Course Title: Pre-Calculus

Course Code: MAT 116

Summer 2024
Prof. Dr. Md. Atiqul Islam
M.Sc. (SUST, BD), M.Sc. (UHasselt, BE), Ph.D. (RuG, NL)

Professor
Dept. of Statistics, JnU, Dhaka
&
Adjunct Faculty
Dept. of Mathematics and Physics
North South University, Bangladesh
E-mail: atiqul.islam07@northsouth.edu
atique@stat.jnu.ac.bd
Textbook
▷ Sullivan, M. (2016), Precalculus, 10th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.

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Course Description
▷ Behavior of functions in some depth including properties,
graphs, inverse, transformations and compositions.
▷ This course pays particular attention to linear, quadratic,
polynomial, rational, exponential and logarithmic functions.
▷ It covers trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions as well.

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Course Objectives
▷ The course will help students to recognize various kinds of
functions (including polynomial, rational, radical, exponential,
trigonometric and logarithmic functions), and analyze their
behavior.
▷ Also, the students will be able to graph various functions and
apply the acquired concept in higher studies and physical
problems.

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Assessment & Grading policy
ASSESSMENT STRATEGY GRADING POLICY

Numerical Letter Grade Grade

Grading tool Points
Scores Points
Attendance 10% 93 + A (Excellent) 4.0
Assignments 10% 90 - 92 A- 3.7
Quizzes 20% 87 - 89 B+ 3.3
Midterm 25% 83 - 86 B (Good) 3.0
Final Exam 35% 80 - 82 B- 2.7

Total 100% 77 - 79 C+ 2.3

73 - 76 C (Average) 2.0
70 - 72 C- 1.7
67 - 69 D+ 1.3
60 - 66 D (Poor) 1.0
Below 60 F (Failure) 0.0

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Marks Distribution

Attendance 10%
Regular Quizzes 20% [Minimum 03 (three) quizzes & best 02
(two) quizzes will count for marks and one-
third of the syllabus must be covered for taking
mid-term].
Mid-term 25% (Duration of the mid-term exam will be
minimum 50 minutes).
Final Exam 35% (Duration of the final exam will be minimum
01 hour & 30 minutes).
Assignment 10% (At least 02 assignments)
Total Marks 100%

▷ No makeup for quizzes will be taken under any circumstances.

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Lecture: 1 (Section:1.1)

▷ Rectangular Coordinates, Plotting Points, Distance

formula
▷ Midpoint Formulas, Triangles and quadrilateral related
problems

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Section - 1.1
▷ Learning Objectives:
 To plot the points on the coordinate plane.
 To find the midpoint of a segment on the coordinate plane.
 To find the distance between two points on the coordinate
plane.
▷ Section Outcomes: Students will be able to
 Demonstrate the fundamental concept of the coordinate
plane, the midpoint of a segment on the coordinate plane.
 Perform the operations to find the distance between two
points on the coordinate plane.

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Rectangular or Cartesian Coordinate System

 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 Ordered pair

 (𝑥𝑥-coordinate, 𝑦𝑦-coordinate)
 (abscissa, ordinate)

𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

origin

(2, 2) Coordinate of the point

Figure: 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

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 Plotting Points in the Cartesian Coordinate System
𝒚𝒚
Let's plot the point (-6,0) 7 (0, 7) Let's plot the point (0,7)
6
5
4 (6, 4)
3
2
(-6, 0)
1
𝒙𝒙
−8 −7 −6−5 −4 −3 −2− −11 12 3 4 56 7 8
−2
−3
−4
−5
(-3,-5) −6
−7
Let's plot the point (-3,-5) Let's plot the point (6,4)

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Quadrants
▷ The coordinate axes divide the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 into four sections
called quadrants, as shown in the below figure.

Quadrant II Quadrant I
𝑥𝑥 < 0, 𝑦𝑦 > 0 𝑥𝑥 > 0, 𝑦𝑦 > 0

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

𝑥𝑥 < 0, 𝑦𝑦 < 0 𝑥𝑥 > 0, 𝑦𝑦 < 0

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▷ Use the Distance Formula
▻ If the same units of measurement (such as inches,
centimeters, and so on) are used for both the 𝑥𝑥-axis and 𝑦𝑦-
axis, then all distances in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 can be measured
using this unit of measurement.

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Distance between two points

▷ Find the distance 𝑑𝑑 between the points (1, 3) and (5, 6).

𝑑𝑑 2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25
⇒ 𝑑𝑑 = 25 = 5

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Distance Formula
▷ The distance formula provides a straightforward method for
computing the distance between two points.

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Proof of Distance Formula
▷ Let (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) denote the coordinates of point 𝑃𝑃1 and let (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) denote
the coordinates of point 𝑃𝑃2 . Assume that the line joining 𝑃𝑃1 and 𝑃𝑃2 is
neither horizontal nor vertical.

▷ 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇: 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2

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Horizontal or Vertical Segments

Horizontal Segment

Vertical Segment

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Distance between two points

▷ Find the distance 𝑑𝑑 between the points (-4, 5) and (3, 2).

𝑑𝑑 = −4 − 3 2 + 5−2 2

⇒ 𝑑𝑑 = −7 2 + 3 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑑 = 49 + 9 = 58 ≈ 7.62

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Exercise
▷ Find all points having an 𝑥𝑥 −coordinate of 4 whose distance
from the point (-4, 2) is 10.

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Example: Using Algebra to Solve Geometry Problems

▷ Consider the three points 𝐴𝐴 = −2,1 , 𝐵𝐵 = 2,3 and 𝐶𝐶 = 3,1 .

a) Plot each point and form the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
b) Find the length of each side of the triangle.
c) Show that the triangle is a right triangle.
d) Find the area of the triangle.

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Solution
▷ Consider the three points 𝐴𝐴 = −2, 1 , 𝐵𝐵 = 2, 3 and 𝐶𝐶 = 3, 1 .
a) Plot each point and form the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
b) Find the length of each side of the triangle.

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Solution
▷ Consider the three points 𝐴𝐴 = −2, 1 , 𝐵𝐵 = 2, 3 and 𝐶𝐶 = 3, 1 .
c) Show that the triangle is a right triangle.

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

2 2 2
𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 + 𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴, 𝐶𝐶
2 2
∴ 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 + 𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶
2 2
= 2 5 + 5
= 20 + 5 = 25 = 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴, 𝐶𝐶 2

So, the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a right triangle

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Solution
▷ Consider the three points 𝐴𝐴 = −2, 1 , 𝐵𝐵 = 2, 3 and 𝐶𝐶 = 3, 1 .
d) Find the area of the triangle.

1 1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = × 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 × 𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶
2 2
1
= × 2 5 × 5 = 5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
2 22
▷ Use the Midpoint Formula

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Midpoint of a Line Segment
▷ Let 𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 and 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 be the endpoints of a line segment, and
let 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 be the point on the line segment that is the same distance
from 𝑃𝑃1 as it is from 𝑃𝑃2 . The triangles 𝑃𝑃1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃2 are congruent.
▷ [Do you see why? 𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃2 is given; also, 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃1 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃2 and
𝑃𝑃1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃2 𝐵𝐵. Thus, we have angle–side–angle.] Because triangles
𝑃𝑃1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃2 are congruent, corresponding sides are equal in length.
That is,

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Midpoint Formula

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Example: Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment

▷ Find the midpoint of the line segment from 𝑃𝑃1 = −5, 5 to

𝑃𝑃2 = (3, 1). Plot the points and their midpoint.

▷ Apply the midpoint formula (2) using 𝑥𝑥1 = −5, 𝑦𝑦1 = 5, 𝑥𝑥2 = 3 and
𝑦𝑦2 = 1. Then the coordinates (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) of the midpoint 𝑀𝑀 are
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 −5 + 3
𝑥𝑥 = = = −1, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2 2
𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 5 + 1
𝑦𝑦 = = =3
2 2
▷ That is, 𝑀𝑀 = (− 1, 3).
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CW: Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment

▷ Find the midpoint of the line segment from 𝑃𝑃1 = 4, −2 to

𝑃𝑃2 = (2, −5). Plot the points and their midpoint.

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CW:

▷ Find all points having a 𝑦𝑦-coordinate of -6 whose distance from

the point (1, 2) is 17.
a) By using the Pythagorean Theorem.
b) By using the distance formula.
▷ Solution: Let 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥, −6) be the point. So, we want to find 𝑥𝑥 so that
the distance from 𝐵𝐵(1, 2) is 17.

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HW
▷ Section - 1.1
▻ Page: 41, Ex. 47 – 54.
▷ Keep an eye on Canvas.
▷ Read and Practice: Main Textbook.

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Thank You!

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