JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

LAB MANUAL

Lab Name : Analysis of Algorithms Lab

Lab Code : 5CS4-23

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Branch : Computer Science engineering

Year : 3rd Year (2022-23)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur
(Affiliated to RTU, Kota)
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

INDEX
S. No. Contents Page
No.
1 Vision and Mission of the Institute iv
2 Vision and Mission of the Department v
3 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) vi

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4 Program Outcomes (POs) vii
5 PSO of the Department (PSOs) viii
6 RTU Syllabus with List of Experiments ix-x
7 Course Outcomes (COs) xi-xii
8 CO/PO-PSO mapping xiii
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9 Introduction about Lab &its Applications xiv
10 Instructions Sheet xv
Experiment List (As per RTU, Kota Syllabus)
Sort a given set of elements using the Quicksort method and determine
the time required to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for
Experiment 1 different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and
plot a graph of the time taken versus n. The elements can be read from
a file or can be generated using the random number generator.
Experiment 2 Implement a parallelized Merge Sort algorithm to sort a given set of
elements and determine the time required to sort the elements. Repeat
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the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the

list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken versus n. The
elements can be read from a file or can be generated using the random
number generator.
Experiment 3 a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given digraph. b.
Compute the transitive closure of a given directed graph using
Warshall's algorithm.
Experiment 4 Implement Fractional Knapsack problem Greedy Approach.

Experiment 5 Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic Programming.

Experiment 6 From a given vertex in a weighted connected graph, find shortest paths
to other vertices using Dijkstra's algorithm.

Experiment 7 Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using
Kruskal's algorithm.
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment 8 a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph
using BFS method. b. Check whether a given graph is connected or not
using DFS method.

Experiment 9 Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using
Prim’s algorithm.

Experiment Implement All-Pairs Shortest Paths Problem using Floyd's algorithm.

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Experiment Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking.

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Implement Bubble Sort algorithm to sort a given set of elements and
Experiment determine the time required to sort the elements. The elements can be
12 read from a file or can be generated using the random number
generator.
Implement Linear Search algorithm to search a value from a given set
Experiment
of elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated
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using the random number generator.
Implement Binary Search algorithm to search a value from a given set
Experiment
of elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated
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using the random number generator.
Experiment Compute two 2 by 2 matrix multiplication to find multiplication matrix
using Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication.
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Experiment Implement Longest Common Subsequence problem using Dynamic

16 Programming.

Experiment Implement Matrix Chain Multiplication using Dynamic Programming.

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Content Beyond Syllabus

Experiment Implement Graph Coloring Problem using backtracking.
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Experiment Implement Sum of Subset Problem using backtracking.

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Vision of the Institute

To become a renowned centre of outcome based learning, and work towards academic,
professional, cultural and social enrichment of the lives of individuals and communities.

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Mission of the Institute
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M1: Focus on evaluation of learning outcomes and motivate students to inculcate research
aptitude by project based learning.

M2: Identify, based on informed perception of Indian, regional and global needs, areas of
focus and provide platform to gain knowledge and solutions.

M3: Offer opportunities for interaction between academia and industry.

M4: Develop human potential to its fullest extent so that intellectually capable and
imaginatively gifted leaders can emerge in a range of professions.
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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Vision of the Department

To become renowned Centre of excellence in Computer Science and Engineering and make
competent engineers & professionals with high ethical values prepared for lifelong learning.

Mission of the Department

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M1: To impart outcome based education for emerging technologies in the field of Computer
Science and Engineering.
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M2: To provide opportunities for interaction between academia and industry.
M3: To provide platform for lifelong learning by accepting the change in technologies
M4: To develop aptitude of fulfilling social responsibilities
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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: To provide students with the fundamentals of Engineering Sciences with more
emphasis in Computer Science & Engineering by way of analysing and exploiting
engineering challenges.
PEO2: To train students with good scientific and engineering knowledge so as to
comprehend, analyse, design, and create novel products and solutions for the real life

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problems in Computer Science and Engineering
PEO3: To inculcate professional and ethical attitude, effective communication skills,
teamwork skills, multidisciplinary approach, entrepreneurial thinking and an ability to relate
engineering issues with social issues for Computer Science & Engineering.
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PEO4: To provide students with an academic environment aware of excellence, leadership,
written ethical codes and guidelines, and the self-motivated life-long learning needed for a
successful professional career in Computer Science & Engineering.
PEO5: To prepare students to excel in Industry and Higher education by Educating Students
along with High moral values and Knowledge in Computer Science & Engineering.
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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and Computer Science & Engineering specialization to the solution of complex
Computer Science & Engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex Computer
Science and Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

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3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Computer Science and
Engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
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4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of Computer Science and Engineering experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex Computer
Science Engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional Computer Science and Engineering practice.
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7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional Computer

Science and Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the Computer Science and Engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings in Computer Science and Engineering.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Computer Science and
Engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Computer Science and Engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary

environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change in
Computer Science and Engineering.

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PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1. Ability to interpret and analyze network specific and cyber security issues, automation in
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real word environment.

PSO2. Ability to Design and Develop Mobile and Web-based applications under realistic
constraints.
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

RTU Syllabus with List of Experiments

5CS4-23: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS LAB

Class: V Sem. B.Tech. Evaluation

Branch: Computer Science & Engineering Examination Time = Two (2) Hours

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Schedule (Per Week Practical Hrs.): Two
Maximum Marks = 50
(2)
[Sessional /Mid-term (30) & End-term
(20)
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5CS4-23: Analysis of Algorithms Lab

Credit: 1 Max. Marks:50 (IA:30,

ETE:20)
0L+0T+2P End Term Exam:
2 Hours
SN List of
Experiments
1 Sort a given set of elements using the Quicksort method and determine the time
required to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the
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number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken
versus n. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated using the
random number generator.

2 Implement a parallelized Merge Sort algorithm to sort a given set of elements and
determine the time required to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for
different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a
graph of the time taken versus n. The elements can be read from a file or can be
generated using the random number generator.

3 a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given digraph. b. Compute the

transitive closure of a given directed graph using Warshall's algorithm.

4 Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic Programming.

From a given vertex in a weighted connected graph, find shortest paths to other

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

5 vertices using Dijkstra's algorithm.

Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Kruskal's
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algorithm.

a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph using BFS
7 method. b. Check whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method.

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Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Prim’s
8.
algorithm.

9. Implement All-Pairs Shortest Paths Problem using Floyd's algorithm.

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10. Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking.
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Course Outcomes
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Graduates would be able:

CO1. To implement various searching and sorting techniques on linear/nonlinear data

structures to solve various computing problems.
CO2. Design and implement efficient algorithms for a specified application.
CO3. Strengthen the ability to identify and apply the suitable algorithms for the given real
problem.

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Mapping of Experiments with Cos & BT Level
SN List of Experiments COs BT
Level
1 Sort a given set of elements using the Quicksort method and CO1 BT3
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determine the time required to sort the elements. Repeat the
experiment for different values of n, the number of elements
in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken
versus n. The elements can be read from a file or can be
generated using the random number generator.
2 Implement a parallelized Merge Sort algorithm to sort a CO1 BT3
given set of elements and determine the time required to sort
the elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n,
the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a
graph of the time taken versus n. The elements can be read
from a file or can be generated using the random number
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generator.
3 a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given CO1 BT3
digraph. b. Compute the transitive closure of a given directed
graph using Warshall's algorithm.
4 Implement Fractional Knapsack problem using Greedy CO3 BT3
Method.

5 Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic CO3 BT3

Programming.
6 From a given vertex in a weighted connected graph, find CO2 BT3
shortest paths to other vertices using Dijkstra's algorithm.
7 Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected CO2 BT3
graph using Kruskal's algorithm.
8 a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in CO2 BT3

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

a digraph using BFS method. b. Check whether a given graph

is connected or not using DFS method.
9 Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected CO2 BT3
graph using Prim’s algorithm.
10 Implement All-Pairs Shortest Paths Problem using Floyd's CO2 BT3
algorithm.
11 Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking. CO3 BT3

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* BT - Bloom's Taxonomy

Mapping of Course Outcomes & POs/PSOs

Conduct Invest. of complex problems

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Project Management and Finance
Environment and Sustainability
Design/Development of Solution

Concepts of Vehicle Mechanism

Individual and Team Work
The engineer and society

3-D printing Technology

Engineering Knowledge

Modern Tool Usage

Life-long Learning
Problem analysis

Communication
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Ethics

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

CO-1 3 3 3 3 - - - - - - - 2 1 2

CO-2 3 3 3 3 3 1 - - - - - 2 2 2

CO-3 3 3 3 3 3 1 - - - - - 2 2 2

INTRODUCTION ABOUT LABORATORY& APPLICATIONS

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

This laboratory is focused towards reinforcing the learning of students in the field of
developing and analyzing algorithms and applying those learning in practical environments.
The experiments in laboratory cover concepts on the developing and analyzing algorithms
including, but not limited to, Identify and evaluate complex problems using principles of
mathematics and engineering science.
Experiments performed in this course will provide students a better understanding about

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Solve problems by applying appropriate algorithms.
• Analyze the efficiency of various algorithms.
• Apply techniques of stacks and queues to solve problems.
• Develop a program that can be solved in many ways using different techniques.
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• Identify and evaluate complex problems using principles of mathematics and engineering
science.
The understanding of Identify and evaluate complex problems developed in this laboratory,
along-with theoretical concepts, will help students in design and analysis of algorithms. This
will enhance the employability of students in Software development, testing and research
industry.
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INSTRUCTIONS SHEET
We need your full support and cooperation for smooth functioning of the lab.

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

DO’s

 Please switch off the Mobile/Cell phone before entering Lab.

 Enter the Lab with complete source code and data.
 Check whether all peripheral are available at desktop before proceeding for program.
 Intimate the Lab in Charge whenever you are incompatible in using the system or in
case software get corrupted/ infected by virus.
 Arrange all the peripheral and seats before leaving the lab.

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 Properly shutdown the system before leaving the lab.
 Keep the bag outside in the racks.
 Enter the lab on time and leave at proper time.
 Maintain the decorum of the lab.
 Utilize lab hours in the corresponding experiment.
 Get your Cd / Pen drive checked by Lab in Charge before using it in the lab.
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DON’Ts

 Don’t mishandle the system.

 Don’t leave the system on standing for long.
 Don’t bring any external material in the lab.
 Don’t make noise in the lab.
 Don’t bring the mobile in the lab. If extremely necessary then keep ringers off.
 Don’t enter in the lab without permission of Lab in Charge.
 Don’t litter in the lab.
Don’t delete or make any modification in system files.
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
 Don’t carry any lab equipment outside the lab.

BEFORE ENTERING IN THE LAB

 All the students are supposed to prepare the theory regarding the next program.
 Students are supposed to bring the practical file and the lab copy.
 Previous programs should be written in the practical file.
 Any student not following these instructions will be denied entry in the lab.

WHILE WORKING IN THE LAB

 Adhere to experimental schedule as instructed by the Lab in Charge.

 Get the previously executed program signed by the instructor.
 Get the output of the current program checked by the instructor in the lab copy.

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

 Each student should work on his/her assigned computer at each turn of the lab.
 Take responsibility of valuable accessories.
 Concentrate on the assigned practical and do not play games.
 If anyone caught red handed carrying any equipment of the lab, then he will have to
face serious consequences.

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment No. 1

AIM:
Experiment-1
Aim - Sort a given set of elements using the Quick Sort method and determine the time
required to sort the elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated
using the random number generator.

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/* program to sort elements of an array using Quick Sort */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void quicksort(int[ ],int,int);

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void main( )
{
int low, high, pivot, t, n, i, j, a[10];
clrscr( );
printf("\nHow many elements you want to sort ? ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\Enter elements for an array:");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
low=0;
high=n-1;
quicksort(a,low,high);
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printf("\After Sorting the elements are:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
getch();
}

void quicksort(int a[ ],int low,int high)

{
int pivot,t,i,j;
if(low<high)
{
pivot=a[low];
i=low+1;
j=high;
while(1)
{

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

while(pivot>a[i]&&i<=high)
i++;
while(pivot<a[j]&&j>=low)
j--;
if(i<j)
{
t=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];

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a[j]=t;
}
else
break;
}
a[low]=a[j];
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a[j]=pivot;
quicksort(a,low,j-1);
quicksort(a,j+1,high);
}
}
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 2
Aim - Implement Merge Sort algorithm to sort a given set of elements and determine
the time required to sort the elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be
generated using the random number generator.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void disp();

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void mergesort(int,int,int);
void msortdiv(int,int);
int a[50],n;
void main()
{
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int i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the n value:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("\nBefore Sorting the elements are:");
disp();
msortdiv(0,n-1);
printf("\nAfter Sorting the elements are:");
disp();
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getch( );
}
void disp( )
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}

void mergesort(int low,int mid,int high)

{
int t[50],i,j,k;
i=low;
j=mid+1;
k=low;
while((i<=mid) && (j<=high))
{
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

if(a[i]>=a[j])
t[k++]=a[j++];
else
t[k++]=a[i++];
}
while(i<=mid)
t[k++]=a[i++];
while(j<=high)
t[k++]=a[j++];

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for(i=low;i<=high;i++)
a[i]=t[i];
}

void msortdiv(int low,int high)

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{
int mid;
if(low!=high)
{
mid=((low+high)/2);
msortdiv(low,mid);
msortdiv(mid+1,high);
mergesort(low,mid,high);
}
}
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 3

a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given digraph.

b. Compute the transitive closure of a given directed graph using Warshall's algorithm.

a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given digraph.

#include <stdio.h>

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int main(){
int i,j,k,n,a[10][10],indeg[10],flag[10],count=0;

printf("Enter the no of vertices:\n");

scanf("%d",&n);
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printf("Enter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("Enter row %d\n",i+1);
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}

for(i=0;i<n;i++){
indeg[i]=0;
flag[i]=0;
}
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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
indeg[i]=indeg[i]+a[j][i];

printf("\nThe topological order is:");

while(count<n){
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
if((indeg[k]==0) && (flag[k]==0)){
printf("%d ",(k+1));
flag [k]=1;
}

for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if(a[i][k]==1)

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indeg[k]--;
}
}

count++;
}

return 0;
}

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b. Compute the transitive closure of a given directed graph using Warshall's algorithm.

//Compute the transitive closure of a given directed graph using Warshall's algorithm.
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# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int n,a[10][10],p[10][10];
void path()
{
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
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p[i][j]=a[i][j];
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
if(p[i][k]==1&&p[k][j]==1) p[i][j]=1;
}
void main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of nodes:");

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
path();

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printf("\nThe path matrix is showm below\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
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printf("%d ",p[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
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Experiment – 4

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Aim - Implement Knapsack problem using Greedy Method.

# include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void knapsack(int n, float weight[], float profit[], float capacity)

{
float x[20], tp = 0;
int i, j, u;

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u = capacity;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
x[i] = 0.0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
if(weight[i] > u)
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break;
else
{
x[i] = 1.0;
tp = tp + profit[i];
u = u - weight[i];
}
}
if(i < n)
x[i] = u / weight[i];
tp = tp + (x[i] * profit[i]);
printf("\nThe result vector is:- ");
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for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("%.2f\t", x[i]);
printf("\nMaximum profit is:- %.2f", tp);
}

void main()
{
float weight[20], profit[20], capacity;
int num, i, j;
float ratio[20], temp;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the no. of objects:- ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("\nEnter the profits and wts of %d object ",num);
for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
{

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

printf("\nEnter the profits and wts of %d object",i+1);

scanf("%f %f", &profit[i], &weight[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the capacityacity of knapsack:- ");
scanf("%f", &capacity);
for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
ratio[i] = profit[i] / weight[i];
}

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for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
for (j = i + 1; j < num; j++)
{
if (ratio[i] < ratio[j])
{
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temp = ratio[j];
ratio[j] = ratio[i];
ratio[i] = temp;

temp = weight[j];
weight[j] = weight[i];
weight[i] = temp;

temp = profit[j];
profit[j] = profit[i];
profit[i] = temp;
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}
}
}
knapsack(num, weight, profit, capacity);
getch();
}

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Experiment – 5
Aim - Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic Programming.
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void knapsack01(int v[],int w[],int n,int capacity)
{
int x=0,b[100][100],i=0;
for(x=0;x<=capacity;x++)

C
b[0][x]=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
b[i][0]=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
CR
for(x=1;x<=capacity;x++)
{
if(w[i]<=x)
{
if( (v[i]+b[i-1][x-w[i]] ) > b[i-1][x] )
b[i][x]= (v[i]+b[i-1][x-w[i]] ) ;
else
b[i][x]=b[i-1][x];
}
else
b[i][x]=b[i-1][x];
}
JE

}
printf("the matix is\n");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
for(x=0;x<=capacity;x++)
printf("\t%d",b[i][x]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("the benifits is \n%d",b[n][capacity]);
printf("\nthe selected items is\n");
i=n,x=capacity;
while(i>0 && x>0)
{
if(b[i][x]!=b[i-1][x])
{
printf("\t%d",i);
b[i][x]=b[i-1][x-w[i]];
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

x=x-w[i];
i=i-1;
}
else
{
b[i][x]=b[i-1][x];
i=i-1;
}
}

C
}

void main()
{
int i,n,capacity,v[100],w[100];
CR
clrscr();
printf("enter the total capacity of knapsack \n");
scanf("%d",&capacity);
printf("enter the no of items\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
//value of each item's
printf("enter the weight and value of items\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d %d",&w[i],&v[i]);
knapsack01(v,w,n,capacity);
getch();
JE

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 6

From a given vertex in a weighted connected graph, find shortest paths to other
vertices using Dijkstra's algorithm.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

C
#define INFINITY 9999
#define MAX 10

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode);

int main()
CR
{
int G[MAX][MAX],i,j,n,u;
printf("Enter no. of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&G[i][j]);
printf("\nEnter the starting node:");
scanf("%d",&u);
JE

dijkstra(G,n,u);
return 0;
}

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode)

{

int cost[MAX][MAX],distance[MAX],pred[MAX];
int visited[MAX],count,mindistance,nextnode,i,j;
//pred[] stores the predecessor of each node
//count gives the number of nodes seen so far
//create the cost matrix
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
if(G[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=INFINITY;

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

else
cost[i][j]=G[i][j];
//initialize pred[],distance[] and visited[]
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
distance[i]=cost[startnode][i];
pred[i]=startnode;
visited[i]=0;

C
}
distance[startnode]=0;
visited[startnode]=1;
count=1;
while(count<n-1)
{
CR
mindistance=INFINITY;
//nextnode gives the node at minimum distance
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(distance[i]<mindistance&&!visited[i])
{
mindistance=distance[i];
nextnode=i;
}
//check if a better path exists through nextnode
visited[nextnode]=1;
JE

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(!visited[i])
if(mindistance+cost[nextnode][i]<distance[i])
{
distance[i]=mindistance+cost[nextnode][i];
pred[i]=nextnode;
}
count++;
}

//print the path and distance of each node

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(i!=startnode)
{
printf("\nDistance of node%d=%d",i,distance[i]);
printf("\nPath=%d",i);
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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

j=i;
do
{
j=pred[j];
printf("<-%d",j);
}while(j!=startnode);
}
}

C
CR
JE

Experiment – 7

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Aim - Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Kruskal's
algorithm.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

int i,j,k,a,b,u,v,n,ne=1;

C
int min,mincost=0,cost[9][9],parent[9];

int find(int);

int uni(int,int);
CR
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\tImplementation of Kruskal's algorithm\n\n");
printf("\nEnter the no. of vertices\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the cost adjacency matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
JE

scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=999;
}
}
printf("\nThe edges of Minimum Cost Spanning Tree are\n\n");
while(ne<n)
{
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(cost[i][j]<min)
{
min=cost[i][j];
a=u=i;
b=v=j;

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}
}
}
printf("The min value is %d",min);
u=find(u);
v=find(v);
if(uni(u,v))
{
printf("\n%d edge (%d,%d) =%d\n",ne++,a,b,min);

C
mincost +=min;
}
cost[a][b]=cost[b][a]=999; //remove the minimum edge
}
printf("\n\tMinimum cost = %d\n",mincost);
getch();
CR
}

int find(int i)
{
while(parent[i])
i=parent[i];
return i;
}

int uni(int i,int j) //for cycles

{
JE

if(i!=j)
{
parent[j]=i;
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

Experiment – 8

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph using
BFS method.
b. Check whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method.

a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph using BFS

C
method.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
CR
int a[20][20],q[20],visited[20],n,i,j,f=0,r=-1;
void bfs(int v)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(a[v][i] && !visited[i])
q[++r]=i;
if(f<=r)
{
JE

visited[q[f]]=1;
bfs(q[f++]);
}
}
void main()
{
int v;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

{
q[i]=0;
visited[i]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter graph data in matrix form:\n");

C
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf("\n Enter the starting vertex:");
CR
scanf("%d",&v);
bfs(v);
printf("\n The node which are reachable are:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(visited[i])
printf("%d\t",i);
getch();
}
JE

Output:

b. Check whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method.

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a[20][20],reach[20],n;
void dfs(int v)

C
{
int i;
reach[v]=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
CR
if(a[v][i] && !reach[i])
{
printf("\n %d->%d",v,i);
dfs(i);
}
}
void main()
{
JE

int i,j,count=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
reach[i]=0;
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
a[i][j]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter the adjacency matrix:\n");

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
dfs(1);
printf("\n");

C
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(reach[i])
count++;
CR
}
if(count==n)
printf("\n Graph is connected");
else
printf("\n Graph is not connected");
getch();
}
JE

Output

36
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

C
CR
Experiment – 9
Aim - Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Prim’s
algorithm.
JE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a,b,u,v,n,i,j,ne=1;
int visited[10]={0},min,idx,mincost=0,cost[10][10];

void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

cost[i][j]=999;
}
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if(cost[i][j]<min)
{
idx=i;
printf("the value of i is %d\t",i);
}

C
visited[idx]=1;
printf("\n");
while(ne<n)
{
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
CR
if(cost[i][j]<min)
if(visited[i]!=0)
{
min=cost[i][j];
a=u=i;
b=v=j;
}
if(visited[u]==0 || visited[v]==0)
{
printf("\n Edge %d:(%d %d) cost:%d",ne++,a,b,min);
mincost+=min;
JE

visited[b]=1;
}
cost[a][b]=cost[b][a]=999;
}
printf("\n Minimun cost=%d",mincost);
getch();
}

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

C
CR
Experiment – 10
Aim: Implement All-Pairs Shortest Paths Problem using Floyd's algorithm.
JE

#include<stdio.h>
int min(int,int);
void floyds(int p[10][10],int n)
{
int i,j,k;
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if(i==j)
p[i][j]=0;
else
p[i][j]=min(p[i][j],p[i][k]+p[k][j]);
}
int min(int a,int b)

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

{
if(a<b)
return(a);
else
return(b);
}
void main()
{
int p[10][10],w,n,e,u,v,i,j;;

C
printf("\n Enter the number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the number of edges:\n");
scanf("%d",&e);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
CR
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
p[i][j]=999;
}
for(i=1;i<=e;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter the end vertices of edge%d with its weight \n",i);
scanf("%d%d%d",&u,&v,&w);
p[u][v]=w;
}
printf("\n Matrix of input data:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
JE

{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
printf("%d \t",p[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
floyds(p,n);
printf("\n Transitive closure:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
printf("%d \t",p[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n The shortest paths are:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

if(i!=j)
printf("\n <%d,%d>=%d",i,j,p[i][j]);
}
}

Output

C
CR
JE

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

C
CR
JE

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 11
Aim - Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int row[8],s=0;
int safe(int,int);
void putboard();

C
void queen(int);

int safe(int x, int y)

{
int i;
CR
for(i=1;i<=y;i++)
if( row[y-i]==x || row[y-i]==x-i || row[y-i]==x+i)
return 0;
return 1;
}

void putboard()
{
int x,y;
printf("\nSolution # %d",++s);
printf(":\n---------------------------------\n");
for(y=0;y<8; y++)
JE

{
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
if(x==row[y])
printf("| Q ");
else
printf("| ");
printf("|\n---------------------------------\n");
}
getch();
}

void queen(int y)
{
int x;
for(x=0;x<8;x++)
{
row[y-1]=x;
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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

if( safe(x,y-1) )
if (y<8)
queen(y+1);
else
putboard();
}
}
void main()
{

C
clrscr();
queen(1);
}
CR
JE

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 12
Aim - Implement Bubble Sort algorithm to sort a given set of elements and determine
the time required to sort the elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be
generated using the random number generator.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()

C
{
int i,n,temp,j,arr[25];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of elements in the Array: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the elements:\n\n");
CR
for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
printf(" Array[%d] = ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
for(j=0 ; j<n-i-1 ; j++)
{
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1]) //Swapping Condition is Checked
{
temp=arr[j];
JE

arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nThe Sorted Array is:\n\n");
for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
printf(" %d",arr[i]);
}
getch();
}

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 13
Aim - Implement Linear Search algorithm to search a value from a given set of
elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated using the random
number generator.

//Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using linear search.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

C
int linear(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )
{
int a[20], pos = -1, n, k, i;
clrscr( );
CR
printf("\nEnter the n value:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");
for(i=0; i<n ;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("\nEnter the element to be searched:");
scanf("%d",&k);
pos=linear(a,n,k);
if(pos != -1)
printf("\n Search successful element found at position %d",pos);
else
JE

printf("\n Search unsuccessful, element not found");

getch( );
}
int linear(int a[ ],int n,int k)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]==k)
return(i);
}
return -1;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

//Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using recursive linear search.
/* recursive program for Linear Search*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int linear(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )
{

C
int a[20],pos=-1,n,k,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter n value:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
CR
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("\n Enter the element to be searched:");
scanf("%d",&k);
pos=linear(a,n,k);
if(pos!=-1)
printf("\n Search successful, Element found at Position %d",pos);
else
printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found ");
getch( );
}
JE

int linear(int a[ ],int n,int k)

{
int i;
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
if(a[i]==k)
return(i);
else
{
n=n-1;
return(linear(a,n,k));
}
}
return -1;
}

47
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 14
Aim - Implement Binary Search algorithm to search a value from a given set of
elements. The elements can be read from a file or can be generated using the random
number generator.

//Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using non recursive binary search.

C
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int bsearch(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )
CR
{
int a[20],pos,n,k,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the n value:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("\nEnter the key value:");
scanf("%d",&k);
pos=bsearch(a,n,k);
if(pos!= -1)
JE

printf("Search successful, element found at position %d",pos);

else
printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found");
getch( );
}

int bsearch(int a[ ],int n, int k)

{
int lb,ub,mid;
lb=0;
ub=n-1;
while(ub>=lb)
{
mid=(lb+ub)/2;
if(k<a[mid])
ub=mid-1;

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

else if(k>a[mid])
lb=mid+1;
else if(k==a[mid])
return(mid);
}
return -1;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

C
// Write a program for recursive binary search to find the given element within array

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
CR
int bsearch(int [ ],int, int, int);

void main( )
{
int a[20],pos,n,k,i,lb,ub;
clrscr( );
printf("\nEnter the n value:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
JE

printf("\nEnter the key value:");

scanf("%d",&k);
lb=0;
ub=n-1;
pos=bsearch(a,k,lb,ub);
if(pos!=-1)
printf("Search successful, element found at position %d",pos);
else
printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found");
getch( );
}

int bsearch(int a[ ], int k, int lb, int ub)

{
int mid;
while(ub>=lb)
{

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

mid=(lb+ub)/2;
if(k<a[mid])
{
ub=mid-1;
}
else if(k>a[mid])
{
lb=mid+1;
}

C
else if(k==a[mid])
{
return(mid);
}
return(bsearch(a,k,lb,ub));
}
CR
return -1;
}
JE

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Experiment – 15
Aim - Compute two 2 by 2 matrix multiplication to find multiplication matrix using
Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication.
//C code of two 2 by 2 matrix multiplication using Strassen algorithm:

C
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a[2][2],b[2][2],c[2][2],i,j;
CR
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,m6,m7;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the 4 elements of first matrix: ");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("Enter the 4 elements of second matrix: ");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
JE

printf("\nThe first matrix is\n");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}

printf("\nThe second matrix is\n");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("%d\t",b[i][j]);
}

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

m1= (a[0][0] + a[1][1])*(b[0][0]+b[1][1]);

m2= (a[1][0]+a[1][1])*b[0][0];
m3= a[0][0]*(b[0][1]-b[1][1]);
m4= a[1][1]*(b[1][0]-b[0][0]);
m5= (a[0][0]+a[0][1])*b[1][1];
m6= (a[1][0]-a[0][0])*(b[0][0]+b[0][1]);
m7= (a[0][1]-a[1][1])*(b[1][0]+b[1][1]);

c[0][0]=m1+m4-m5+m7;

C
c[0][1]=m3+m5;
c[1][0]=m2+m4;
c[1][1]=m1-m2+m3+m6;

printf("\nAfter multiplication using \n");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
CR
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
}

getch();
}
JE

Experiment – 16
52
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Aim - Implement Longest Common Subsequence problem using Dynamic

Programming.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int i,j,m,n,a,c[20][20];
char x[15],y[15],b[20][20];
void print_lcs(int i,int j)

C
{
if(i==0 || j==0)
return;
if(b[i][j]=='c')
{
print_lcs(i-1,j-1);
CR
printf(" %c",x[i-1]);
}
else if(b[i][j]=='u')
print_lcs(i-1,j);
else
print_lcs(i,j-1);
}
void lcs_length(void)
{
m=strlen(x);
n=strlen(y);
for(i=0;i<=m;i++)
JE

c[i][0]=0;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
c[0][i]=0;
for(i=1;i<=m;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(x[i-1]==y[j-1])
{
c[i][j]=c[i-1][j-1]+1;
b[i][j]='c';
}
else if(c[i-1][j]>=c[i][j-1])
{
c[i][j]=c[i-1][j];
b[i][j]='u';
}

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

else
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j-1];
b[i][j]='l';
}
}
print_lcs(m,n);
}
void main()

C
{
printf("Enter 1st sequence : ");
gets(x);
printf("Enter 2nd sequence : ");
gets(y);
printf("\nlongest common subsequence is : ");
CR
lcs_length();
getch();
}
JE

Experiment – 17

54
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Aim - Implement Matrix Chain Multiplication problem using Dynamic Programming.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void prin(int,int);
void matrixchain(int [],int);
int m[100][100],s[100][100];

void main()

C
{
int i,j,p[100],n;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no. of matrix chian");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the order of chain matrix");
CR
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
matrixchain(p,n);
printf("cost of matrix \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
printf("\t%d",m[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
JE

printf("sequence matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
printf("\t%d",s[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
prin(1,n);
printf("\ncost of matrix chain multiplication %d", m[1][n]);
getch();
}

void matrixchain(int p[],int n)

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

{
int i,j,k,l,q;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
m[i][i]=0;
}
for(l=2;l<=n;l++)
{
for(i=1;i<=n-l+1;i++)

C
{
j=i+l-1;
m[i][j]=9999;
for(k=i;k<=j-1;k++)
{
q=m[i][k]+m[k+1][j]+p[i-1]*p[k]*p[j];
CR
if(q<m[i][j])
{
m[i][j]=q;
s[i][j]=k;

}
}
}
}
}
JE

void prin(int i,int j)

{
if(i==j)
{
printf("a%d",i);
}
else
{
printf("(");
prin(i,s[i][j]);
prin((s[i][j]+1),j);
printf(")");

}
}

Experiment – 18
56
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Aim: Implement Graph Coloring Problem using backtracking.

#include<stdio.h>
int G[50][50],x[50]; //G:adjacency matrix,x:colors
void next_color(int k){
int i,j;
x[k]=1; //coloring vertex with color1
for(i=0;i<k;i++){ //checking all k-1 vertices-backtracking
if(G[i][k]!=0 && x[k]==x[i]) //if connected and has same color

C
x[k]=x[i]+1; //assign higher color than x[i]
}
}

int main(){
int n,e,i,j,k,l;
CR
printf("Enter no. of vertices : ");
scanf("%d",&n); //total vertices
printf("Enter no. of edges : ");
scanf("%d",&e); //total edges

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
G[i][j]=0; //assign 0 to all index of adjacency matrix

printf("Enter indexes where value is 1-->\n");

for(i=0;i<e;i++){
JE

scanf("%d %d",&k,&l);
G[k][l]=1;
G[l][k]=1;
}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
next_color(i); //coloring each vertex

printf("Colors of vertices -->\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++) //displaying color of each vertex
printf("Vertex[%d] : %d\n",i+1,x[i]);

return 0;
}
NOTE : This code is written,compiled and run with GCC compiler under Linux environment
Ubuntu12.04LTS Precise Pangolin.

57
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
no. of vertices : 4
Enter no. of edges : 5
Enter indexes where value is 1-->
01

C
12
13
23
30
Colors of vertices -->
Vertex[1] : 1
CR
Vertex[2] : 2
Vertex[3] : 1
Vertex[4] : 3
JE

Experiment – 19

58
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Aim: Implement Sum of Subset Problem using backtracking.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int inc[50],w[50],sum,n;
int promising(int i,int wt,int total) {
return(((wt+total)>=sum)&&((wt==sum)||(wt+w[i+1]<=sum)));

C
}
void main() {
int i,j,n,temp,total=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter how many numbers:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
CR
printf("\n Enter %d numbers to th set:\n",n);
for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
scanf("%d",&w[i]);
total+=w[i];
}
printf("\n Input the sum value to create sub set:\n");
scanf("%d",&sum);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
for (j=0;j<n-1;j++)
if(w[j]>w[j+1]) {
temp=w[j];
w[j]=w[j+1];
JE

w[j+1]=temp;
}
printf("\n The given %d numbers in ascending order:\n",n);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d \t",w[i]);
if((total<sum))
printf("\n Subset construction is not possible"); else {
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
inc[i]=0;
printf("\n The solution using backtracking is:\n");
sumset(-1,0,total);
}
getch();
}
void sumset(int i,int wt,int total) {
int j;
if(promising(i,wt,total)) {
59
 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

if(wt==sum) {
printf("\n{\t");
for (j=0;j<=i;j++)
if(inc[j])
printf("%d\t",w[j]);
printf("}\n");
} else {
inc[i+1]=TRUE;
sumset(i+1,wt+w[i+1],total-w[i+1]);

C
inc[i+1]=FALSE;
sumset(i+1,wt,total-w[i+1]);
}
}
}
CR
JE

60