Global warming

Green house effect in agriculture

 Green house effect on earth
• Some incoming sunlight is
reflected by Earth's atmosphere
and surface, but most is absorbed
by the surface, which is warmed.
• Infrared (IR) radiation is then
emitted from the surface.
• Some IR radiation escapes to
space, but some is absorbed by the
atmosphere's greenhouse gases
(especially water vapour, carbon
dioxide, and methane) and
reradiated in all directions, some to
space and some back toward the
surface, where it further warms the
surface and the lower atmosphere.
Green house effect & Global
warming
• Burning of fossil fuels for industry, transportation and
residential uses  concentrations of certain trace
gases, called greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxides etc.  gases contain some of
the heat emitted from Earth's surface.
• Warming of Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere 
Global warming.
• Carbon dioxide is the most important. CO2
CO2 – concentration in
concentration inEra
atmosphere is as(parts
atmosphere perper
below:
million)
Mid 18th 280
century
middle of 2018 406
Global warming
• Definition
The phenomenon of
increasing average air
temperatures near the
surface of Earth over the past
one to two centuries because
of accumulation of green
house gases is called global
warming.
Effects of Global warming
• Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes
• The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees
Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past 100 years, according
to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
• Extreme weather events
• changes in rainfall patterns
• Summers and winter temperatures
• Melting of ice on polar regions
• rise in sea level
• Existence of polar bears.
• impacts on flora and fauna
• impacts on human health
• Breathing of polluted air
CO2 emission by coal based power
plants
• Per capita CO2 emission in tonnes
(All sectors).
• World – 4.7
• India - 1.6
• China – 6.3
• Germany – 9.2
• France – 5.1
• USA - 16.4

(Source: UN Human Development Report 2016)

 nuclear gas
bio mass 2.9% 3.9%
1.2%
solar power

Electricity
2%
wind power
3.70%

generation small0.4%hydro
by source Large hydro
9.7%
FY 2017-2018
- India

Coal
75.9%
Source: MNRE
 CO2 emission by coal based power
plants
• Main emissions from coal fired and lignite
based thermal power plants are CO2, NOx,
SOx, and air-borne inorganic particles such
as fly ash, carbonaceous material (soot),
suspended particulate matter (SPM), and
other trace gas species.
• The combustion process of the pulverized
coal in the boiler is a complicated non-linear
phenomenon.
• The pollutants emitted from thermal power
plants depend largely upon the
characteristics of the fuel burned,
temperature of the furnace, actual air used,
and any additional devices to control the
emissions.
• At present, the control devices used in
thermal power plants in India is electrostatic
precipitator (ESP) to control the emission of
fly ash.
Relation?
• Renewable, non renewable, Conventional, non
conventional
Need of Green Energy Generation
• Green energy is the energy that is produced in such a way as
to minimize its negative impact on the environment. It is a
renewable source of energy.
• Increasing demand of electricity
• Peak demand management
• Poor efficiencies of conventional power generation systems
• Modern thermal power plants efficiency?
• Aging assets and lack of circuit capacity
• Sources of green energy such as solar, wind, geothermal and
hydro energy are developed and promoted as alternative
source that make little or no contribution to climate change.
Introduction to different types of green
energy generation.
• Renewable Energy (RE) refers to energy resources and
technologies which are naturally reusable.
• They include sun, wind, falling water, heat of the earth
(geothermal), plant materials (biomass), waves, ocean currents,
temperature differences in the oceans and the energy of the
tides.
• RE technologies produce power, heat or mechanical energy by
converting those resources either to electricity or to motive
power. Sources of energy that are renewable are considered
cleaner and environmentally friendly and termed ‘Green Power.’
Solar energy
• The most readily available source of energy is solar energy. This non-
conventional source of energy is non polluting and helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.
• A photovoltaic solar power generation system harnesses the energy of
the sun to produce electricity. Photovoltaic solar modules commonly
known as ‘solar panels’ or ‘solar cells’ are the key collection tools in a
renewable solar energy system.
• These components convert the rays of the sun into a daily source of
clean and sustainable power. Scientists and manufacturers continue to
create cheaper and more efficient solar panels and supporting
components.
• These are becoming more efficient, transportable, flexible and easily
installable.
• In India, the National Solar Mission was launched in January 2010 to
create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of
solar power by 2022. According to the Economic Survey for 2014-2015 it
is now scaled up five-fold to 1,00,000 MW by 2022.
Types of solar power plants for electricity

Solar PhotoVoltaic system

• Bhadla solar park is the largest in india – 2250 MW
(Rajasthan)
Wind energy
• It converts wind • It converts wind energy
energy into into mechanical energy
mechanical energy and uses the power to
and uses the power to tasks like pump water,
tasks like pump water, grind grain, and sawmill
grind grain, and timber [1]
sawmill timber [1]

Wind turbine [1]

• Wind Energy
• Harnessing energy from the wind is an ancient practice. Wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. The kinetic
energy of
the wind is converted into mechanical power by wind turbines.
• Wind energy is a free, renewable resource and also a source of
clean, non-polluting electricity.
• The wind power programme in India was initiated towards the
end of the Sixth Plan, in 1983-84.
• India in the third week of December 2016 was ranked 4th in the
Global Wind Power Installed Capacity Index. The cumulative
installed wind power generation capacity of India is 38433 MW
(31 Mar 2021).

• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has

proposed National Wind Energy Mission.
• Hydroelectric Power
• Hydroelectric power is a form of RE that uses water
stored in dams and flowing in rivers to generate
electricity.
• Hydroelectric plants use the energy of falling or flowing
water to turn turbine blades.
Hydro electric power
• The rotating blades spin a generator that converts the
mechanical energy of the spinning turbine into electrical
energy.
• The amount of electricity generated from each power plant
depends on the quantity of the flowing water and the
height it falls from the reservoir to the turbines.
Modern technologies in Hydro electric
power
•.
• Biomass energy
• Solid biomass, such as wood and garbage, can be burned directly to
produce heat. Biomass can also be converted into a gas called biogas or
into liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. These fuels can then be
burned for energy.
• Biogas forms when paper, food scraps, and yard waste decompose in
landfills, and it can be produced by processing sewage and animal
manure in special vessels called digesters.
• Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic
substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as
the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.
• Ethanol is made from crops such as corn and sugar cane that are
fermented to produce fuel ethanol for use in vehicles. Biodiesel is
produced from vegetable oils and animal fats and can be used in vehicles
and as heating oil.
• Geothermal energy
• Geothermal energy is generated in the earth’s core,
almost 4,000 miles beneath the earth’s surface.
• Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. Geothermal
energy is a renewable energy source because heat is
continuously produced inside the earth. People use
geothermal heat for bathing, to heat buildings, and to
generate electricity.
• It is one of the potential alternative energy sources,
available in the form of vast natural reservoirs of heat
energy in the earth’s interior, catering to both industrial
and domestic energy requirements in many parts of the
world.
•.

Earth’s interior [4]

How geothermal energy works
[5]
Ocean energy
• Harnessed from waves moving
along the surface of the ocean
using offshore and onshore systems
• Caused by wind
• Intensity is affected by wind
strength
• Types of wave energy include
kinetic energy
• Continuous source of energy
• Extremely high start up cost to
design and develop the technology
required
Tidal energy
• Harnessed from rise and fall
of sea levels using barrages,
dams, tidal fences and tidal
turbines
• Caused by gravitational pull
of the moon and sun on earth
• Intensity is affected by
location and position of the
earth
• Discontinuous source of
energy that is generated for
about 6-12 hours at a time
• High construction but low
maintenance cost
References
[1] https://www.windml.org/windmill-vs-wind-turbine/
[2] https://gwec.net (Global Wind Energy Council). Accessed on 8.7.2020
[3] https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/ (US energy information administration)
Accessed on 8.7.2020
[4] https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/geothermal (US energy information
administration) Accessed on 8.7.2020
[5] www.dw.com