()
and notifyAll() method.
The Thread which is expecting updations it has to wait() method and the
thread which is performing updations it has to call notify() method.
wait(),notify() and notifyAll() method present in Object class but not
in Thread class.
To call wait(),notify() and notifyAll() method our current thread must
be in a synchronized area otherwise we will get
IllegalMonitorStateException.
Once a thread calls wait() method on a given object ,1st it will
release the lock of that object immediately and entered into waiting
state.
Once a thread calls notify() and notifyAll() method on a given
object.It will release the lock of that object but not immediately.
Except wait(),notify() and notifyAll() method ,there is no such concept
where lock release can happen.
ex:
class MyThread extends Thread
{
int total=0;
public void run()
{
synchronized(this)
{
System.out.println("Child Thread started calculation");
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
total=total+i;
}
System.out.println("Child thread giving notification");
this.notify();
}
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
synchronized(t)
{
sSystem.out.println("Main Thread waiting for updating");
t.wait();
System.out.println("Main -Thread got notification ");
System.out.println(t.total);
}
}
}
DeadLock in java
===============
DeadLock will occur in a suitation when one thread is waiting to access
object lock which is acquired by another thread and that thread is
waiting
to access object lock which is acquired by first thread.
Here both the threads are waiting release the thread but no body will
release such situation is called DeadLock.
ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final String res1="hi";
final String res2="bye";
Thread t1=new Thread()
{
public void run()
{
synchronized(res1)
{
System.out.println("Thread1: Locking Resource 1");
synchronized(res2)
{
System.out.println("Thread1: Locking Resource2");
}
}
}
};
Thread t2=new Thread()
{
public void run()
{
synchronized(res2)
{
System.out.println("Thread2: Locking Resource 2");
synchronized(res1)
{
System.out.println("Thread1: Locking Resource 1");
}
}
}
};
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Drawbacks of multithreading
======================
1)DeadLock
2)Thread Starvation
Java 8 Features
==================
Functional interface
====================
Functional interface introduced in Java 8 version.
Interface which contains only one abstract method is called functional
interface.
It can have any number of default methods and static methods.
It is also known as SAM interface or Single Abstract Method interface.
The main objective of functional interface is to achieve functional
programming.
ex:
a = f1(){}
f1(f2(){})
{
}
@FunctionalInterface annotation is used to declare functional interface
and it is optional.
ex:
---
@FunctionalInterface
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
}
class B implements A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new B();
a.m1();
}
}
ex:
----
@FunctionalInterface
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new A()
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("From M1 Method");
}
};
a.m1();
}
}
Lamda Expression
================
Lamda expression introduced in Java 8 version.
Lamda expression is used to concise(reduce) the code.
We can use lamda expression when we have functional interface.
Lamda expression consider as method.
The main objective of lamda expression is to achieve functional
programming.
Lamda expression does not allow name, returntype and modifier.
ex:
Java Method
------------
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
Lamda expression
----------------
()->
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
};
ex:
---
@FunctionalInterface
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=()->
{
System.out.println("M1 Method");
};
a.m1();
}
}
ex:
---
@FunctionalInterface
interface A
{
public abstract void m1(int i,int j);
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=(int i,int j)->
{
System.out.println(i+j);
};
a.m1(10,20);
}
}
ex:
---
@FunctionalInterface
interface A
{
public abstract int m1(int i,int j);
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=(int i,int j)->
{
return i+j;
};
System.out.println(a.m1(20,30));
}
}
Default methods in interface
===========================
Java provides facility to declare default methods in interface from
Java 8 version.
If we declare an method inside the interface and tagged with default
keyword is called default method.
Default method is a non-abstract method.
Default methods can be override.
ex:
----
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
default void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class B implements A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new B();
a.m1();
a.m2();
}
}
ex:
---
interface A
{
public abstract void m1();
default void m2()
{
System.out.println("M2-Method");
}
}
class B implements A
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
public void m2()
{
System.out.println("Override-M2-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a=new B();
a.m1();
a.m2();
}
}
To achieve multiple inheritance in java we need to use default methods
of an interface.
ex:
---
interface Right
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Right-M1-Method");
}
}
interface Left
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Left-M1-Method");
}
}
class Middle implements Right,Left
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Middle-M1-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Middle m=new Middle();
m.m1();
}
}
ex:
---
interface Right
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Right-M1-Method");
}
}
interface Left
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Left-M1-Method");
}
}
class Middle implements Right,Left
{
public void m1()
{
Right.super.m1();
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Middle m=new Middle();
m.m1();
}
}
ex:
---
interface Right
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Right-M1-Method");
}
}
interface Left
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Left-M1-Method");
}
}
class Middle implements Right,Left
{
public void m1()
{
Left.super.m1();
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Middle m=new Middle();
m.m1();
}
}
ex:
---
interface Right
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Right-M1-Method");
}
}
interface Left
{
default void m1()
{
System.out.println("Left-M1-Method");
}
}
class Middle implements Right,Left
{
public void m1()
{
Right.super.m1();
Left.super.m1();
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Middle m=new Middle();
m.m1();
}
}
static methods in interface
===========================
Java provides facility to declare static methods in interface from Java
8 version.
If we declare an method inside the interface and tagged with static
keyword is called static method.
Static method is a non-abstract method.
Static methods can't be override.
ex:
---
interface A
{
static void m1()
{
System.out.println("M1-Method");
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A.m1();
}
}
Stream API
==========
Stream is an interface which is present in java.util.stream package.
Stream API is used to perform bulk operations on Collections.
Stream API is used to process the objects from Collections.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
List<Integer> newList=list.stream().filter(i-
>i%2==0).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println(newList);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
List<Integer> newList=list.stream().filter(i-
>i%2!=0).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println(newList);
}
}
ex:
--
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
long odd=list.stream().filter(i->i%2!=0).count();
System.out.println(odd);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
List<Integer> newList=list.stream().map(i-
>i+10).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println(newList);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
List<Integer>
newList=list.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println(newList);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
List<Integer>
newList=list.stream().sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).collect(Collect
ors.toList());
System.out.println(newList);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
long minimum=list.stream().min((i1,i2)-
>i1.compareTo(i2)).get();
System.out.println(minimum);
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
long maximum=list.stream().max((i1,i2)-
>i1.compareTo(i2)).get();
System.out.println(maximum);
}
}
forEach() Method
==================
A forEach() method introduced in Java 8 version.
It is used to iterate the objects from Collections.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,3,8,4,9);
list.forEach(element-> System.out.print(element+" "));
}
}
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Map<Integer,String> map=new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
map.put(1,"one");
map.put(2,"two");
map.put(3,"three");
map.forEach((key,value)->
System.out.println(key+"="+value));
}
}
Method Reference (::)
======================
Method reference introduced in Java 8 version.
Method reference is a special type of lambda expression.
ex:
---
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Integer> list=Arrays.asList(5,7,1,9,2,3);
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Interview Question
==================
Q) Write a java program to display employee records in ascending order
of employee id?
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Employee
{
private int empId;
private String empName;
private double empSal;
//parameterized constructor
Employee(int empId,String empName,double empSal)
{
this.empId=empId;
this.empName=empName;
this.empSal=empSal;
}
public int getEmpId()
{
return empId;
}
public String getEmpName()
{
return empName;
}
public double getEmpSal()
{
return empSal;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Employee> list=new ArrayList<Employee>();
list.add(new Employee(104,"Jack",4000d));
list.add(new Employee(101,"Nancy",1000d));
list.add(new Employee(103,"Jose",3000d));
list.add(new Employee(102,"Linda",2000d));
List<Employee>
newList=list.stream().sorted(Comparator.comparingInt(Employee::getEmpId
)).collect(Collectors.toList());
newList.forEach(employee->
System.out.println(employee.getEmpId()
+" "+employee.getEmpName()+" "+employee.getEmpSal()));
}
}
Q) Write a java program to display employee records in ascending order
of employee name?
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
class Employee
{
private int empId;
private String empName;
private double empSal;
//parameterized constructor
Employee(int empId,String empName,double empSal)
{
this.empId=empId;
this.empName=empName;
this.empSal=empSal;
}
public int getEmpId()
{
return empId;
}
public String getEmpName()
{
return empName;
}
public double getEmpSal()
{
return empSal;
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<Employee> list=new ArrayList<Employee>();
list.add(new Employee(104,"Jack",4000d));
list.add(new Employee(101,"Nancy",1000d));
list.add(new Employee(103,"Jose",3000d));
list.add(new Employee(102,"Linda",2000d));
List<Employee>
newList=list.stream().sorted(Comparator.comparing(Employee::getEmpName)
).collect(Collectors.toList());
newList.forEach(employee->
System.out.println(employee.getEmpId()
+" "+employee.getEmpName()+" "+employee.getEmpSal()));
}
}
Garbage Collector
=================
It is a daemon thread which is responsible to destroy unused and
useless object from java.
There are two ways to call garbage collector in java.
1) System.gc()
2) Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
ex:
---
class Test
{
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println(t1.i); // 10
t1=null;
System.gc();
}
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("Method Called");
}
}
ex:
---
class Test
{
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1=new Test();
System.out.println(t1.i); // 10
t1=null;
Runtime.getRuntime().gc();
}
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("Method Called");
}
}
You might also like
- Complete A Z Javascript Notes 1682741974No ratings yetComplete A Z Javascript Notes 168274197485 pages
- Noida Software Companies - List of IT Companies in NoidaNo ratings yetNoida Software Companies - List of IT Companies in Noida8 pages
- Learning React Modern Patterns For Developing React Apps 2nd Edition Ebook PDFNo ratings yetLearning React Modern Patterns For Developing React Apps 2nd Edition Ebook PDF42 pages
- Express - Js Blueprints - Sample ChapterNo ratings yetExpress - Js Blueprints - Sample Chapter26 pages
- Beginning Modern Javascript a Step by Step Gentle Guide to LearnNo ratings yetBeginning Modern Javascript a Step by Step Gentle Guide to Learn186 pages
- Important Frontend Interview Revision GuideNo ratings yetImportant Frontend Interview Revision Guide36 pages
- Node JS Cheat Sheet + PDF Zero To MasteryNo ratings yetNode JS Cheat Sheet + PDF Zero To Mastery17 pages
- The Node - Js Developer Roadmap For 2021No ratings yetThe Node - Js Developer Roadmap For 20216 pages
- JEE Full Stack 2.0 With React - 48 Days - 2022 - V1.0100% (1)JEE Full Stack 2.0 With React - 48 Days - 2022 - V1.019 pages
- Ajax Interview Questions and Answers SetNo ratings yetAjax Interview Questions and Answers Set15 pages
- Codeship Test-Driven Development For JavaScript-1No ratings yetCodeship Test-Driven Development For JavaScript-112 pages
- MERN Projects for Beginners: Create Five Social Web Apps Using MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node 1st Edition Nabendu Biswas all chapter instant download100% (1)MERN Projects for Beginners: Create Five Social Web Apps Using MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node 1st Edition Nabendu Biswas all chapter instant download40 pages
- Javascript Exercises, Algorithms Practice, and Mock InterviewsNo ratings yetJavascript Exercises, Algorithms Practice, and Mock Interviews2 pages
- Mastering Ext JS - Second Edition - Sample ChapterNo ratings yetMastering Ext JS - Second Edition - Sample Chapter20 pages
- How To Set Up User Authentication Using React, Redux, and Redux SagaNo ratings yetHow To Set Up User Authentication Using React, Redux, and Redux Saga20 pages
- PickBazar Best React GraphQL ECommerce Template 20200% (1)PickBazar Best React GraphQL ECommerce Template 20204 pages
- BELLTPO CHARTS WORKSPACE VIDEOLINKS Troubleshooting InstuctionsNo ratings yetBELLTPO CHARTS WORKSPACE VIDEOLINKS Troubleshooting Instuctions3 pages
- PUB-Alcatel Omnivista 2500 (Virtual) ... - 021023-150004No ratings yetPUB-Alcatel Omnivista 2500 (Virtual) ... - 021023-1500048 pages
- Mantra MFS100 RD Service Manual Windows 1.1.0No ratings yetMantra MFS100 RD Service Manual Windows 1.1.016 pages
- Machine Learning For Fraud Detection in Online TransactionsNo ratings yetMachine Learning For Fraud Detection in Online Transactions4 pages
- Lesson 3 Digital Literacy: Discovering Computers: Chapter 1No ratings yetLesson 3 Digital Literacy: Discovering Computers: Chapter 137 pages
- Mohit Sharma: Johari Digital Healthcare LTD., Dy. Manager Procurement, ProductNo ratings yetMohit Sharma: Johari Digital Healthcare LTD., Dy. Manager Procurement, Product1 page
- Carrier-Grade-NAT - (CGNAT) - Workshop - Day-1No ratings yetCarrier-Grade-NAT - (CGNAT) - Workshop - Day-173 pages
- Oracle Applications - Oracle HRMS R12 Setups Step by StepNo ratings yetOracle Applications - Oracle HRMS R12 Setups Step by Step44 pages
- Simplify Existing Projects With Ideas From Data Warehousing: Rick AsterNo ratings yetSimplify Existing Projects With Ideas From Data Warehousing: Rick Aster6 pages
- Lab - Qlik Replicate Oracle To Azure SynapseNo ratings yetLab - Qlik Replicate Oracle To Azure Synapse23 pages
- 50+ AWS Interview Questions and Answers (2024)No ratings yet50+ AWS Interview Questions and Answers (2024)24 pages