FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS

DEVICE COEFFICIENT
1. Coefficient of Contraction, 𝑪𝒄
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the Actual Area of the contracted section of the
stream to the area of the opening through which the fluid flows.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝐴
𝐶𝑐 = = 𝑜𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 𝐴1
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
2. Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝒗
Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the Actual mean Velocity to the theoretical Velocity
which occur which out any losses
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑇
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
3. Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑪
Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the Actual Discharge through the device to the
theoretical discharge.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝐶𝑑 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄𝑇

Actual Discharge may be accomplished through series of Theoretical Discharge can be accomplished using
observation measuring the volume of fluid passing Bernoulli’s Theorem.
through the device for period od time.
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙
𝑄= =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
 RELATIONSHIP OF COEFFICIENTS
Actual Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑄𝑇

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴 𝑥 𝐶𝑣 𝑉𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 𝐴𝑉𝑇
𝑄𝑇 = 𝐴𝑉𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 𝑄𝑇 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑄𝑇
Therefore;
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
 DERIVATION
2
𝐴2 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴
𝐴1 𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2
= 𝑉2 2 ( ) 1 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝛾 2𝑔 = ( )
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝛾
2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 2
𝑉2 = ( ) 𝐴
𝐴2 2 𝛾 𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2
1− 𝐴 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1
1 =
𝛾 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔
Theoretical Equation 1
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 2 ( )
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2
𝐴2 𝑉2 1
𝑉1 = 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
𝐴1
𝐴2 𝑉2 2 Square both side
𝑃1 ( 𝐴1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝐴 𝑉22 = 𝐶𝑣2 2( )
2 𝑉22 (𝐴2 )2 𝐴 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉2 1 1 − 𝐴2
− = − 1
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
 DERIVATION
𝐴
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝑉22 (𝐴2 )2
1
− − 𝐻𝐿 = −
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
𝐴2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴1
− 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑉2 2 ( )
𝛾 2𝑔
2
𝐴
Actual Velocity, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴2
1
= 𝑉2 2 + HL
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝛾 2𝑔
+ + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 Equation 2

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
𝐴1

𝐴2 𝑉2 2
(
𝑃1 𝐴1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ − 𝐻𝐿 = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
 DERIVATION
Equation 1=Equation 2
2
𝐴 𝐴 2
𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2 1 − 𝐴2
1 1
= 𝑉2 2 + HL
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 2𝑔
2 2
1 𝑉22 𝐴2 𝑉22 𝐴2
. 1− = 1− + 𝐻𝐿
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝐴1 2𝑔 𝐴1
2
𝐴
𝑉22 1− 2 1 𝑉22 𝐴2
2
𝑉22 𝐴2
2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝐴1 . 1 − − 1− = 𝐻𝐿
= 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝐴1 2𝑔 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔
Equation 1 2
𝑉22 𝐴2 1
1− − 1 = HL
2 2𝑔 𝐴1 𝐶𝑣2
𝐴
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴2
1 𝐴2 𝐴2 2
= 𝑉2 2 + HL is small and 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴1 𝐴1

Equation 2 𝑉22 1
𝐻𝐿 = −1
2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
Assignment

RESEARCH
Font size: 12 Font style: Times New Roman

1. What is/are the effect/s of Vena Contracta in Fluid Discharge

2. What is/are the relationship of Reynold number to the coefficient of Discharge
Deadline March 15
11:59PM
ORIFICE
It is an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used to measure or to control the
flow of fluid.

2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 ( ) Q = C𝐴2 ( )
𝐴 2 𝛾 𝐴2 2 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2 1− 𝐴
1 1
ORIFICE
It is an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used to measure or to control the
flow of fluid.
 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+ℎ+ =
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃 −𝑃 𝑉1 2
2𝑔( 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵 +ℎ+ 2𝑔
) = 𝑉2 2

1 2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2
𝑉2 = 2𝑔( +ℎ+ )
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑔𝐻 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
𝑃𝐴 −𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝐻= +ℎ+
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾ℎ 𝑉1 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉2 2
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
 ORIFICE
Other Condition

a
h h

H=h Accelerating upward or downward

𝒂
𝑯 = 𝒉(𝟏 ± )
𝒈
 ORIFICE
Other Condition

Pressure Pressure

h ℎ1

ℎ2

H=h
𝑷 𝒑 𝜸𝟏
𝑯= +𝒉 𝑯= + 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐
𝜸 𝜸𝟐 𝜸𝟐
Application of Dynamics

𝑋 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
1 2
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑜 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔ℎ
𝜃=0

𝑋
 Application of Dynamics
𝑉=0

ℎ1 𝑉
𝑋 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
ℎ 𝜽 𝑌
1
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑜 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
ℎ2 2
𝜽 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡

ℎ3
𝑋
𝑦=0
 Sample Problem
1. A cylindrical tank 2m in diameter and 3 high was filled with oil in 20mins and 39 seconds.
What is the average discharge?
 Sample Problem
2. A tank receives 90N of oil (s=0.80) in 20 seconds. What is the flow rate in L/s?
 Sample Problem
3. Calculate the discharge in L/s through a 50mm diameter orifice under a head of 6.8m of
water. Assume coefficient of contraction = 0.67 and Coefficient of velocity = 0.92.
 Sample Problem
4. The discharge through a 75 mm diameter orifice at the bottom of a large tank was
measured be 1,734 liters in 1 minute. If the head over the orifice remains constant at 5.5m
compute the coefficient of discharge?
 Sample Problem
5. Calculate the discharge through a 90 mm diameter sharp edged orifice in the figure
shown. Assume C=0.65.

Air
P=24kPa

Oil
S=0.90 3m

90 mm dia.
 Sample Problem
6. Calculate the discharge through the 100mm diameter orifice. Assume C=0.75
𝑃𝐴 = 48𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝐵 = 12𝑘𝑃𝑎

4.5𝑚
 Sample Problem
7. A cylindrical tank, 3m in diameter and 6.5m high has 1.5m of glycerin (S=1.50), 3m
of water, and 2m of oil (s=0.87). Determine the discharge through the 130mm diameter
orifice located at the bottom of the tank. Assume 𝐶𝑣 = 0.98 𝐶𝑐 = 0.95

Oil (s=0.87)

Water

Glycerin
(s=1.50)
 Sample Problem
8. A closed cylindrical tank, 3m in diameter and 5m high has
3m of water, and 1.5m of oil (s=0.87). An open mercury 100mm
barometer reads 100mmHg. Determine the discharge through Air Hg

the 130mm square orifice located 400mm from the bottom.

Assume C = 0.72 Oil (s=0.87)

Water
 Sample Problem
9. Water is flowing through a pipe shown. Determine the discharge of water in the pipe
assuming C=0.68
300𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
100𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒

150mm
Hg

2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
Q = C𝐴2 2( )
𝐴 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2
1
 Sample Problem
10. A jet is issued from the side of the tank under a constant head. The side of the tank has inclination of 1H to 1V.
The total depth of water in the tank is 7m and the orifice is located 3.7m above the bottom of the tank. Neglect the
air resistance and assuming Cv=1.0. determine the following:
a. Maximum height to which the jet will rise above the orifice.
b. The point “x” the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.20m below the bottom of the tank.
 Sample Problem
10. A jet is issued from the side of the tank under a constant head. The side of the tank has inclination of 1H to 1V.
The total depth of water in the tank is 7m and the orifice is located 3.7m above the bottom of the tank. Neglect the
air resistance and assuming Cv=1.0. determine the following:
c. The time it takes for the jet to strike a horizontal plane 1.20m below the tank.
 UNSTEADY FLOW
11.
WEIRS
 PARTS OF WEIRS

WEIRS
- Overflow structures which are built
across an open channel for measuring
or controlling the flow of liquid.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS

1.Based on Shape of the Opening

2.Based on Shape of the Crest
3.Based on Effect of the sides on
the Emerging Nappe
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Opening

RECTANGULAR WEIRS
It is a standard shape of weir. The top
edge of weir may be sharp crested or
narrow crested.
It is generally suitable for larger flowing
channels.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Opening

TRIANGULAR WEIRS
The shape of the weir is actually reverse
triangle like V. so, it is also called V-notch
weir.
This type of weirs are well suitable for
measuring discharge over small flows with
greater accuracy.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Opening

TRAPEZOIDAL WEIRS
Trapezoidal weir is also called as Cippoletti
weir. This is trapezoidal in shape and is the
modification of rectangular weir with
slightly higher capacity for same crest
strength.
The sides are inclined outwards with a slope
1:4 (horizontal : vertical)
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Shape of the Crest

SHARP-CREST WEIR
The crest of the weir is very sharp such that
the water will springs clear of the crest.
The weir plate is beveled at the crest edges
to obtain necessary thickness. And weir
plate should be made of smooth metal
which is free from rust and nicks.
Flow over sharp-crested weir is similar as
rectangular weir.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Shape of the Crest

BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
These are constructed only in rectangular
shape and are suitable for the larger flows.
Head loss will be small in case of broad
crested weir.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Shape of the Crest

NARROW-CRESTED WEIR
It is similar to rectangular weir with narrow
shaped crest at the top.
The discharge over narrow crested weir is
similar to discharge over rectangular weir.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on Shape of the Crest

OGEE-SHAPED WEIR
Generally ogee shaped weirs are
provided for the spillway of a
storage dam.
The crest of the ogee weir is slightly
rises and falls into parabolic form.
Flow over ogee weir is also similar
to flow over rectangular weir.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on End Contraction

CONTRACTED WEIR
The crest is cut in the form of notch
and then it is similar to rectangular
weir. Head loss will occur in this
type.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS
Based on End Contraction

SUPPRESSED WEIR
The crest is running all the way
across the channel so head loss
will be negligible
WEIRS Where;
C=discharge Coefficient L=length of the Weirs
RECTANGULAR WEIRS H=Height above the crest Va=Velocity of approach

CONSIDERING VELOCITY APPROACH

3 3
2 𝑉𝑎 2 𝑉𝑎 2
𝑄 = 𝐶 2𝑔 𝐿[ 𝐻 + − ]
3 2𝑔 2𝑔
NEGLECTING VELOCITY APPROACH
3
2
2 3 𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔 𝐿𝐻 2
𝑄 = 𝐶 2𝑔 𝐿𝐻 2 3
3

SHARP CRESTED WEIRS BROAD CRESTED WEIRS

0.65
0.075𝐻 𝐶=
𝐶 = 0.611 + 𝐻 0.5
𝑃 1+
𝑃
 WEIRS USING FRANCIS
RECTANGULAR WEIRS FORMULA

CONSIDERING VELOCITY APPROACH

3 3
𝑉𝑎2 2 𝑉𝑎2 2
𝑄 = 1.84𝐿[ 𝐻 + − ]
2𝑔 2𝑔
NEGLECTING VELOCITY APPROACH

3 3 S.I UNIT 3
𝑉𝑎2 2 𝑉𝑎2 2 𝑄= 1.84𝐿𝐻 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿[ 𝐻 + − ]
2𝑔 2𝑔
3 ENGLISH UNIT 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿𝐻 2 𝑄= 3.33𝐿𝐻 2
Where;
C=discharge Coefficient L=length of the Weirs
H=Height above the crest Va=Velocity of approach
WEIRS
CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR WEIRS

Replace L by L’ Where;
L = Measured Length of the Crest
𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝑁𝐻 L’ = Effective Length of the Crest
N = Number of end contraction
H = Measured Head
WEIRS
TRIANGULAR WEIRS (V- NOTCH) For 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

𝜃 5
𝑄 = 1.4 tan 𝐻2
2
S.I UNIT
5
𝑄= 1.4𝐻 2

ENGLISH UNIT
5
𝑄= 2.5𝐻 2
8 𝜃 5
𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔 tan 𝐻2
15 2
NOTE:
𝜃 5
SYMMETRICAL ONLY!
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 tan 𝐻2
2
WEIRS
TRAPEZOIDAL WEIRS For 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

𝜃 5
𝑄 = 1.4 tan 𝐻2
2
H
S.I UNIT
5
𝑄= 1.4𝐻 2
L
ENGLISH UNIT
𝜃 5
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 + 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 tan 𝐻2
2
2 3 8 𝜃 5 5
𝑄 = 𝐶 2𝑔 𝐿𝐻 2 + 𝐶′ 2𝑔 tan 𝐻2 𝑄= 2.5𝐻 2
3 15 2
WEIRS
CIPOLETTI WEIRS

S.I UNIT
3
𝑄= 1.86𝐿𝐻 2

ENGLISH UNIT
3
𝑄= 3.37𝐿𝐻 2

4
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1

NOTE:
FOR SIDE SLOPE 1H to 4V
ONLY!
WEIRS
UNSTEADY FLOW WEIR

𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
𝑡=න
𝐻2 𝑄
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A channel carries a head of water equal to 0.60m. Compute the discharge of a certain channel if:
a. A 90-degree weir is used
b. A 4.m Cipolletti weir is used
c. A 6m long rectangular suppressed weir is used
SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. A contracted (both side) weir 1.31 m long and 1.26 m high is to be installed in a channel 2.45 m wide. The depth of
water back of the weir is 2.14 m.
a. What is the amount of flow neglecting the velocity of approach?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. A contracted weir 1.31 m long and 1.26 m high is to be installed in a channel 2.45 m wide. The depth of water back of
the weir is 2.14 m.
b. What is the amount of flow considering the velocity of approach?
c. What is the velocity of approach?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. The rate of flow of water through an open channel is known at 8 li/s.
a. What is the head if an 80° V-notch weir is used? C=0.60
b. What is the weir factor?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. The rate of flow of water through an open channel is known at 8 li/s.
c. Calculate the percentage error in discharge that would result if the error in head measurement is 5 mm.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
4. A trapezoidal weir 1.5 m long has sides making an angle of 75°57’50” with the horizontal. What is the amount of flow
if the weir head is 1.0 m?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
5. The given figure shows the geometry of a triangular weir. Calculate the discharge. C=0.589
SAMPLE PROBLEM
6. A rectangular flume, 15 m long and 3 m wide, feeds a suppressed weir under a head of 0.30 m. If the supply to the
flume is cut off, how long will it take for the head on the weir to decrease to 0.1 m