Mesopotamia | PIC ceniCurs Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views INTRODUCTION + Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means the land between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates. * Around 3500 B.C small agricultural pottery making and cloth weaving in villages were transmitted through societies of cities. + Initial settlement on the northern plains, with movement out to the south and west from 6000 BC. + Mesopotamia does not refer to course of several mill y civilizations developed, collapsed, and were replaced in this region ing the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and & G adm ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.Mesopotamia | P... PIC ceniCurs Mesopotamia Os Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views aoa Alluvial plains surounded on two Sides by beter watered mountainous zones. Summer the lowland pa rainfall. Where Fuphraies river flat and there are many marshy passed spaced 30 atral Barer 0 indeed thre was centinual warfare in the region. ’ . productivity. & < 30f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.vary Ce PIC ceniCurs Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views SETTLEMENT PATTERN the end of the early dynastic period change in settlement I villa ro ased its The grow S erucial fa + Neolithic: No substantial settlement in southern Mesopotamia before $500BC. From 6000BC to 4000BC settle ‘uplands to incorporate more and more of th *+ The Ubaid :culture expands to northern Mesopotami presence of shared material culture particulary painted pottery Uibaid culture was the foundation eulture of Mesopotamia with temple centred settlements that administered exchange. lished by $400 BC initially 1-2 ha for the whole sit. oeated in the extreme south of the Mesopotamian ph re around Eridu is dep and cattle, Possible that ir expansion and elaboration o Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.vary Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views * Uruk: Uruk earliest urban centre to form a city state. A number of cities develop at the same time. From the middle of the 4th millennium BC one city in each of the proto-states becomes dominant, the most important being Uruk. Development concentrated in the south. The cities have large walls, and mud brick buildings that create tells *+ At Uruk a precinet where several temples were adjacent. Temples associated with ziggurats -stepped towers the temples have large storage facilities. They are the redistributive centers for both agric produce and craft goods. The temple joined by a palace suggesting religion supporting secular control. Some temples built on a large platform or ziggurat to make them even more impressive. ire, The city states only ever unified for short periods of time before they collapsed back to individual cities. Sargon of Agade conquered Kish and spread south from there. His success led to the fall of the last of the Sumerian rulers and the establishment of the Akkadian empire. The empire lasted from 2350-2150 BC. A more integrated system of trade developed controlled by the palace. But it did not create a long-lived political or economic system v <€ 90f22 > a Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.hee) Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia CD Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views m FACTORS AFECTING SETTLEMENT DISTRIBUTION Avulsion is a major river diversion to a lower elevation on the floodplain in which the older channel becomes abandoned and a new channel is initiated. & < 100f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:29 OG Wt mi: vane) fe rae a| ie Cea Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views FACTORS THAT MAY AFF DISTRIBUTION LEMENT + Avulsion rate (abrupt vs gradual abandonment of former channel) + Avulsion frequency (number of avulsions during certain period of time) + Avulsion style (reoccupational vs progradational) = reoccupation: flow occupies channel previously existing channel on floodplain (e.g. former major channel or smaller stream channel) = progradation: avulsion belt is deposited following avulsion, followed by formation of a new single channel * Channel pattern following avulsion (single channel or multiple channel system) v <€ llof22 > a Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:29 OG vary Ce PIC ceniCurs Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views GOVERNMENT * Mesopotamia did not have protection from natural boundaries. This led to constant migrations of Indo-European people from the area between the Black and Caspian seas. This lead to a constant migration and ‘Cultural Diffusion’, or the process where an existing culture adopts the traits of another and the two eventually merge into a new culture. As a result, a strong central government failed to develop in Mesopotamia. The dominant political unit was the 'City-State’, a small area surrounding a large, complex city. & < 130f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:30 © @ vary Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES + Were located on river banks and surrounded by their countryside with ‘corona’ of irrigation agriculture; + sustaining area per individual was estimated between 0.5-1.5 halperson; + daily travel distances from city to countryside did not exceed 3-4 km for maximum agricultural productivity; & < 140f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:30 © @ fen ee) vary Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia 9 & Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views Cie on the impoant Seople faggot of tema ihe Grent Goddess of Love and Wan) te ety has produced & < 150f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:30 © @ vary Ce PIC ceniCurs Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views + Ofmore significance, however, is the discovery at Uruk of the world’s earliest recorded writing. Using a reed stylus to draw on tablets of clay, the temple administrators recorded the movement of agricultural produce and out of the temple storerooms including beer, bread and sheep. Initially the records took the form of pictures of the objects being counted together with signs representing numerals. Gradually, these pictographs became more stylized and wedge-like or cuneiform (Latin for wedge = cuneus) and adapted to write the local language, or Sumerian. The ability to write allowed the Sumerians to record not only lists of goods but also events around them. This development therefore takes us from pre-history to history. & < 160f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.7:30 © @ Wt mi: vane) fe rae a| ie Cea Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views THE CITY OF UR + Around 2350 BCE the southern city states were united into ‘one empire by Sargon, king of the city of Akkad (also read as Agade). The administration was centralised and the Semitic language Akkadian (named after Sargon's capital) was introduced as the official language in preference to Sumerian. ‘Akkad has not been located but the period produced some astonishing works of art, including fine cylinder seals * Sargon and his sons ruled Mesopotamia for 150 years. The Akkadian Empire had collapsed and Mesopotamia was in turmoil. The southern cities began to reassert their independence. Chief among these was the city of Ur. Under king Ur-Nammu, the city established itself as the capital of an empire that rivalled that of the Akkadian rulers. & < 170f22. > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views * Ur-Nammu was a prodigious builder. The to the pyramids of Egypt, Ziggurats were not tombs but made of solid brickwork. Often, as at Ur, three staircases led up one side of the tower to several stages. At the summit was ashrine to the god. * & < 180f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + GF slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia Os Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views BABYLONIA Around 1780 BCE as king of the small town of Babylon, Hammurapi united Southern Mesopotamia into a single empire. + Hammurapiis best remembered for his code of laws (the famous stela ‘of Hammurapi is now in the Louy 's death, 's empire to fall apart. De Femain the capital of a Southern kingdom, Sixty years of Babylonian supremacy was threatened during the reign of king Nabonidus, when Mesopotamia was faced with the of yet another easier power, the Persians In 539 BCE the armies of ys ily) marched ton and captured the eity and with all the Neo- Babylonian rs ofselfrule in of life in the 4 ct, brought to an end three thousand Mesopotamia, While many of the traditions and w: region continued under the new rulers, Mesopotamia was now part of ths much greater empire ofthe Persians which stretched from Egypt to + Over the next 200 year civilisation and the ev hand of the Macedonian c advance of Greek ian Empire at the & < 190f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.Mesopotamia | slideshare.net Mesopotamia 9 6 Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views LANGUAGE * Mesopotamians had one of the first recorded languages. It was invented to keep track of farming and trade. The form of writing, called Pictograms that was used by the Mesopotamians was very simpl * One mark indicated a number, the other indi being counted. The writing was done by marking wet cl a reed. Efficient and easy as this was it became much more difficult with higher numbers. * Gradually this system became out-dated and indograms came into use ra % < 200f22 > a Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.Mesopotamia | P... Pad Qa Belang Mesopotamia OD og Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi Feb. 3, 2014 » 10 likes » 11,753 views PATTERNS IN URBAN PLANNING Massive size compared to previous settlements Complex central administration Greater concentration of people Size does not necessarily equal population. there were space devoted to gardens, grazing land, etc. Location near rivers in order to control waterway New urban form--> citadel with closely-linked temple- palace unit, separated from rest of town by height or walls Mesopotamian tradition of seeing universe as square, reflected in ground plans. & < 210f22 > ta Education Technology § scrisbd + G slideshare Millions of books, documents and more, ad-free.