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Robotics Process Automation:

Robotic process automation (or RPA) is an emerging form of clerical process

automation technology based on the notion of software robots or artificial intelligence (AI)
workers.

A software 'robot' is a software application that replicates the actions of a human being
interacting with the user interface of a computer system.

For example, the execution of data entry into an ERP system - or indeed a full end-to-end
business process - would be a typical activity for a software robot.

The software robot operates on the user interface (UI) in the same way that a human
would; this is a significant departure from traditional forms of IT integration which have
historically been based on Application Programming Interfaces (or APIs) - that is to say,
machine-to-machine forms of communication based on data layers which operate at an
architectural layer beneath the UI.

RPA software vendors

RPA software vendors include:

 Automation Anywhere
 UIPath
 Blue Prism
 Open span
Introduction
UiPath is a complete solution for application integration, and automating third-party
applications, administrative IT tasks and business IT processes. One of the most important
notions in UiPath is the workflow.

A workflow is a graphical representation of a business process. It enables you to automate

rule-based processes, by giving you full control of the execution order and the relationship
between a custom set of steps, also known as activities in UiPath Studio. Each activity
consists of a small action, such as clicking a button, reading a file or writing to a log panel.

The main types of workflows supported are:

 Sequences - suitable to linear processes, enabling you to smoothly go from one activity
to another, without cluttering your workflow.
 Flowcharts - suitable to a more complex business logic, enabling you to integrate
decisions and connect activities in a more diverse manner, through multiple branching
logic operators.
 State Machines – suitable for very large workflows; they use a finite number of states in
their execution which are triggered by a condition (transition) or activity.

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The User Interface

The ribbon is straightforward and can be minimized or expanded by clicking the Minimize
/ Expand button . It consists of the following four tabs:

1. Start - create a project or open a previously created one, switch to a Beta or Stable
version, update Studio, go to the online documentation or submit a request. By default,
projects are created in C:\Users\Username\Documents\UiPath.

2. Design - create or launch sequences, flowcharts or state machine diagrams, access

wizards, manage variables, and inspect user interface elements from third-party apps.

3. Execute - run or stop projects, start the debug process, slow down steps and open logs.

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4. Setup - publish a project or create a shortcut for it, schedule tasks, and install
extensions with just one click.

The Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar is located by default on the title bar, above the ribbon, yet you
can easily move it bellow.

It provides shortcuts for the most used commands, and you can add new ones to it by right-
clicking a desired button and selecting the Add to Quick Access Toolbar option.

The Workflow Designer Panels

UiPath contains multiple panels for an easier access to specific functionalities. They can be
docked, act as floating windows, or the Auto-hide option can be enabled.

The Main Panel

The Main panel displays your current workflow or workflows, enables you to make
changes to them, and provides quick access to variables, arguments and imports.

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It is possible to navigate within a workflow, by double-clicking the activity you want to

view. The path is displayed as breadcrumbs in the header of the Main panel.

The Activities Panel

The Activities panel provides quick access to all available activities that can be dragged to
the current workflow.

It features a search box, and the Show Activities list enables you to hide or show
the Favorites, Recent and Available folders of activities.

The Manage Packages functionality enables you to install additional activity packages.

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The Library Panel

The Library panel enables you to easily reuse workflows. A search box is included to
facilitate finding items faster.

It includes, by default, multiple samples and snippets, and you can add your own by clicking
the Add Folder button and selecting a directory from your hard drive.

To remove a folder, right-click it and select Remove.

Note: If you add empty folders they are not going to be displayed.
The Project Panel

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The Project panel enables you to view the contents of the current project and open the file
location in a Windows Explorer window.

You can connect to a team project from the Team Foundation Server (TFS) and create a
new project directly from this panel.

Version control is available through the context menu, and it is also possible to view the
history of a selected file.

The Properties Panel

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The Properties panel is contextual and enables you to view and change the properties of a
selected activity.

The properties can be sorted alphabetically, while the search box enables you to look for a
specific one.

The Outline Panel

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The Outline panel displays the workflow hierarchy, all available variables and nodes, and
includes a search box. This enables you to easily navigate large workflow.

You can highlight activities in this panel by selecting them in the Main panel, or you can go
to a specific activity by selecting it in the Outline panel.

The Output Panel

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The Output panel enables you to display the output of the Log Message or Write
Line activities, as well as the logs when the debug mode is activated.

The logs are more or less detailed, depending on the option you selected in
the Execute tab, under Options > Logging Level.

You can hide or show timestamps, errors, warnings, information or trace data, by clicking
the buttons in the panel‟s header. Additionally, the Clear All button erases all info
displayed in the Output panel.

Double-clicking a message displays further details about it.

Keyboard Shortcuts
The complete list of keyboard shortcuts for UiPath Studio:

Ctrl + D - Ignores the activity that is currently selected by placing it into a Comment Out
container.

Ctrl + E - Removes the activity from the Comment Out container it was placed in.
Ctrl + T - Places the activity inside the Try section of a Try Catch activity.
Ctrl + Shift + N - Creates a new Blank Project.
Ctrl + N - Creates a new Sequence Diagram in the current project.
Ctrl + O - Enables you to open a previously created workflow. Only .xaml files are
supported.
F1 - Enables you to access a help topic associated with the currently selected element.
Ctrl + L - Opens the folder where the Log files are stored.
Shift + F9 - Removes all the breakpoints in the currently opened workflow.
Ctrl + S - Saves the currently opened workflow.
Ctrl + Shift + S - Saves all the workflows that are currently open.
F5 - Runs the workflow that is currently open.
F7 - Runs the currently opened workflow in debug mode.
F8 - Checks the currently opened workflow for validation errors.
F9 - Marks the selected activity with a breakpoint.
F10 - When debugging, skips the execution of a block of activities in the currently selected
workflow.
F11 - When debugging, enables you to step into a block of activities and executes the first
one.
Pause - Pauses the execution of the current workflow, in both normal and debug mode.

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F12 - Stops the execution of the current workflow, in both normal and debug mode.

Ctrl + C - Copies the selected activity or activities to the clipboard.

Alt + Ctrl + W - Opens the Web Recording toolbar.
Alt + Ctrl + B - Opens the Basic Recording toolbar.
Alt + Ctrl + C - Opens the Citrix Recording toolbar.
Alt + Ctrl + D - Opens the Desktop Recording toolbar.
Alt + Ctrl + F - Sets the focus to the search box in the Activities Panel.
Ctrl + P - Opens the Manage Packages window.

RESOURCES Updating UiPath Studio

From the Start ribbon tab, under the Help tab, you can update your version of UiPath
Studio, as well as see the version you are currently running on.

You can choose between a Stable or Beta version with the help of two radio buttons.
However, note that you are required to restart the application for the change to take effect.

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When a new Studio version is available, be it Stable or Beta, an Update Available link is
displayed. To update, do the following:

1. Click the Update Available link. A window is displayed with the new available update.

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2. Click the Install button. Note that the download has started.
3. After the download is complete, go through the installation wizard. Studio is restarted
and the fixes and/or enhancements are available to you.

Installing the Chrome Extension for UiPath Studio

From UiPath Studio

1. In the Setup ribbon tab, from the Setup Extensions menu, select Chrome. The Chrome
Web Store is opened in Google Chrome.

2. Click the Add to Chrome button. A confirmation dialog box is displayed.

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3. Click the Add extension button. The extension is now installed.

4.

Please note that file access is disabled by default. To enable it:

1. Click the Side Navigation Bar > Settings. The Settings page is displayed.
2. In the Extensions tab, navigate to the UiPath extension.
3. Under the UiPath Extension, select the Allow access to file URLs check box.

From the Command Prompt

1. Click the Windows Start button and type cmd in the search field.
2. Right click on Command Prompt and run it as administrator.
3. Change the directory to the UiPath installation folder (cd C:\Program Files
(x86)\UiPath Studio\UiPath).
4. Run the SetupExtensions file by typing SetupExtensions.exe/chrome. The Chrome Web
Store is opened in Google Chrome.

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5.
6. Click the Add to Chrome button. A confirmation dialog box is displayed.
7. Click the Add extension button. The extension is now installed.

Installing the Firefox Extension for UiPath Studio

From UiPath Studio

1. In the Setup ribbon tab, from the Setup Extensions menu, select Firefox. A
confirmation pop-up is displayed in Firefox.

2. Click the Install button. A confirmation dialog box is displayed. The extension is now
installed.

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From the Command Prompt

1. Click the Windows Start button and type cmd in the search field.
2. Right click on Command Prompt and run it as administrator.
3. Change the directory to the UiPath installation folder (cd C:\Program Files
(x86)\UiPath Studio\UiPath).
4. Run the SetupExtensions file by typing SetupExtensions.exe/firefox. A confirmation
pop-up is displayed in Firefox

5. Click the Install button. A confirmation dialog box is displayed. The extension is now
installed.

Connecting your Project to a Source Control System

The Project panel enables you to, among others, connect to a type of source control system,
such as TFS or SVN. When you are connected to one of them, the Connect Project to a

Source Control button changes to TFS or SVN .

Additionally, hovering over the TFS and/or SVN button displays the URL of the repository.

Note: You cannot connect to both TFS and SVN, in the same time.

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The supported versions of Team Foundation Server are:

 2012
 2013
 2015
 Express 2012
 Express 2013
 Express 2015

Note: Due to Microsoft limitations, the 2015 and none of the Express TFS versions do not
permit you to create new projects.
Connecting to TFS

1. On the Project panel, click Connect Project to a Source Control > TFS > Connect to
Team Project. The Connect to Team Foundation Server window is displayed.

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2. Click Servers. The Add/Remove Team Foundation Serverwindow is displayed.

3. Click the Add The Add Team Foundation Server window is displayed.

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4. Fill in the details of your TFS and click OK. In the Connect to Team Foundation
Server window, your team‟s collections and projects are available and the Connect

Project to a Source Control button is now changed to TFS .

If the TFS server is online (e.g.https://<account>.visualstudio.com) UiPath Studio requests

authentication with a Microsoft account. An Internet Explorer window is displayed for
entering your credentials, regardless of what your default browser is.
Note: By default, on all Windows Server machines, this window is not displayed, as it
requires JavaScript to run. This can be enabled from the Internet Explorer settings
(Security tab > Custom Level > Enable Scripting).
Creating a New Team Project

1. On the Project panel, click Connect Project to a Source Control > TFS > New

Team Project . The Select a Team Project Collection window is displayed.

2. In the Select a Team Project Collectionwindow, select your server, one of your
collections and click Connect. The New Team Project window is displayed.

Note: Due to Microsoft limitations, the 2015 and none of the Express TFS versions do
not permit you to create new projects.

3. Fill in the Project Name and Project Description fields, select a Process Templateand
click OK. A confirmation message indicating the new project has been created is

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4. displayed.

5. Click OK. The new project that has been created is displayed in the Projects panel, and
you are automatically connected to the project.

Connecting to SVN

1. On the Project panel, select Connect Project to a Source Control > SVN > Connect to
Project button. The Connect towindow is displayed

2. Insert the Repository URL of your SVN server into the text field. Selecting the Use
Credentialsbox will enable you to insert your account User and Password. Click Your
project is now connected to SVN.
3. Enter the Repository URL of your SVN server and select the Use Credentials check
box. TheUser and Password fields are displayed.
Fill in the user and password information, and click OK. You are now connected to SVNand
the Connect Project to a Source Control button is now changed to SVN.

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Context Menu Options

Once your project is connected to either TFS or SVN, right-clicking any file or folder in
the Project panel opens a context menu that contains the following options:

Option Description

Open Opens the selected .xaml file in the Main panel.

Enables you to rename the selected file or folder, and opens the Rename
Rename
Item window.

Delete Deletes the selected item.

Uploads the selected item to the TFS/SVN server. This option is not
Add
available, if the item was previously uploaded to the server.

Get Latest Downloads the latest version of the selected item from the TFS/SVN
Version server.

Check Out for

Marks the selected file or folder as locked for editing.
Edit

Displays the Check In Changes window and enables you to upload the
Check In
selected item to the server as the newest version.

Displays the Undo Pending Changes window and enables you to Revert
Undo
the changes done to the project.

Import Imports .xaml files to the project. This option is only available when
Workflows selecting a directory.

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Enabling Tracing
By default, UiPath generates log files that track the activity of Studio and the Robots. These
logs can be accessed from the Execute ribbon tab, by clicking the Open Logs button.

For complex issues, more details about your automation are needed. To gather them,
tracing must be enabled.

In UiPath Studio, tracing generates an .etl file. It contains binary log data at the trace level,
such as disk accesses or page faults, and is used to log high-frequency events while tracking
the performance of an operating system. To enable tracing, do the following:

1. In the system tray, click the UiPath Robot button. The UiPath Robot window is
opened.

2. Click Advanced > Settings. The Settings window is displayed.Click the Start
Tracing button.

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3. Run the workflow that you want to trace.
4. In the Settings page, click the Stop Tracing button. A dialog box is displayed, informing
you that an .etl file has been generated on the Desktop.

This type of file can be opened from the Event Viewer:

1. In Event Viewer, in the Actions panel, click Open Saved Log. The Open Saved
Log window is displayed.
2. Browse for the trace log file generated and click Open. The file is displayed in the left
panel, under Saved Logs.
3. Select the file. Note that the contents of the logs are
displayed.

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Creating a Basic Workflow

To create a basic workflow that asks for a user's name and then displays it on the screen,
do the following:

1. On the Start tab, under the New section, click Blank. The New Project window is
displayed.

2. In the Name field, type the name of your project, such as Hello, and click Create. A new
project is saved with the chosen name on the hard drive.
3. From the Activities panel, drag a Flowchart activity to the Main panel
4. Add an Input Dialog activity.
5. Right-click the activity and click Set as Start Node. The activity is connected to
the Start node.

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6. On the Design tab, select Create Variable > Text to create a string variable in which to
store the user‟s name, called name, for example.
7. On the Properties panel, under the Input section, add a Label for the activity, such as
"Type your name," and a Title, such as "Hello, world!.".

Note: In UiPath, all strings have to be placed between quotation marks.

8. Under the Output section, in the Result field, add the variable created at step 5.

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9. Add a Message Box activity to the Main panel and connect it to the existing Input
Dialog activity.
10. Make sure that the Message Box activity is selected. The Properties panel is updated
accordingly.
11. Under the Input section, add a Caption such as “Hello,” and in the Text field add a
string and the previously created variable, such as “Hello”+name.

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12. The workflow should look as in the screenshot below.

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13. Click Run on the Design tab or press F5. The workflow is executed. The Hello
World window is displayed, prompting you to input your name.

14. Type your name in the field and press OK. The Hello window with the name previously
added is displayed.

However, this workflow has a small flaw because, when prompted to add your name, you
can leave the field blank. This also causes the Hello window to be empty.

To fix this problem and other similar ones, it is good practice to validate fields. You can do
this with the Flow Decision or If activities that enable you to verify if a certain condition
was met.

To solve the issue in the example workflow above, do the following:

1. Select the arrow between the Input Dialog and the Message Box activities and press
Delete. The arrow is deleted.

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2. Add a Flow Decision activity between the Input Dialog and the Message
Box activities.
3. Select the Flow Decision activity and, in the Properties panel, add a Condition to
check if the variable name is empty, such as name = “”.
4. Connect the Input Dialog activity to the Flow Decision. This means that after the user
is prompted to add his or her name, the condition added at step 3 is going to be checked.
5. Connect the True branch of the Flow Decision activity to the Input Dialog. This means
that if the name field is empty, the user is going to be prompted to type his name in
the Hello World window until the field is filled in. You just created your first loop.
6. Connect the Message Box activity to the False branch of the Flow Decision. This
means that if the name field is not empty, the Hello window can be displayed with the
string added by the user.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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Introduction to Debugging a Workflow
Debugging is the process of identifying and removing errors from a given workflow.
Coupled with logging and breakpoints, it becomes a powerful functionality that offers you
information about your project and step-by-step highlighting, so that you can be sure it is
error-free.

Logging enables you to display details about what is happening in your workflow in
the Output panel. This in turn makes it easier for you to debug a workflow.

Breakpoints enable you to pause the execution of a workflow so that you can check its state
at a given point.

Example of Debugging a Workflow

To debug the workflow designed in Creating a Basic Workflow, do the following:

1. Select the True branch between the Input Dialog and Flow Decision activities, and
press Delete. The True branch has been deleted.
2. Add a Log Message activity next to the Flow Decision.
3. Connect the Log Message activity to the True branch of the Flow Decision and to
the Input Dialog activity. The workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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4. Select the Log Message. The Properties panel is updated accordingly.
5. From the Level list, select Error, and in the Message field type what error message to
be returned, such as “Invalid user name.” When you execute the workflow, the error
message is displayed in the Output panel every time the user does not fill in the Hello
World window.
6. Press F5 to execute the workflow and do not fill in the Hello World window the first
time when you are prompted. The Output panel has logged the error message you
added at step 5.

7. On the Execute tab, in the Debug group, from the Optionsmenu, select Logging Level >
Verbose. This means that the logs that are going to be displayed in the Output panel
are going to be explicit.
8. Select the Log Message activity and, on the Execute tab, in the Debug group,
click Toggle Breakpoint. Note that a small that a red dot with white stripes is displayed
next to it. This signals that this activity has a breakpoint applied.

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9. On the Execute tab, in the Launch group, click Start Debug. The debugging process
starts and the Hello World window is displayed.
10. Do not fill in the field and click OK. The breakpoint has been triggered and, as a result,
the workflow stopped. Note that, in the Output panel, the error and all steps covered
until now have been logged, and the Log Message activity is highlighted.

11. On the Execute tab, in the Launch group, click Stop. An information dialog box is
displayed, letting you know that the debugging process has been canceled.

Note: After a breakpoint has been triggered you can stop, go to the next step of the
workflow or continue the debugging process by clicking Stop, Step Over, Step
Into orContinue Debug on the Execute tab.

Managing Packages
The package manager functionality enables you to download activity packages, libraries,
frameworks, wrappers and others, view the ones already installed on your computer and
update them, as well as add and remove your own.

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These features are available through the Manage Packages window that you can open by
clicking the Manage Packages button on the Activities panel.

An activity package is a bundle of activities that can help you automate a certain application
(UiPath.Excel.Activities, UiPath.Word.Activities) or a category of apps
(UiPath.Mail.Activities, UiPath.Terminal.Activities), or use certain technologies in your
workflows (UiPath.OCR.Activities, UiPath.FTP.Activities). Details about packages and
libraries are displayed in the right panel of the Manage Packages window, as you can see
in the screenshot above.
The Filter Activities check box enables you to view only activity packages.

To install activities packs, go to the Available category, and click the Install button next
to the package that interests you. You are prompted to restart UiPath Studio so that you can
start using the selected activities.
Note: An internet connection is required to download and install activities packs.
To uninstall activities, go to the Installed category, and click the Uninstall button next to
the package that you no longer want to use.

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Updating Packages
The Manage Packages button on the Activities panel displays an orange border when
there are packages that need to be updated, as in the following screenshot.

All your activities can be automatically updated when a new version is available, by
selecting the Auto Update check box, in the Manage Packages window.

If you want to manually update activities packages:

1. On the left side of the Manage Packages window, click the Updates category.
The Manage Packages window displays all activities packages to be updated.
2. Click the Update button next to the package that interests you. The updated package is
no longer displayed in this view.
3. Optionally, update all the packages at once by clicking the Update All button.

Adding Your Own Packages

1. In the Manage Packages window, in the left panel, right-click any category.

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2. Select Configure Sources from the context menu. The Package Source
Settings window is displayed.
3. Click the Add button. A new blank package is added and an error message is
displayed because the Name and Source fields are not filled in correctly.

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4. In the Name field, type the name of the package.

5. In the Source field, type the local drive folder pathway, the shared network folder
pathway or the NuGet feed URL of the package

6. Click Apply. Your configuration is saved.

7. Click OK. The Package Source Settings window closes. Note that the Name is
displayed in the Manage Packages window, as a new category.

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Removing Your Packages

1. In the Manage Packages window, in the left panel, right-click any category.
2. Select Configure Sources from the context menu. The Package Source
Settingswindow is displayed.
3. In the Package Source Settings window, select the package you wish to remove by
clicking on it and press the Remove button.

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4. Click Apply. Your configuration is saved.

Click OK. The Package Source Settings window closes. The package is removed from
the Manage Packages window.

Types of Worflows:

Sequences
Sequences are the smallest type of workflow. They are suitable to linear processes as they
enable you to go from one activity to another seamlessly, and act as a single block activity.

One of the key features of sequences is that they can be reused time and again, as a
standalone workflow or as part of a state machine or flowchart.

For example, you can create a sequence to take information from a .pdf file and add it to a
spreadsheet, and reuse it in a different setting, while changing just a few properties.

Note: Sequences do not use connectors.

Example of a Sequence
To create a sequence that asks the user for his first and last name, and his hair color, and
then displays his answers, do the following:

1. Create a blank workflow and, on the Design tab, in the Filegroup, select New >
Sequence. The New Diagram window is displayed.

Note: You can also add a Sequenceactivity to the Main panel to create a new sequence.

2. In the Name field type a name for the workflow, such as “First Sequence,” and
click Create. The Main panel is updated accordingly.
3. Create three String variables such as strFirstName, strLastName, and strHairColor, so
that you can store data from the user in them. Leave the Default field empty, to indicate
that there is no default value.

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4. Drag three Input Dialog activities to the Main panel, one under the other.
5. Select the first Input Dialog and, in the Properties panel, add a Label asking for the
first name of the user, and a custom Title.
6. In the Result field, add the strFirstName variable. This indicates that this variable is
going to be updated with the value added by the user at this point.
7. Repeat steps 6 - 7 for the second and third Input Dialogactivities to ask the user for his
last name and hair color, and store them in the strLastName and strHairColorvariables.
8. Add a Message Box activity under the third Input Dialogwindow.
9. Select the Message Box and, in the Properties panel, in the Text field, add the variables
and a string to enable you to display all information gathered from the user, such
as: strFirstName + " " + strLastName + " has " + strHairColor + " hair.".

Note: Remember to add spaces between variables and within strings for an optimal
output.
The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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10. On the Design tab, in the File group, click Run. The workflow is executed. The final
output message should look as in the following screenshot.

Click here to download this example.

Flowcharts
Flowcharts can be used in a variety of settings, from large jobs to small projects that you
can reuse in other workflows.

The most important aspect of flowcharts is that, unlike sequences, they present multiple
branching logical operators, that enable you to create complex business processes and
connect activities in multiple ways.

Example of a Flowchart
To exemplify the properties of a flowchart, we are going to build a guessing game that
generates a random number from 1 to 999 that the user must guess. To create such a
workflow, do the following:

1. Create a blank workflow and from the Design tab, in the Filegroup, select New >
Flowchart. The New Diagram window is displayed.

Note: You can also add a Flowchartactivity to the Main panel to create a new flowchart
workflow.

2. In the Name field type a name for the workflow, such as “First Flowchart,” and
click Create. The Main panel is updated accordingly.
3. Create two Int32 variables (intRandomNumber, intGuessNumber) and a String one
(strMessage).
4. Set the default value of the strMessage variable to "Guess a number from 1 to 999.0".
The intRandomNumberstores a random number between 1 and

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999, intGuessNumber stores the user's guess, and strMessage stores the message that is
going to be displayed to prompt the user.

5. Add an Assign activity to the Main panel, and connect it to the Start node.
6. In the Properties panel, in the To field add the intRandomNumber variable.
7. In the Value field, type new Random().Next(1,999).

Note: This field uses the Random()function to generate a random number between 1 and 999.

8. Add an Input Dialog activity to the Main panel and connect it to the Assign one.
9. In the Properties panel, in the Label field, add the strMessage variable.
10. In the Result field, add the intGuessNumber variable. This activity asks and stores the
user‟s guesses in the intGuessNumber variable.
11. Add a Flow Decision activity and connect it to the Input Dialog. This activity enables
you to tell the user if he correctly guessed the number or not.
12. In the Properties panel, in the Condition field, type intGuessNumber =
intRandomNumber. This enables you to verify if the number added by the user is the
same as the randomly-generated one.
13. Add a Message Box activity and connect it to the True branch of the Flow Decision.
14. In the Properties panel, in the Text field, type "Congratulation! You guessed correctly!
The number was " + intRandomNumber.ToString + ".". This is the message that is going
to be displayed if the user correctly guessed the number.
15. Add a new Flow Decision activity and connect it to the Falsebranch of the previously
added Flow Decision.
16. In the Properties panel, in the Condition field, type intGuessNumber >
intRandomNumber. This activity enables you to check if the number the user added is
bigger than the randomly-generated one.
17. In the DisplayName field, type Comparison. This enables you to easily to tell the
difference between the two Flow Decisionsused.
18. Add an Assign activity and connect it to the True branch of the Comparison activity.
19. In the To field, type the strMessage variable, and in the Value field, type a message
indicating that the guess was too high, such as “Too big. Try again.”.
20. Select the Assign activity and press Ctrl+C. The entire activity and its
properties are copied to the Clipboard.
21. Press Ctr+V. A duplicate of the previous Assign activity is displayed.
22.Connect it to the False branch of the Comparison activity and, in the Properties panel,
in the Value field, type “Too small. Try again.”.

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23.Connect the Assign activities created at steps 18-22 to the Input Dialog. A loop is
created, asking the user to type a smaller or bigger number, until he guesses correctly.

The final workflow should look as in the screenshot below.

State Machines
A state machine is a type of workflow that uses a finite number of states in its execution. It
can go into a state when it is triggered by an activity, and it exits that state when another
activity is triggered.

Another important aspect of state machines are transitions, as they also enable you to add
conditions based on which to jump from one state to another. These are represented by
arrows or branches between states.

There are two activities that are specific to state machines, namely State and Final State,
and they are found under Workflow > State Machine.

Note: You can only create one initial state, yet it is possible to have more than one Final
State.
The State activity contains three sections, Entry, Exit and Transition(s), while the Final
State only contains one section, Entry. Both of these activities can be expanded by double-
clicking them, to view more information and edit them.

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The Entry and Exit sections enable you to add entry and exit triggers for the selected state,
while the Transition(s) section displays all the transitions linked to the selected state.

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Transitions are expanded when you double-click them, just like the State activity. They
contain three sections, Trigger, Condition and Action, that enable you to add a trigger for
the next state, or add a condition under which an activity or sequence is to be executed.

Example of How to Use a State Machine

To exemplify how to use a state machine, we are going to build the guessing game we did in
the previous chapter, only we will try to guess a number between 1 and 100.

1. Create a blank workflow and, on the Design tab, in the Filegroup, select New > State
Machine. The New Diagramwindow is displayed.

Note: You can also add a State Machineactivity to the Main panel to create a new state
machine workflow.

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2. Create two integer variables, intGuess and intRandomNumber. The first variables stores
your guess, while the second stores the random number.
3. Add a State activity to the Main panel and connect it to the Start node. This is the intial
state, and it is used to generate the random number.
4. Double-click the activity. This State activity is displayed explanded in the Main panel.
5. In the Properties panel, in the DisplayName field, type Initializing Random Number.
This enables you to easily tell states apart.
6. In the Entry section, add an Assign activity.
7. In the To field, add the intRandomNumber variable.
8. In the Value field, type new Random().Next(1,100). This expression generates a
random number.
9. Return to the main workflow view and add a new State activity.
10. Connect it to the previously added activity.
11. Double-click the last added State activity. This activity is displayed expanded in
the Main panel.
12. In the Properties panel, in the DisplayName field, type Guess Number. This state is
used to prompt the user to guess a number.
13. In the Entry section, add an Input Dialog activity.
14. Select the Input Dialog, and in the Properties panel, add an
appropriate Label and Title to prompt the user to guess a number between 1 and 100.
15. In the Result field, add the intGuess variable. This variable stores the user‟s guess.
16. Return to the main workflow view and create a transition that points from the Guess
Number state to itself.
17. Double-click the transition. The transition is displayed expanded in the Main panel.
18. In the Properties panel, in the DisplayName field, type Try Smaller. This message is
displayed on the arrow, enabling you to run through your workflow easier.
19. In the Condition section, type intGuess > intRandomNumber. This verifies if the user‟s
guess is bigger than the random number.
20. In the Action section, add a Message Box activity.
21. In the Text field, type something similar to "Your guess is too big. Try a smaller
number." This message is displayed when the user‟s guess is bigger than the random
number.
22.Return to the main workflow view and create a new transition that points from
the Guess Number state to itself.
23.Double-click the transition. The transition is displayed expanded in the Main panel.
24.In the Properties panel, in the DisplayName field, type "Try Bigger.". This message is
displayed on the arrow, enabling you to run through your workflow easier.
25. In the Condition section, type intGuess < intRandomNumber. This verifies if the guess
is smaller than the random number.
26.In the Action section, add a Message Box activity.
27. In the Text field, type something similar to "Your guess is too small. Try a bigger
number.". This message is displayed when the users guess is smaller than the random
number.
28. Return to main workflow view and add a Final State activity to the Main panel.
29.Connect a transition from the Guess Number activity to the Final State.
30. In the Properties panel, in the DisplayName field, type Correct Guess.

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31. In the Condition field, type intGuess = intRandomNumber. This is the condition on
which this workflow steps to the final state and end.
32.Double-click the Final State activity. It is displayed expanded in the Main panel.
33. In the Entry section, add a Message Box activity.
34.In the Text field, type something similar to "Congratulations. You guessed correctly!
The number was " + intRandomNumber.ToString + ".". This is the final message that is
to be displayed, when the user correctly guesses the number.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

35. Press F5. The workflow is executed correctly.

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3.Variables

Managing Variables
Managing Variables
In UiPath Studio, variables are used to store multiples type of data. Another key aspect of
variables is that their value can change so that you can, for example, control how many
times the body of a loop is executed.

The data stored within a variable is called a value, and it can be of multiple types. In UiPath,
we support a large amount of types, ranging from generic value, text, number, data table,
time and date, to UiElements.

Creating Variables
Note: Variables cannot be created if theMain panel does not contain at least one activity.
From the Design ribbon:

1. On the Design ribbon tab, in the Variables group, select Create Variable > [Type of
variable]. The Create Variablewindow is displayed.

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2. Fill in the required fields and click OK. The variable is created and you can view and edit
it in the Variables panel.

From the context menu or with a keyboard shortcut:

1. In the Properties panel of any activity, right-click a field that can be edited, and
select Create Variable from the context menu, or press Ctrl+K. A Set Name field is
displayed.
2. Fill in the name and press Enter. The variable is created and you can view and edit it in
the Variables panel. The scope of activities created like this always belongs to the
smallest container it is part of.

Note: When creating variables like this, the type is automatically generated, depending on
the selected property.

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From the Variables panel:

1. In the Main panel, click Variables. The Variables panel is displayed.

2. Click the Create Variable line. A new variable with the default values in displayed.

Note: By default, all new variables are of String type if you create them from
theVariables panel.
Removing Variables

 In the Variable panel, right-click a variable and select the Delete option.
 In the Variable panel, select a variable and press the Delete key.

Note: If you want to undo this action, press Ctrl+Z.

You can also remove all the variables that are not used in your currently opened workflow:

1. On the Design ribbon tab, in the Variables group, select Manage Variables > Remove
Unreferenced. Note that the Variables panel only contains the variables used in your
workflow.

Browsing for .Net Variable Types

To search for types of variables that are not displayed by default in the Variable Type list,
do the following:

1. In the Variable panel, from the Variable Type drop-down list, select Browse for
Types. The Browse and Select a .Net Type window is displayed.

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2. In the Type Name field, type a keyword for the variable you are looking for, such as
excel. Note that the result section is updated, displaying all the .Net variable types that
contain your keyword.
3. Select one and click OK. A new variable is created with the selected type and is
displayed in the Variables panel.

Note: After using a type of variable from theBrowse and Select a .Net Type window, it is
displayed in the Variable Type drop-down list, in the Variables panel.
Promoting Variables to Global Scope
Some variables, when created directly in an activity (from the context menu of an activity),
are automatically given the smallest scope they belong to. To make them available in your
entire workflow, do the following:

1. Click the smallest container in a workflow.

2. On the Design ribbon tab, in the Variables group, select Manage Variables > Promote
to Global Scope. All the variables used in the selected container now have a global
scope.

Naming Best Practices

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When creating very large workflows, it can be very easy to forget what every variable does.
That is why it is important to have a good naming system in place.

We recommend that you always use descriptive names, such as userName for a variable
that stores the name of a user.

Additionally, you might want to keep track of the type of variable you create, and that is
why adding a short descriptor in the front of each variable name can be useful, such as int
for integers.

Finally, we recommend that you write variable names in camel case, so that you can read
them easier.

Example of how to name your variables:

Variable Type Variable Name

Generic Value genVariableName
Text strVariableName
Number intVariableName
True or False boolVariableName
Date and Time timVariableName
Data Table datVariableName

The Variables Panel

The Variables panel enables you to create variables and make changes to them.

Field Description
Mandatory.

Name The name of your variable. If you do not add a name to a variable, one is
automatically generated. For more information on how to name your variables,
see Naming Best Practices.

Mandatory.

Variable Enables you to choose the type of variable. The following options are available:
Type
 Boolean
 Int32

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 String
 Object
 Generic Value
 Array of [T]
 Browse for Types

Mandatory.

Scope The area in which a variable is available, such as a specific activity. By default,
they are available in the entire workflow.

Optional.

Default The default value of the variable. If this field is empty, the variable does not have
a default value.

Types of Variables
Generic Value Variables
The generic value variable is a type of variable with a wide range that can store any kind of
data, including text, numbers, dates and arrays, and is particular to UiPath Studio.

Generic value variables are automatically converted to other types, in order to perform
certain actions. However, it is important to use these types of variables carefully, as their
conversion may not always be the correct one for your workflow.

Example of Using a Generic Value Variable

To demonstrate how a generic value variable can be converted and used, let's create a
workflow that displays in the Output panel the sum of two numbers, using generic value
variables with different types of values.

1. Create a flowchart.
2. Create three generic value variables, genNumber, genString and genSum.
3. In the Default column for the genNumber variable, type 2, and for
the genString variable, type"2." The first value is interpreted as as integer, and the
second one as a string.

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4. Add an Assign activity to the Main panel and connect it to the Start node.
5. In the Properties panel, in the To field, enter the genSumvariable.
6. In the Value field, type genNumber+genString.
7. Add a Write Line activity and connect it to the Assign one.
8. In the Properties panel, in the Text field, enter the genSumvariable.

9. Press F5 to execute your workflow. Note that, in the Outputpanel, the sum of the two
numbers is displayed.

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This means that UiPath Studio knows that the genNumber is an integer and knows how to
transform the generic value genStringvariable to an integer, so that it can add it to the first
one.
However, keep in mind that this was our goal from the beginning. If we wanted to display
the two variables in the Output panel as strings using this exact method, it would not have
worked.

Text Variables
A text or string variable is a type of variable that can store only strings. These types of
variables can be used, for example, to store names, passwords or information extracted
from a table.

Note: All strings in UiPath Studio have to placed in between quotes.

Example of Using a Text Variable
To exemplify how you can work with text variables, we are going to create a workflow that
asks for the user‟s name, stores it and displays only the first letter of his name in
the Output panel.

1. Create a sequence.
2. Create two simple string variables, strFullName and strFirstLetter.

3. Add an Input Dialog activity to the Main panel.

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4. In the Properties panel, in the Label field, type "Type your full name please.".
5. In the Titlefield, type "What is your name?".
6. In the Result field, add the StrFullName variable. This variable stores whatever the user
writes when prompted with the Input Dialog activity.
7. Add an Assign activity under the Input Dialog one.
8. In the Properties panel, in the To field, add the strFirstLetter variable.
9. In the Value field, type strFullName.Substring(0,1). The strFirstLetter variable is
assigned the new value created by the strFullName.Substring(0,1)expression.

Note: This field uses the Substring()function to find the first character from the string
added by the user in the Input Dialog.

10. Add a Write Line activity under the Assign one.

11. In the Properties panel, in the Text field, enter the strFirstLetter variable.
The Output panel is going to display the first letter of what the user wrote in the Input
Dialog.

The workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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12. Press F5. The What is your name window is displayed.
13. Type your name in the text field and click OK. In Uipath Studio, in the Output panel,
note that the first letter of your name is displayed.

True or False Variables

The true or false variable, also known as boolean, is a type of variable that only has two
possible values, true or false. These variables enable you to make decisions, and thus have a
better control over your flow.

Example of Using a True or False Variable

To exemplify how you can work with true or false variables, we are going to create a
workflow that asks the user for his name and gender, and displays the results in another
window.

1. Create a new workflow.

2. Create two string variables, strName and strGender. The first is going to be used to store
the name of the user, and the second to store the user‟s gender.
3. Create a boolean variable, boolMale. This variable is used to verify if the user is a male.

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4. Add an Input Dialog activity to the Main panel and connect it to the Start node.
5. In the Properties panel, in the Label field type "What is your name?".
6. Add a title and, in the Result field, add the strName variable.
7. Add another Input Dialog activity and connect it to the previous one.
8. In the Properties panel, in the Label field type "What is your gender?".
9. Add a title and, in the Result field, add the strGendervariable.
10. Add a Flow Decision activity to the Main panel, and connect it to the second Input
Dialog.
11. In the Properties panel, in the Condition field, type strGender = "Male" or strGender =
"male". This activity checks if the user is a male or female.
12. Add two Assign activities.
13. Connect one to the True branch of the Flow Decision activity.
14. In the Properties panel, in the To field enter the boolMale variable.
15. In the Value field, type True. This assigns the True value to the boolMale variable when
the strGender = "Male" or strGender = "male" condition is met.
16. Connect the second Assign activity to the False branch of the Flow Decision.
17. In the Properties panel, in the To field, enter the boolMalevariable.
18. In the Value field, type False. This assigns the False value to the boolMale variable
when the strGender = "Male" or strGender = "male" condition is not met.
19. Add a new Flow Decision and connect the previously added Assign activities to it.
20. In the Properties panel, in the Condition field, type boolMale = True.
21. Add a Message Box activity and connect it to the True branch of the Flow Decision.
22.In the Properties panel, in the Text field, type strName + " is a " + strGender + ".". This
message displays the name of the user and its gender, if boolMale is true.
23. Add another Message Box activity and connect it to the Falsebranch of the Flow
Decision.
24.In the Properties panel, in the Text field, type strName + " is a " + strGender + ".". This
message displays the name of the user and its gender, if boolMale is false.

The final workflow should look like in the following screenshot.

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25. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the final Message Box displays the
message as expected.

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Number Variables
Number variables are also known as integer or Int32, and are used to store numeric
information. They can be used to perform equations or comparisons, pass important data
and many others.

Example of Using a Number Variable

To exemplify how you can work with number variables, we are going to create a workflow
that asks the user for the year in which he or she is born and displays the age in a window.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create two Int32 variables, intBirthYear and intAge. The first stores the user's birth
year and the second, the user's age.
3. Add an Input Dialog activity to the sequence.
4. In the Properties window, type an appropriate title and label.
5. In the Result field, add the intBirthYear variable.
6. Add an Assign activity under the Input Dialog.
7. In the Properties panel, in the To field, add the intAgevariable.
8. In the Value field, type 2016 – intBirthYear. This assigns the value of the subtraction
(2016 – user‟s birth year) to the intAge variable.
9. Add a Message Box activity under the Assign one.
10. In the Properties panel, in the Text field, type "Congratulations! You are " +
intAge.ToString +".".

Note: The .ToString method converts the integer stored in the intAge variable to a string
and display it as such.
The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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11. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the Message Box displays your age, as
expected.

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Array Variables
The array variable is a type of variable which enables you to store multiple values of the
same type.

UiPath Studio supports as many types of arrays as it does types of variables. This means
that you can create an array of numbers, one of strings, one of boolean values and so on.

Example of Using an Array Variable

To exemplify how you can work with array variables, we are going to create a workflow
that asks the user for his first and last name and age, stores the information in an array and
then writes it in a .txt file.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create three string variables, strFirstName, strLastName and strAge, in which to store
the information gathered from the user.
3. Create an array of strings variable called arrStringNameAge.

4. Add an Input Dialog activity to the Main panel.

5. In the Properties panel, fill in the Label and Title fields to ask for the user‟s first name.
6. In the Result field, add the strFirstName variable. This variable stores the first name of
the user.
7. Add another Input Dialog activity under the previous one.
8. In the Properties panel, fill in the Label and Title fields to ask for the user‟s last name.
9. In the Result field, type the strLastName variable. This variable is going to store the last
name of the user.
10. Add another Input Dialog activity under the previous one.
11. In the Properties panel, fill in the Label and Title fields to ask for the user‟s age.
12. In the Result field, type the strAge variable. This variable is going to store the age of the
user.

Note: We use a string variable and not an integer to store the age, so that we do not
have to convert it later on, when we add it to the string array variable.

13. Add an Assign activity under the last Input Dialog.

14. In the Properties panel, in the To field, type the arrStringNameAge variable.

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15. In the Value field, type {strFirstName, strLastName, strAge}. This Assign activity
enables you to store all the values from the initial string variables in
the arrStringNameAge one.
16. Add a Write Text File activity under the Assign one.
17. In the Properties panel, in the FileName field, type the path of the file you want to
write to between quote marks, such as "C:\Users\MADa\Desktop\array_variable.txt".

Note: If the file does not exist at the provided path, it is created.

18. In the Text field, type arrStringNameAge(0) + " " + arrStringNameAge(1) + " "
+arrStringNameAge(2) + " ".

Note: By adding the index number of the array items you can access their values and
write them, in this example, to a text file.
The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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19. Press F5. The workflow is executed.
20. Navigate to the file provided at step 17 and double-click it. A Notepad window
is displayed with the information you added at step 20.

Date and Time Variables

The date and time variable is a type of variable that enables you to store information about
any date and time. This type of variable can be found in the Browse and Select a .Net
Type window, under the System namespace (System.DateTime). For more information,
see Browsing for .Net Variable Types.
For example, they can be used to append dates to invoices or any other documents you may
be working with and are time-sensitive.

Example of Using a Date and Time Variable

To exemplify how you can work with a date and time variable, we are going to build a
workflow that get the current date and time, subtracts a specified amount of time and
writes the result to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create two DateTime variables, timToday and timLastTime.
3. Create a TimeSpan variable, called timSpan, and in the Default field type 1.02:10:04.

Note: The default value attributed to thetimSpan variable uses the day.hh:mm:ssformat.

4. Add an Assign activity to the Main panel.

5. In the Properties panel, in the To field, add the timTodayvariable.
6. In the Value field, type Now. This gives you the date and time when the workflow is
executed, in the dd/MM/yyyy and hh:mm:ss formats.
7. Add another Assign activity under the previous one.

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8. In the Properties panel, in the To field, add the timLastTime variable.

9. In the Value field, type timToday.Subtract(timSpan). This is going to subtract the
default value of the timSpan variable from the current date and time, stored in
the timToday variable.
10. Add an Excel Application Scope activity under the last Assign one.

Note: If you do not have Excel activities installed on your version of UiPath Studio, use
the Manage Packages functionality to get them.

11. In the Properties panel, in the WorkbookPath field, type the path of the Excel file you
want to write to, between quotation marks. In our
case, "C:\Users\Username\Desktop\urgent_invoice.xlsx".

Note: If the file does not exist at the provided path, it is going to be created.

12. Add a Write Value activity in the Excel Application Scopeactivity.

13. In the Properties panel, in the Range field, type the coordinates of an Excel cell
between quotation marks. In our case, “G8.”
14. In the Sheet Name field, type the name of the sheet in which you want to write. In our
case, “Invoice”. Note that if the sheet does not exist, it is going to be created.
15. In the Value field, type timLastTime.ToString. This transforms the value of
the timLastTime variable to a string and writes it to the coordinates previously given.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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16. Press F5. The workflow is executed.

17. Navigate to your Excel file and double-click it. Note that the time and date information is
displayed in the cell you pointed towards.

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Data Table Variables

Data table variables represent a type of variable that can store big pieces of information,
and act as a database or a simple spreadsheet with rows and columns. They can be found in
the Browse and Select a .Net Type window, under the System.Data namespace
(System.Data.DataTable). For more information, see Browsing for .Net Variable Types.

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These variables can be useful to migrate specific data from a database to another, extract
information from a website and store it locally in a spreadsheet and many others.

Example of Using Data Table Variables

To exemplify how you can use data table variables, we are going to create a workflow that
reads only two out of multiple columns from an Excel spreadsheet, and then transfers them
to another spreadsheet that already contains other information.

The initial file is a database of people, their age, location and e-mail address. In this
example, we are going to extract their names and e-mail addresses and append them to an
Excel spreadsheet that already contains similar information.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Add an Excel Application Scope activity to the sequence. This activity is required for
most of the Excel-related activities.

Note: If you do not have Excel activities installed on your version of UiPath Studio, use
the Manage Packages functionality to get them.

3. Create two data table variables, datNamesList and DatMailList. These are going to be
used to store information from the initial Excel spreadsheet.
4. In the Properties panel, in the WorkbookPath field, type the path of the initial Excel
file to be used, between quotation marks.
5. Add two Read Range activities and place them one under the other, in the Excel
Application Scope activity. These are used to get information from the initial
spreadsheet.
6. Select the first Read Range activity and, in the Propertiespanel, in the Range field,
type “A2:A21.”. These are the Excel table coordinates that tell UiPath Studio from where
to extract information.
7. In the SheetName field, do not make any changes as the name of our sheet is the default
one, Sheet1.
8. In the DataTable field, type the name of the first data table variable, datNamesList. This
variable stores all the information available between the A2 and A21 rows.
9. (Optional) Change the value in DisplayName field to Read Names, so you can easily tell
apart this activity from the second one.
10. Select the second Read Range activity, and in the Propertiespanel, in the Range field,
type “D2:D21.” These are the Excel table coordinates that contain the e-mail information
we want to extract.
11. In the DataTable field, specify the datMailList variable. This variable retains all the mail
information we require.
12. Add a Write Range activity to the Main panel, under the Excel Application Scope. This
activity is used to write the stored information to another Excel file.

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Note: The file used with the Write Rangeactivity has to be closed when you run the
workflow. If it is not closed, an error is displayed and the workflow execution stops.

13. In the Properties panel, in the WorkbookPath field, type the path of the Excel file to be
used to store all the information gathered at the previous steps.
14. In the DataTable field, type the datNamesList variable.
15. In the SheetName field type Database, and in the StartingCell, type “C21.“ This is the
starting cell in which information from the initial file is to be added.
16. Add another Write Range activity and place it under the first one.
17. In the Properties panel, fill in the WorkbookPath and SheetName fields as for the
previous Write Range activity.
18. In the Starting Cell field, type "D21."
19. In the DataTable field, type the datMailList variable.

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20. Press F5. The workflow is executed.
21. Double-click the final Excel file. Note that the copied information is available, and
correctly updated.

Managing Arguments
Arguments are used to pass data from a workflow to another. In a global sense, they
resemble variables, as they store data dynamically and pass it on. Variables pass it to other
activities, while arguments pass it to other workflows. As a result, they enable you to reuse
workflows time and again.

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UiPath Studio supports a large number of types of arguments, which coincide with the
types of variables. Therefore, you can create generic value, string, boolean, object, array,
data table arguments and you can also browse for .Net types, just as you do for variables.

Additionally, arguments have specific directions (In, Out, In/Out, Property) that tell the
application where the information stored in them is supposed to go.

Creating Arguments
To create a new argument:

1. In the Main panel, click Arguments. The Arguments panel is displayed.

2. Click the Create Argument line. A new argument with the default values is displayed.

Note: By default, all arguments are of typeString and have an In direction.

Removing Arguments
To remove an argument:

 In the Arguments panel, select an argument and press Delete.

 In the Arguemtns panel, right-click an argument and select the Delete option.

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Naming Best Practices

To easily reuse workflows, it is important to have a good naming system in place for your
arguments.

We recommend that you always use descriptive names, such as UserName for an argument
that stores the name of a user.
Additionally, you might find it useful to use title case for all your arguments, so that you can
read their names with ease and tell them apart from variables.

The Arguments Panel

The Arguments panel enables you to create arguments and make changes to them.

Field Description
Mandatory.

Name The name of your argument. If you do not add a name to an argument, one is
automatically generated. For more information on how to name your
arguments, see Naming Best Practices.

Mandatory.
Direction

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Select a direction for your argument. The following options are available:

 In - the argument can only be used within the given workflow.

 Out - the argument can be used to pass data outside of a given workflow.
 In/Out - the argument can be used both within or outside of a given
workflow.
 Property - not currently used.

Mandatory.

Choose the value type you want your argument to store. The following
options are available:

 String
Argument  Int32
Type  Object
 Array of [T]
 Browse for Types

If you select a .Net type from the Browse and Select a .Net Type window, it is
added to the Argument Type drop-down list.

Optional.

Default
Value The default value of the argument. If this field is empty, the variable does not
have a default value.

Using Arguments
Due to the nature of arguments, you are going to use them a lot in relation with the Invoke
Workflow File and Launch Workflow Interactive activities. They can be found in
the Activities panel, under Workflow > Invoke and they enable you to browse for a
workflow, and import and edit their arguments.

Example of Using an Argument

To exemplify how to use an argument in a workflow with an Invoke Workflow

File activity, we are going to create two separate sequences. A very simple one in which to
assign a value to an argument, and a second that invokes it and displays the value in a
message box.

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1. Create a new sequence.

2. In the Arguments panel, create an argument, StoreValue.
3. From the Direction list, select Out, and do not change the Argument
Type from String.
4. Add an Assign activity to the Main panel.
5. In the Properties panel, in the To field, add the StoreValue argument.
6. In the Value field, type a string, such as "How does one use an argument?".

The first workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

7. Create a new sequence.

8. Create a string variable, strFinalValue.
9. Add an Invoke Workflow File activity to the Main panel.
10. On the activity, click the Browse (…) button and browse for the previously created
sequence.
11. Click Import Arguments. The Invoked Workflow’s Arguments window is
displayed. Note that the argument of the first sequence is displayed here.
12. In the Value field, add the strFinalValue variable and click Ok. The argument is
imported and the value from it is going to be stored in the current workflow through
the strFinalValue variable.
13. Add a Message Box activity under the Invoke Workflow File.
14. In the Properties panel, in the Text field, type strFinalValue + " This is how", for
example.

The second workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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15. Press F5 in the second sequence. The workflow is executed correctly and the message
box displays the desired text.

6.Imported Namespaces

About Imported Namespaces

VB.Net namespaces in UiPath Studio represent containers that store different types of data.
They enable you to define the scope of your expressions, variables and arguments.
For example, if you have the System.Datanamespace imported, you can further
use DataTable, DataView, DataColumn, DataRow and other classes that are available in it,
without having to always type System.Data.DataTable and so on.
All imported namespaces are displayed in the Imports panel. Note that some namespaces
are automatically imported when you browse for a .Net type variable or argument, for
example.
To open this panel, click Imports in the Main panel.

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About Imported Namespaces

VB.Net namespaces in UiPath Studio represent containers that store different types of data.
They enable you to define the scope of your expressions, variables and arguments.
For example, if you have the System.Datanamespace imported, you can further
use DataTable, DataView, DataColumn, DataRow and other classes that are available in it,
without having to always type System.Data.DataTable and so on.
All imported namespaces are displayed in the Imports panel. Note that some namespaces
are automatically imported when you browse for a .Net type variable or argument, for
example.
To open this panel, click Imports in the Main panel.

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Namespaces
To add new namespaces to your library:

1. Open the Imports panel.

2. In the Enter or Select namespace field, start typing the namespace that interest you.
Note that suggestions are provided while you type, in case you are not exactly sure what
you are looking for.

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3. (Optional) Click the drop-down arrow to view and browse all available namespaces.
4. Select the desired namespace. The namespace is added to the Imported Namespaces list.

To remove a namespace, select it and press Delete. Note that namespaces can only be
deleted if they are invalid. For example, you can delete a namespace if the assembly that
contains it is no longer referenced by the project.

About Control Flow

An important aspect of successfully working with UiPath Studio is understanding and
knowing how to control your workflow. As in computer science, in UiPath this concept is
referred to as control flow.
A proper control flow can be achieved through the intelligent use of variables, and of
certain activities.
All of these activities can be found in the Activities panel, under Workflow > Control
Flow.

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They enable you to define rules and automate decisions for a given workflow, through
if…else or for each statements or loops, as well as add delays so that you can perfectly time
two activities.

Loops represent an important part of workflows as they enable you to easily check
dependencies between variables, activities and conditions. They are created once and
enable you to iterate data a specified number of times, until a condition is met, once for
each item in a collection or indefinitely.

The Assign Activity

The Assign activity is a pretty important activity that is going to be used quite often, as it
enables you to assign a value to a variable.

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You can use an Assign activity to increment the value of a variable in a loop (see the
example in the Do While Activity chapter), sum up the value of two or more variables and
assign the result to another variable (see the example in the Generic Value
Variables chapter), assign values to an array (see the Array Variables chapter) and so on.
By default, this activity is also included in the Favorites group. To remove it, right-click it
and select Remove.

The Delay Activity

The Delay activity enables you to pause the workflow for a custom period of time (in
the hh:mm:ss format). This activity proves itself quite useful in workflows that require
good timing, such as waiting for a specific application to start or waiting for some
information to be processed so that you can use it in another activity.
Example of Using the Delay Activity
To exemplify how you can use the Delay activity, lets create a workflow that writes two
messages to the Output panel, with a delay of 20 seconds between them.

1. Create a new flowchart.

2. Add a Write Line activity and connect it to the Start node.
3. Select the activity, and in the Text field, type "This is the start time.".
4. Add a Delay activity and connect it to the previously added activity.
5. Select the activity, and in the Properties panel, in the Duration field, type 00:00:20. This
is the 20 seconds delay that is going to be between the two logged messages.
6. Add another Write Line activity and connect it to the workflow.
7. In the Text field, type "Message delayed by 20 seconds.".

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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8. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that, in the Outputpanel, the two messages
added in the Write Line activities are written twenty seconds apart.

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The Do While Activity

The Do While activity enables you to execute a specified part of your workflow while a
condition is met. When the specified condition is no longer met, the workflow exists the
loop.

This type of activity can be useful to step through all the elements of an array, or execute a
particular activity multiple times. You can increment counters to browse through array
indices or step through a list of items.

Note: Do While activities are evaluated only after the body has been executed once.
Example of Using a Do While Activity
To exemplify how to use a Do While activity, let's create a workflow that increments an
integer variable from 0 to 10, and displays a message every time it is incremented.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create an integer variable, intCounter, with a default value of 0.
3. Add a Do While activity to the Main panel.
4. Select the Assign activity, and in the Properties panel, in the To field, add
the intCounter variable.
5. In the Value field, type intCounter + 1. This helps you increment the value of the variable
with one.
6. Add a Write Line activity, under the Assign one.
7. In the Text field, type “The counter is ” + intCounter.ToString. This writes the value of the
counter in the Output panel each time it is incremented.
8. In the Condition section of the Do While activity, type intCounter < 10. The body of
the Do While activity is repeated until the value of the intCounter variable is bigger than
10.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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9. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the Output panel displays the message
indicated in the Write Line activity.

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The If Activity
The If activity contains a statement and two conditions. The first condition (the activity in
the Then section) is executed if the statement is true, while the second one (the activity in
the Else section) is executed if the statement is false.

If activities can be useful to make decisions based on the value of variables.

Note: The If activity is almost identical to theFlow Decision one. However, the latter can
only be used in flowcharts.
Example of Using an If Activity
To exemplify how you can use the If activity, let's create a workflow that asks the user for
two numbers, checks to see if one is divisible by the other, and depending on the result,
displays a different message in the Output panel.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create two integer variables, intFirstNumber and intSecondNumber for example.

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3. Add two Input Dialog activities to the Main panel.

4. In the Properties panel, type labels and titles for both activities and, in the Result fields,
add the intFirstNumber and intSecondNumbervariables.
5. Add an If activity to the Main panel, under the previously added Input Dialog ones.
6. In the Condition section, type intFirstNumber mod intSecondNumber = 0. This
expression checks if the first number is divisible to the second one, using the mod
operator.
7. In the Then section, add a Write Line activity.
8. In the Text field, type intFirstNumber.ToString + " is divisible by "+
intSecondNumber.ToString + ".". This is the message that is displayed if the first number
is divisible by the second one.
9. In the Else section, add another Write Line activity.
10. In the Text field, type intFirstNumber.ToString + " is NOT divisible by "+
intSecondNumber.ToString + ".". This is the message that is displayed if the first number
is not divisible by the second one.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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11. Press F5. The workflow is executed.

12. Add numbers when prompted. Note that the Output panel displays the result, depending
on the values added in the Input Dialog windows.

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The Switch Activity

The Switch activity enables you to select one choice out of multiple, based on the value of a
specified expression. This activity supports multiple types of arguments, such as integer,
string or array, and more complex ones such as data tables.
By default, Switch uses the integer argument, yet you can change it from
the Properties panel, from the TypeArgument list.
The Switch activity can be useful to categorize data according to a custom number of cases.
For example, you can use it to store data into multiple spreadsheets or sort through names
of employees.

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Example of Using a Switch Activity

To exemplify how to use the Switch activity, we are going to create a workflow that asks
the user for a number, checks if is odd or even, and depending on that, a different message
is written to the Output panel. Since all odd numbers divided by two have a remainder
equal to 1, this workflow needs only two cases (0 and 1), yet keep in mind that this activity
supports multiple cases.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create an integer variable, intNumber.
3. Add an Input Dialog activity to the Main panel.
4. Add a Title and Label to prompt the user for a number.
5. In the Result field, add the intNumber variable.
6. Add a Switch activity, under the Input Dialog.
7. In the Expression field, type intNumber mod 2. This verifies if the user‟s number is
divisible by 2.
8. In the Default section, add a Write Line activity.
9. In the Text field, type intNumber.ToString + " is an even number.".
10. Click the Add new case line, and in the Case Value field, type 1.
11. Add a Write Line activity to this case.
12. In the Text activity, type intNumber.ToString + " is an odd number.".

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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13. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the Output panel displays the data
correctly.

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The While Activity

The While activity enables you to execute a specific process repeatedly, while a specific
condition is met. The main difference between this and the Do While activity is that, in the
first one, the condition is evaluated before the body of the loop is executed.
This type of activity can be useful to step through all the elements of an array, or execute a
particular activity multiple times. You can increment counters to browse through array
indices or step through a list of items.
Example of Using a While Activity
To exemplify how to use a While activity, let's create a workflow that increments an
integer variable from 10 to 100, and writes all the numbers to a Microsoft Word document.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create a new integer variable, intCounter, with the default value of 10.
3. Add a While activity to the Main panel.
4. In the Condition field, type intCounter < 100. This means that the body of the loop is
going to be repeated until the value of the intCounter variable is going to be bigger than
100.
5. In the Body section of the While activity, add an Assignactivity.
6. In the Properties panel, in the To field add the intCounter.
7. In the Value field, type intCounter + 1. This increments the value of the intCounter with
one.
8. Add an Append Text activity under the Assign one.

Note: This activity is part of the Word activities package. If you do not have it, use
the package manager functionality to install it.

9. In the FilePath field, type the path of a Word document in between quotation marks.

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Note: Make sure that the Word document is not used when running the workflow,
otherwise a message error is displayed and the execution is stopped.

10. In the Text field, type "The counter is now " + intCounter.ToString +".".

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

11. Press F5. The workflow is executed.

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12. Double-click the Word document specified at step 9. Note that all the numbers between
10 and 100 are written, as expected.

The For Each Activity

The For Each activity enables you to step through arrays, lists, data tables or other types of
collections, so that you can iterate through the data and process each piece of information
individually.

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Example of Using a For Each Activity
To exemplify how to use a For Each activity, we are going to create a workflow that goes
through each element of an array of integers and writes the length of the array and each
element to the Output panel.

1. Create a new sequence.

2. Create an array of integers variable, arrFibonacciNumbers.
3. In the Default field, type the Fibonacci sequence until a desired value, such as {1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89}.
4. Add a For Each activity in the Main panel.
5. Do not make any changes to the Foreach field.
6. In the In field, add the arrFibonacciNumbersvariable. This activity looks at each
individual item in the provided variable.
7. In the Body section of the For Each activity, add a Write Lineactivity.
8. In the Text field, type "The length of this Fibonacci sequence is " +
arrFibonacciNumbers.Length.ToString + " and contains the " + item.ToString + "
element.". This expression enables you to write the total number of array elements and
each element of the array in the Output panel.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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9. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the Output panel displays the correct
message for each element of the array.

Note: The Length property enables you to find out the total number of array elements.

The Break Activity

The Break activity enables you to stop the loop at a chosen point, and then continues with
the next activity.
Note: The Break activity can only be used within the For Each activity.
Example of Using a Break Activity
To exemplify how to use the Break activity we are going to build upon the workflow
created for the For Each activity. This new workflow writes only the first iteration of the
loop and a few elements of the array to the Output panel.

1. In the Body of the For Each activity, under the Write Line, add a Break activity.
2. Under the For Each, add a new Write Line activity.

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3. In the Text field, type arrFibonacciNumbers(0).ToString + " " +

arrFibonacciNumbers(2).ToString + " " + arrFibonacciNumbers(4).ToString + " " +
arrFibonacciNumbers(6).ToString +" " + arrFibonacciNumbers(8).ToString +" " +
arrFibonacciNumbers(10).ToString + " ". This means that only the indicated elements of
the array are going to be written to the Output panel.

The final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

4. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the Output panel only displays the first
iteration of the loop and the specified array elements from the Write Line activity.

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About Recording
Recording is an important part of UiPath Studio, that can help you save a lot of time when
automating your business processes. This functionality enables you to easily capture a
user‟s actions on the screen and translates them into sequences.
These workflows can be modified and parametrized so that you can easily replay and reuse
them in as many other processes as you need.

All user interface elements are highlighted while you record, as you can see in the following
screenshot, so that you can be sure the correct buttons, fields or menus are selected.

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Interactions with UI elements yield informative screenshots in the workflow. These can be
changed, hidden, removed or shown in full size by selecting the respective action from the
Options menu.
All screenshots are automatically saved as .png files in the same location as your project, in
a separate folder named “.screenshot.“ By default, the path is:
C:\Users\your_user_name\Documents\UiPath\your_project_name\.screenshots.

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Regardless of the type of recording selected, some actions are recordable and some are not.

Left-click on buttons, check boxes, drop-down lists and other GUI Keyboard
elements shortcuts
Text typing Modifier keys
Right-click
Mouse hover

About Recording Types

There are four types of recordings available in UiPath Studio:

 Basic – generates a full selector for each activity and no container, the resulted workflow
is slower than one that uses containers and is suitable for single activities.
 Desktop – suitable for all types of desktop apps and multiple actions; it is faster than the
Basic recorder, and generates a container (with the selector of the top level window) in
which activities are enclosed, and partial selectors for each activity.
 Web – designed for recording in web apps and browsers (supported: Internet Explorer,
Google Chrome), generates containers and uses the Simulate Type/Click input method
by default.
 Citrix – used to record virtualized environments (VNC, virtual machines, Citrix, etc.) or
SAP, permits only image, text and keyboard automation, and requires explicit positioning.

To see all the available types of recordings and select the one most suited for your
workflow, click Record, in the Wizards group of the Design ribbon tab.

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All recording types come with their own controllers (or toolbar) that give you access to
actions particular to each environment, but also some common ones.

The Desktop, Basic and Web Recording toolbars are quite similar and enable you to:

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 Automatically record multiple actions performed on the screen

 Manual recording (single actions):
o Start or close an application or web browser
o Click an interface element
o Select an option from a drop-down list
o Select a check box
o Simulate keystrokes or keyboard shortcuts
o Copy text from a UI element or perform screen scraping
o Look for elements or wait for them to vanish
o Find an image
o Activate a window

The Citrix Recording toolbar enables you to:

 Click an image or text

 Simulate keystrokes or hotkeys
 Select and copy text from a window
 Scrape UI elements
 Look for elements or wait for them to vanish
 Find an image or wait for it to vanish
 Activate a window

Note: The Citrix Recording toolbar supports only manual recording (single actions).
To figure out if you should use automatic or manual recording in your workflow, you
should better understand the differences between them and their capabilities.

Left-clicks on windows, buttons, check boxes, drop-down lists Keyboard shortcuts

etc. Modifier keys
Text typing Right-click
Mouse hover
Getting text
Find elements and
images
Copy to Clipboard

Keyboard shortcuts that you can use:

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 F2 – pauses for 3 seconds. A countdown timer is displayed in the bottom left corner of the
screen. Can be useful with menus that automatically hide.
 Esc – exits the automatic or manual recording. If you press the Escape key again, the
recording is saved as a sequence, and you return to the main view.
 Right-click – exit the recording.

Automatic Recording
Automatic recording is very useful and time-saving as it can provide you with a skeleton for
your business processes, and can be easily customized and parametrized.
As you can see in the examples below, for the actions that are recordable with
the Automatic Recording, some activities are automatically generated:

 Click – it is generated when you click a button (Basic and Desktop) or a link (Web). The
options available in the Properties panel enable you to add a time delay before or after
the action, change the click type and add key modifiers.

 Type Into – generated when typing into a text field or any editable UI element. The
options available in the Propertiespanel enable you to add a time delay before or after
the action or between key strokes, change the text at any point, and erase the entire field
before writing to it (EmptyField).

 Select Item - generated when you select an item from a drop-down list or combo box.
The options available in the Properties panel enable you to add a time delay before or
after the action, and change the selected item.

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 Check - generated when a radio button or check box is clicked. The options available in
the Properties panel enable you to add a time delay before or after the action, and select
or unselect the check box.

Example of Automatic Recording with Basic and Desktop

To exemplify how you can use the automatic recording and understand more about the
differences between Basic and Desktop, let‟s create the same workflow for the two.

1. Open Notepad.
2. In UiPath Studio, create a new sequence.
3.
a. In the Design ribbon tab, in the Wizards group, select Record > Basic. The Basic
Recording toolbar is displayed and the main view is minimized.
b. In the Design ribbon tab, in the Wizards group, select Record > Desktop.
The Desktop Recording toolbar is displayed and the main view is minimized.
4. In the Wizards group, click Automatic Recorder. The automating recording process
starts.
5. In Notepad, click in the main panel. A pop-up window is displayed.

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6. Type a custom text and press Enter. The string is displayed in Notepad.
7. Note: Select the Empty field check box to delete previously existing text. You can also
select this option after the recording is finished, in the Properties panel of the Type
Into activity.
8. From the Format menu, select Font. The Font window is displayed.
9. Select a different font style, such as Bold Italic, and click OK.
10. Press Esc two times. You exit the recording view and the saved workflow is displayed in
the Main panel.
11. Press F5. The workflow is executed as expected.

The two screenshots below display part of the resulted workflows for the Basic (on the
left) and Desktop (on the right) automatic recordings. As you can see, the second one
generates an Attach Window container, while the Desktop one does not.

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Desktop recorder - The top level window selector from the Attach Window container:

Desktop recorder - The partial selector for the Type Into activity:

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Basic recorder – The full selector for the Type Into activity:

Click here to download the Basic recording example.

Click here to download the Desktop recording example.
You can also customize and parametrize this workflow after it is recorded. To exemplify
this, let‟s take the Desktop recording example and build upon it.
For example, let‟s assume that we want to extract the number of an invoice from an Excel
file, copy it to the Notepad window used in the previous example and continue the
workflow as before.

1. Add an Excel Application Scope activity before the recording sequence.

2. In the WorkbookPath field, type the path of the Excel file you need to extract
information from.
3. Add a Read Cell activity in the Excel Application Scope.
4. In the Properties panel, add the Sheet Name and Cellinformation from the Excel file
used.
5. Right-click in the Result field, and click Create Variable. The Set Name field is displayed.
6. Fill in the name, such as genInvoiceNumber, and press Enter. The variable is created and
displayed in the Result field and Variables
7. Change the scope of the variable to Main.
8. In the recording sequence, in the Type Into activity, in the Text field, add
the genInvoiceNumber variable. This copies the value stored in the variable to Notepad.

What was added to the workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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9. Press F5. The workflow is executed as expected.

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Click here to download this example.

Example of Automatic Recording with Web

To exemplify how you can use the web recording and understand how it works, let‟s create
a workflow that enables you to go to Amazon, sign in to your account, and close the tab
once you are done.

1. In UiPath Studio, create a new sequence.

2. Drag an Open Browser activity to the Main panel.
3. In the Url property type the address of the website, "www.amazon.com". This opens
Internet Explorer and automatically navigates to the specified url.
4. In the Design tab, in the Wizards group, select Record > Web. The Web
Recording toolbar is displayed and the main view is minimized.
5. Click Automatic Recording. The automating recording process starts.
6. Go to the Sign In page and input your e-mail and password.

Note: When the Type Into pop-up is displayed for your password, make sure that you
select the Type Password check box. Besides the Type Into activity, another activity, Get
Password, is created in the sequence. This activity hides the password behind asterisks
(*) and stores it in a string variable.

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7. Click Sign In and press Esc two times. The recording is saved and displayed as a workflow
in the Main panel.
8. In the Recording Sequence, after the last activity, drag a Close Tab activity. This helps you
close Internet Explorer after you are finished with it.
9. In Studio, press F5. The workflow is executed as expected.

Manual Recording
As explained in the About Recording Types chapter, there are some actions that cannot be
handled by the automatic recorder. We refer to these as single actions or manual
recordings. You can use both manual and automatic recording in workflows to achieve full
automation of a task. Single actions can be found in the Actions group of any recording
toolbar.

Types of Single Actions

1. Start and Stop an App or Browser

These single actions enable you to open an app or browser, as well as close them, by
pointing and clicking them.

The activities generated using the desktop and web manual recorders contain partial
selectors and containers (first screenshot), while the activities generated by the basic
recorder contains a full selector and no container (second screenshot), just like with the
automatic recording.

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2. Click

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These types of actions enable you to record clicks on the desktop or a running application,
select an option from a drop-down list or combo box, and select a check box or a radio
button.
3. Type

These single actions include those that require input from the keyboard, such as keyboard
shortcuts and keypresses. To achieve this, two pop-up windows are used to retrieve your
keyboard input.

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4. Copy

These actions enable you to copy a selected text from an opened application or web
browser, so that you can use it later in the workflow. Screen scraping is also available
under the Copy menu, as it enables you to extract images and text from an app or browser.
For more information, see Output or Screen Scraping Methods.

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5. Mouse Element

These types of actions enable you to simulate mouse movements that cannot be recorded
but give you access to more functionalities, such as right-clicking, hovering or double-
clicking.
6. Find Element

These types of single actions enable you to identify specific UI elements or pause the
workflow until a particular window closes or an UI element is no longer displayed. The find
relative element action is useful with apps that do not allow direct interaction with UI
elements, such as Citrix.
7. Text

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Text single actions enable you to select or hover over text to make tooltips visible for
scraping, right-click to make the context menu visible, copy and paste text and many
others.
8. Image

Image single actions enable you to wait for a specified image to disappear, to find a specific
image in an app or website, right-click or hover over an image and others. This type of
manual recording can be useful with UI elements that are saved as graphics, as they cannot
be highlighted as normal fields or text.
About UI Elements
UI elements refer to all graphical user interface pieces that construct an application, be
they windows, check boxes, text fields or drop-down lists, and so on. Knowing how to
interact with them enables you to implement UI automation much faster and easier.
All interactions with the UI can be split into input and output. This categorization helps you
better understand which actions to use in different scenarios, when to use them, and the
technology behind them. These are also going to be useful when trying to deal with

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scraping. For more information, see Input Methods and Output or Screen Scraping
Methods.

Input Actions Output Actions

Clicks
Text Typing
Getting text
Keyboard shortcuts
Finding elements and images
Right-clicks
Clipboard actions
Mouse hover
Etc.
Clipboard actions
Etc.

UI Activities Properties
There are multiple activities that can be used to automate apps or web-apps and you can
find them in the Activities panel, under the UI Automation category.
All of these activities have multiple properties in common:

 ContinueOnError – specifies if the workflow should continue, even if the activity throws
an error. This field only supports boolean values (True, False).
 DelayAfter – adds a pause after the activity, in milliseconds.
 DelayBefore – adds a pause before the activity, in milliseconds.
 TimeoutMS – specifies the amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait for a specified
element to be found before an error is thrown. The default value is 30000 milliseconds
(30 seconds).
 WaitForReady – wait for the target to become ready, before performing the activity.
There are three available options:
o None – does not wait for the target to be ready.
o Interactive – waits until only a part of the app is loaded.
o Complete – waits for the entire app to be loaded.
 Target – identifies the UI element the activity works with.

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The target is composed of multiple pieces, namely the container, selector and clipping
region, to ensure that you correctly identify a UI element.
A container gives you a little more context for the button or field you want to use, so that
you can tell windows apart or different areas of the same app. They are automatically
generated, but you can make changes to them in the Properties panel.
The following are containers:

 Attach Window
 Open Application
 Attach Browser
 Open Browser
 Get Active Window

Input Methods
Input actions require you or the robot to directly interact with an opened application or
web page. There are three types of input methods for click and type actions, that differ in
terms of compatibility and capability.

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We generally recommend the Simulate Type/Click method as it is the fastest of the three
and works in the background, but only if you do not need to send special keyboard
shortcuts. If this does not work for you, try the Windows Messages method and then
the Default one, as it is the slowest.

Background Hotkey Auto Empty

Method\Capability Compatibility Speed
execution Support Field

Default 100% no 50% yes no

Window Messages 80% yes 50% yes no

99% - web apps

Simulate
Type/Click 60% - desktop yes 100% no yes
apps

The input method can be changed at any point from the Propertiespanel of the selected
activity. If the SimulateType or SendWindowMessages check boxes are not selected, then
the Default method is applied.

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The Default application simulates a click or type with the help of the hardware
driver, while the Simulate Type/Click method uses the technology of the target
application. Lastly, the SendWindowMessages works by sending a specific message
directly to the target application.
Example of Using Input Methods
To get a clearer picture of how the three input methods work, let‟s create a simple
workflow that writes something in a Notepad window and switch between the methods.

1. Open a Notepad window.

2. In Studio, from the Basic Recording toolbar, start the automatic recorder.
3. Type something into the Notepad window.
4. Minimize the window and restore it.
5. Type something else in the Notepad window.
6. Press Esc two times. The workflow is saved and displayed in the Main panel. It should
look as in the following screenshot.

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7. Move the activity that restores the Notepad window after the second Type Into one. We
do this to check if the type of input method selected can also write to Notepad in
background mode.
8. From the drop-down of the second Type Into activity, select enter. A special key string is
displayed at the end of the previously-existing text.

9. Copy the special key string at the beginning of the sentence. This enables you to test
special keys, such as Enter that adds a new line in a text editor.

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10. Run the workflow once with every input method. Note the differences:
o The Default method – it does not automatically erase previously written text, supports
special keys, but writing in the background does not work;
o The Window Messages method – works in the background, supports special keys, but it
does not erase pre-existing text (you have to manually select the Empty Field check box
in the Properties panel);

o The Simulate Type/Click method – works in the background, but it automatically

erases pre-existing text, and does not support special keys.

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Therefore, be careful to choose the method that best suits your needs. If special keys are a
must, you might want to avoid the Simulate Type/Click method, or if speed is what
matters most, then maybe Simulate Type/Click is the right one.

Click here to download this example. (Please note that it is configured with
the Default method. Manually change properties to try the other input methods.)
Output or Screen Scraping Methods
Output or screen scraping methods refer to those activities that enable you to extract data
from a specified UI element or document, such as a .pdf file.
To understand which one is better for automating your business process, let‟s see the
differences between them.

Extract Extract
Background Support
Method\Capability Speed Accuracy Text Hidden
Execution for Citrix
Position Text

FullText 10/10 100% yes no yes no

Native 8/10 100% no yes no no

OCR 3/10 98% no yes no yes

FullText is the default method, it is fast and accurate, yet unlike the Native method, it
cannot extract the screen coordinates of the text.

Both these methods work only with desktop applications, but the Native method cannot
work with apps that are not built to render text with the Graphics Device Interface (GDI).
OCR is not 100% accurate, but can be useful to extract text that the other two methods
could not, as it works with all applications including Citrix. Studio uses two OCR engines, by
default: Google Tesseract and Microsoft Modi.

Set
Multiple Support Filter Best with
Preffered expected
Method\Capability languages for color allowed Microsoft
area size text
support inversion characters fonts
format

Can be
Google Tesseract Small yes yes yes no
added

Supported
Microsoft Modi Large no no no yes
by default

To start extracting text from various sources, click the Screen Scraping button, in
the Wizards group, on the Design ribbon tab.

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The screen scraping wizard enables you to point at a UI element and extract text from it,
using one of the three output methods described above. Studio automatically choses a
screen scraping method for you, and displays it at the top of the Screen Scraper
Wizard window.

To change the method of screen scraping, select another one from the Options panel and
then click Re-scrape.
When you are satisfied with the scraping results, click Continue orCopy. The latter option
copies the extracted text to the Clipboard, while the first one saves your information to
the Main panel and, just as with desktop recording, generates a container (with the
selector of the top level window) in which activities are enclosed, and partial selectors for
each activity.

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Each type of screen scraping comes with different features in the Screen Scraper Wizard,
in the Options panel:

1. FullText

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o Ignore Hidden – when this check box is selected, the hidden text from the selected UI
element is not copied.
2. Native

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o No Formatting – when this check box is selected, the copied text does not extract
formatting information from the text. Otherwise, the extracted text‟s relative position is
retained.
o Get Words Info – when this check box is selected, Studio also extracts the screen
coordinates of each word. Additionally, the Custom Separators field is displayed, that
enables you to specify the characters used as separators. If the field is empty, all known
text separators are used.
3. Google OCR

o Languages – only English is available by default.

o Characters – enables you to select which types of characters to be extracted. The
following options are available: Any character, Numbers
only, Letters, Uppercase, Lowercase, Phone numbers, Currency, Date and Custom.
If you select Custom, two additional fields, Allowed and Denied, are displayed that

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enable you to create custom rules on which types of characters to scrape and which to
avoid.
o Invert - when this check box is selected, the colors of the UI element are inverted before
scraping. This is useful when the background is darker than the text color.
o Scale – the scaling factor of the selected UI element or image. The higher the number is,
the more you enlarge the image. This can provide a better OCR read and it is
recommended with small images.
o Get Words Info – gets the on-screen position of each scraped word.
Note: In some instances of UiPath Studio, the Google Tesseract engine may have
training files (about training files:Wikipedia, GitHub) that do not work for certain non-
English languages. Running a workflow with these corrupted training files may lead to
an exception being thrown. To fix this issue, download the training file for the language
you wish to use from here and copy it into the tessdata folder from the UiPath
installation directory. To check if the training files you downloaded work, you can
download this test workflow.
4. Microsoft OCR

o Languages - enables you to change the language of the scraped text. By default, English
is selected.
o Scale – the scaling factor of the selected UI element or image. The higher the number is,
the more you enlarge the image. This can provide a better OCR read and it is
recommended with small images.

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o Get Words Info - gets the on-screen position of each scraped word.

Besides getting text out of an indicated UI element, you can also extract the value of
multiple types of attributes, its exact screen position and its ancestor.

This type of information can be extracted through dedicated activities that are found in
the Activities panel, under UI Automation > Element > Find and UI Automation >
Element > Attribute.
These activities are:

 Get Ancestor – enables you to retrieve an ancestor from a specified UI element. You can
indicate at which level of the UI hierarchy to find the ancestor, and store the results in a
UiElement variable.

 Get Attribute – retrieves the value of a specified UI element attribute. Once you indicate
the UI element on screen, a drop-down list with all available attributes is displayed.

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 Get Position – retrieves the bounding rectangle of the specified UiElement, and supports
only Rectangle variables.

UiPath Studio also features Relative Scraping, a scraping method that identifies the
location of the text to be retrieved relative to an anchor. You can find more about it here.

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Examples of Using Output or Screen Scraping Methods

To exemplify how to use the three screen scraping methods and the practical differences
between them, let‟s first scrape a Notepad window with some text and see what results we
have. The following screenshot is what we used.

The FullText method

As you can see, no formatting is retained, but if you hide the Notepad window while
scraping, the text is still retrieved. This is the fastest method.

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The Native method

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As you can see in the first screenshot, you can extract the text with its position on the
screen, as well as retrieve the exact position of each word (second screenshot).
The Microsoft OCR method

As you can see, the accuracy of this output method is not 100%, but it still manages to keep
the position of the text. Getting the exact on-screen position, in pixels, is also available yet
as you can see, it is not the fastest of the output methods.
The Google OCR method

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As with Microsoft‟s Modi, the Google OCR method is not 100% accurate and takes longer
when compared with the others. However, it retrieves the position within the window of
the text.
Now, add some white text over a black page in Paint, for example, and try to scrape it.

As you can see, only the OCR methods work in this scenario.

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If we scrape this entire window, we receive the following results:

1. FullText with hidden text works really well, being able to read even the minimize and
restore buttons.

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2. Native does not work on this UI as it does not make use of GDI to render text.
3. Microsoft OCR works pretty well, although accuracy is still not 100%.

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4. Google OCR does not handle this UI very well, as the scraped area is quite large.

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Relative Scraping
Relative Scraping is a technique that enables you to retrieve text from UI elements by
using OCR technology. In situations where selectors cannot be found, the target UI objects
are identified by using image recognition activities to look for adjacent labels or other
elements.
This technique is useful in retrieving text from certain UI elements that are difficult to
access by using normal means, such as applications in virtual environments. Using visual
labels of UI elements makes up for the inability to find selectors.
To use the Scrape Relative functionality, do the following:

1. Start the Citrix Recording Wizard.

2. Click Screen Scraping > Scrape Relative

3. Select an anchor, which is the relative element used to identify the location of the target,

such as the label of a text field. An Attach

Window container is generated that sets focus to the app window and contains a Find
Image activity that locates the position of the anchor on the screen.

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4.

5. Indicate the area where the target element is. A Set Clipping Regionactivity is generated,
which translates the clipping region to where the target element can be found, relative to
the anchor. Additionally, a Get OCR Text activity is generated that scrapes the target
element. Since the clipping region is a shared resource, the recorder generates
another Set Clipping Region activity which resets the clipping region, thus avoiding
interference with other operations.

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6.

About Data Scraping

Data scraping enables you to extract structured data from your browser to a database, .csv
file or even Excel spreadsheet.
Structured data is a specific kind of information that is highly organized and is presented in
a predictable pattern. For example, all Google search results have the same structure (a link
at the top, a string of the URL and a description of the web page), which enables Studio to
easily extract the information, as it always knows where to find it.

The scraping wizard can be opened from the Design tab, by clicking
the Data Scraping button.

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The main steps of the data scraping wizard are:

1. Customize column headers and choose whether or not to extract URLs.

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2. Preview the data, edit the number of maximum results to be extracted and change the
order of the columns.

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3. Optionally click Extract Correlated Data. This enables you to go through the Extract
Wizard again, to extract additional info and add it as a new column in the same table.
4. Indicate the Next button in the web page (if the information you want to extract spans
multiple pages).

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After you are finished with the wizard, a workflow is generated in Studio.

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Data scraping always generates a container (Attach Browser orAttach Window) with a
selector for the top-level window and an Extract Structured Data activity with a partial
selector, thus ensuring a correct identification of the page to be scraped.
Additionally, the Extract Structured Data activity also comes with an automatically
generated XML string (in the ExtractMetadata property) that indicates the data to be
extracted.
Lastly, all the scraped information is stored in a Data Table variable, that you can later use
to populate a database, a .csv file or an Excel spreadsheet.

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Example of Using Data Scraping

To better understand how you can take advantage of the data scraping functionality, let‟s
create a workflow that extracts some specific information from Amazon.
Let‟s say you are a sports gear vendor and are interested in finding out the latest prices for
volleyball balls on Amazon. You can do the following:

1. Open Internet Explorer and navigate to www.amazon.com.

2. In the search box type “volleyball ball” and press Enter. Results are displayed in the web
page.
3. In Studio, on the Design tab, in the Wizards group, click Data Scraping. The Extract
Wizard is displayed.
4. Following the wizard, select the first and last items in the web page. The Configure
Columns wizard step is displayed.
5. Select the Extract URL check box.
6. Change the name of the column headers.

7. Click Next. A preview of the data is displayed and the fields you selected are highlighted
in the web browser.

8. Click the Extract Correlated Data. The Extract Wizard starts again.

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9. Following the wizard again indicate the prices of the items. You get to the Configure
Columns step.
10. Change the name of the new column, and click Next. The data preview is displayed.

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11. (Optionally) Change the order of the columns by dragging them in place.
12. Click Finish. The Indicate Next Link window is displayed prompting you to indicate
the Next button if the spans more than one page.
13. Click Yes and select the Next Page button in Amazon. The workflow is saved and
displayed in the Main panel. Note that a data table variable, ExtractDataTable, has been
automatically generated.
14. Drag an Excel Application Scope activity under the Data Scraping container.

Note: Install the Excel activities package using the Manage Packager to have access to
these activities.

15. In the Properties panel, in the WorkbookPath field, type the file path of an existing
Excel file to which you want to write the data.
16. In the Variables panel, change the scope of the automatically generated data table
variable to Main.
17. In the Excel Application Scope, drag a Write Range activitiy.
18. In the Properties panel, in the DataTable field, add the ExtractDataTable variable. The
final workflow should look as in the following screenshot.

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19. Press F5. The workflow is executed.
20. Open the Excel file you used at step 15. Note that all columns are populated correctly.

About Selectors
To automate specific actions in the user interface, you are required to interact with various
windows, buttons, drop-down lists and many others. Most applications do this by relying
on the screen position of UI elements, a method that is not at all dependable.

To overcome this problem, UiPath uses what we call selectors. These store the attributes of
a graphical user interface element and its parents, in the shape of an XML fragment.
Most of the times, selectors are automatically generated by Studio and do not require

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further input from you, especially if the apps you are trying to automate have a static user
interface.

However, some software programs have changing layouts and attribute nodes with volatile
values, such as some web-apps. UiPath cannot predict these changes and therefore, you
might have to manually generate some selectors.
A selector has the following structure:
<node_1><node_2>...<node_N>
The last node represents the GUI element that interests you, and all the previous ones
represent the parents of that element. <node_1> is usually referred to as a root node.
Each node has one or more attributes that help you correctly identify a specific level of the
selected application.
Each node has the following format:

<ui_system attr_name_1='attr_value_1' ... attr_name_N='attr_value_N'/>

Every attribute has an assigned value which represents a unique identifier.
You have to pick attributes with a constant value. If the value of an attribute changes, then
the selector will not be able to correctly identify the element.
Selectors are stored in the Properties panel of activities, underInput > Target > Selector.
All activities related to graphical elements have this property.

The Selector Editor window enables you to see the automatically-generated selector and

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edit it and its attributes. To open this window, click the Ellipsis button next to
the Selector field, in the Properties panel.

The Edit Attributes section contains all the application components needed to identify the
target application (a window, a button etc.). The Edit Selector section holds the actual
selector. Both of these sections are editable.
Selectors with Wildcards
Wildcards are symbols that enable you to replace one or multiple characters in a string.
These can be quite useful when dealing with dynamically-changing attributes in a selector.

 Asterisk (*) – replaces one or more characters

 Question mark (?) – replaces a single character

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The Selector Editor enables you to automatically generate a selector with wildcards, by

using the Attach to Live Element button.

Example of Generating a Selector with Wildcards in the Selector Editor Window

Part of the name of a Notepad window changes according to the .txt file you open with it.
This is where a well-placed wildcard can really help. Do the following to generate it:

1. Open an empty Notepad window. Note that the window title is Untitled – Notepad.
2. In Studio, create a new sequence.
3. Drag a Type Into activity to the Main panel.
4. Click Indicate on Screen and indicate the editable text field in Notepad. A selector is
automatically generated and stored in the Selector field.

5. In the Properties panel, click the Ellipsis button next to the Selector field.
The Selector Editor window is displayed.

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6. Open any .txt file with Notepad. Note that the window title is partially different than the
one at step 1.
7. In Studio, in the Selector Editor window, click Attach to Live Element and indicate
the Notepad window opened at step 6. A dialog box indicating that the selector was
updated is displayed.

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8. Click OK. The Selector Editor window and the selector are updated with a wildcard.

Full Versus Partial Selectors

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Full selectors:

 Contain all the elements needed to identify a UI element, including the top-level window
 Generated by the Basic recorder
 Recommended when switching between multiple windows

Partial selectors:

 Generated by the Desktop recorder

 Do not contain information about the top-level window
 Activities containing partial selectors are enclosed in a container (Attach
Browser or Attach Window) that contains a full selector of the top-level window
 Recommended when performing multiple actions in the same window

Example of a partial selector for the editable panel in Notepad:

Example of a full selector for the editable panel in Notepad:

UiPath Explorer
UiPath Explorer is an advanced tool that enables you to create a custom selector for a
specific UI element.
To open the UiPath Explorer window, click Launch UiExplorer in the Design tab.

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To be sure that you choose the best selector, remember to:

 Add or remove attributes

 Add parent or children tags
 Use wildcards to replace common values

Field Descriptions for the UiPath Explorer Window

Field Description

Select Target Automatically generate a selector by indicating a UI element on your

Element screen.

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Select Relative Enables you to find an anchor in a UI element, so that you can find a

Element better selector.

Verifies if your selector is valid or not. A dialog box is displayed letting

Validate you know about the result.

Resets all the panels from the UiPath Explorer window to their default
Reset states.

Changes the technology used to determine UI elements and their

selectors. The following options are available:

Default – UiPath proprietary method. Usually works fine with all

UiFrameworks types of user interfaces.
Active Accessibility – an eariler solution from Microsoft for making
apps accessible. It is recommended that you use this option with
legacy software, when the Default one does not work.
UI Automation – the improved accessibility model from Microsoft. It
is recommended that you use this option with newer apps, when
the Default one does not work.

The Visual Tree Panel

Displays a tree of the UI hierarchy and enables you to navigate through it, by clicking the
arrows in front of each node.
By default, the first time when you open UiPath Explorer or after you click
the Reset button, this panel displays all opened applications, in alphabetical order.
Double-clicking a UI element (or right-clicking and selecting Set as Target Element) from
the tree, populates the Selector Editor, Selector Attributes and Property
Explorer panels.

Field Description

Highlight Highlights the target element and/or anchor.

Show Search
Displays the search box and search filter options.
Options

Enables you to look for a specific string. If an exact match is not found,
nodes containing the nearest match are displayed.
Search box
Wildcards (*,?) are supported.
Depending on the attribute selected from the Search bydrop-down

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list, the search can be case sensitive.
Note: The search only looks for matches in the tree structure under
the selected UI object.
Filters your search to a selected attribute or a selector. The contents of
this drop-down list change according to the selected UI element.
Search by
Note: If Search by is set to Selector, you can only input one node in
the <attribute name1='value1' ... /> format.
Limit your search to the first level children of the selected node. By
Children Only
default, this check box is not selected.

The Selector Editor Panel

Displays the selector for the specified UI object and enables you to customize it.
The top part of the panel displays the actual XML fragment that you have to use in a
workflow. Once you find the selector you want, you can copy it from here and paste it in
the Properties panel of an activity, in the Selector field.
The bottom part of this panel enables you to view all the nodes in a selector and eliminate
the ones that are not necessary by clearing the check box in front of them.
Selecting a node here, displays its attributes in the Selector Attributes and Property
Explorer panels.
The Selector Editor Panel
Displays all the available attributes of a selected node (from the Selector Editor panel).
You can add or eliminate some of the node attributes by selecting or clearing the check box
in front of each attribute.
Additionally, you can change the value of each attribute yet this modification is retained
only if the new selector points at the originally selected UI object.
The Property Explorer Panel
Displays all the attributes that a specified UI object can have, including the ones that do not
appear in the selector. They cannot be changed.

About Image and Text Automation

To enable image and text-based process automation, UiPath Studio features activities that
simulate keyboard and mouse input, such as clicking, hovering or typing, text
recognition and OCR activities that use screen scraping to identify UI elements, and image
recognition activities that work directly with images to identify UI elements. Specialized
recording wizards for Screen Scraping and Citrix recording can also automatically generate
the activities required for each process, as explained here.

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Image and Text automation is useful in situations when UI automation does not work, such
as in virtual machine environments, where selectors cannot be found by using normal
methods.
This chapter goes through the most important activities in each type of automation,
explaining their behaviour and use cases, and then exemplifying three kinds of image and
text-based process automation, using the activities described earlier.
UiPath Resources
Mouse and Keyboard Activities
UiPath Studio features activities that simulate any type of keyboard or mouse input that a
human would use. Also, there are activities that can set focus to a certain window, minimize
or maximize it, or perform any other kind of action on it. These activities are essential in
creating an automation that simulates human behaviour. As explained here, there are
several technologies that can be used for these activities, each with their own advantages in
certain situations.

Double Click, Click, Hover are activities that simulate the clicking or hovering of UI
elements. These activities are very useful in situations when human behaviour must be
mimicked. As input, these activities receive a Target, which can be either a Region variable,
a UIElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and
where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by
using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the
indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then
manual intervention might be required.

Type Into sends keystrokes to a UI element. Special keys are supported and can be
selected from the drop-down list. This is a basic text input activity that is widely used in
automations and is also generated by the automatic recording wizards. As input, this
activity receives a string or a string variable that contains the text to be written, and a
Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UIElement variable or a selector, that helps
you identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The
target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screen functionality,
which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for
them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required.

Type Secure Text sends a secure string to a UI element. As input, this activity receives a
SecureString variable that contains the text to be written, and a Target, which can be either
a Region variable, a UIElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want
to automate and where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically
generated by using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI
elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for
you, then manual intervention might be required. This activity is useful for secure

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automations, as it can use passwords that are stored in SecureString variables. Usually, the
SecureString variable is supplied by a Get Secure Credential activity.

Send Hotkey sends keyboard shortcuts to a UI element. This activity is useful for accessing
shortcuts in applications and can help you simplify your automation workflow. For
example, you can replace multiple activities that perform UI automation if there is a
keyboard shortcut available for revealing certain UI elements or performing specific
actions. As input, this activity receives a string or a string variable that contains the keys to
be sent, and a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UIElement variable or a
selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be
performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on
Screenfunctionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and
generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might
be required.

Set Focus sets keyboard focus to a specified UI element. The ability to bring a certain
window to the foreground is essential when performing image and text automation. As
input, this activity receives a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UIElement
variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and where the
actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using
the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated
region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual
intervention might be required.

Example of using Mouse and Keyboard Automation

To exemplify the automation of a process by using activities that simulate mouse and
keyboard input, we created a workflow that displays the IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway for all adapters from the Command Prompt, by using the ipconfigcommand
and actions similar to human ones:

1. Create a new Sequence.

2. Add a Click activity to the Main panel.

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3. Select the activity, click the Indicate on screen button and click theStart button.

4. Add a Type Into activity under the previously added one.

5. Select the activity, and in the Text field, write cmd.

6. Add a Send Hotkey activity under the previously added one.

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7. Select the activity and, from the drop-down menu choose enter.

8. Add another Type Into activity under the previously added one.
9. Select the activity, and in the Text field, write ipconfig.

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10. Add another Send Hotkey activity under the previously added one.

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11. Select the activity, and from the drop-down menu select the enterkey.

12. Press F5. The workflow is executed. The IP address, subnet mask and default gateway for
all adapters are displayed in the Command Prompt.

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You can download this workflow here.
Text Activities
Text recognition activities are useful in extracting text from UI elements on the screen, as
well as extracting coordinates for UI elements relative to text on the screen. There are
situations when UI elements cannot be identified through standard means, and the Text
automation activities featured in UiPath Studio enable you to identify buttons, check boxes
and other UI elements based on the text they contain. Text recognition activities share
the Occurrenceproperty, that enables the user to specify which instance of the text that is
being scraped should be acted upon. For example, if the string that is being searched for
appears 4 times on the screen, setting the Occurrence property to 3 selects the third
occurrence of the word(s).

Double Click Text, Click Text and Hover Text are activities used to click the text inside a
UI element or hover over it. After the user interface object and text are specified, the
activity searches the UI for the text and clicks it or hovers over it. As input, these activities
receive a Target, which can be either a string variable, a Region variable, a UIElement
variable or a selector, which indicate the coordinates where the action must be performed.
The target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on
Screenfunctionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and
generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might
be required.

Find Text Position searches for a given string in a specified target, and returns a
UIElement variable which has the clipping region set to the screen position of that string.
This activity can be useful in locating UI elements relative to text on the screen when there
is no other way of locating them, and using them further in your automation. As input, this
activity receives a Target, which can be either a string variable, a Region variable, a
UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and
where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by
using the Indicate on Screenfunctionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the
indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then
manual intervention might be required. The activity outputs the UiElement variable that
contains the provided string.

Get Full Text extracts a string and its information from an indicated UI element using
the FullText screen scraping method. This activity can also be automatically generated
when performing screen scraping, along with a container. This activity can be useful in
retrieving text from desktop and web applications. As input, this activity receives a Target,
which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you
identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The target
can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which
tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this
does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required. The activity outputs a
string variable that contains the extracted text.

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Get Visible Text extracts a string and its information from an indicated UI element using
the Native screen scraping method. This activity can also be automatically generated when
performing screen scraping, along with a container. This activity can be useful in retrieving
text from desktop and web applications. As input, this activity receives a Target, which can
be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what
you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The target can also be
automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to
identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does
not work for you, then manual intervention might be required. The activity outputs a string
variable that contains the extracted text.

Extract Structured Data extracts data from an indicated table. You can specify what
information to extract by providing an XML string in the ExtractMetadata property. This
can easily be generated with all the properties set by using the Data Scraping wizard. As
input, this activity receives an XML string that defines what data is to be extracted from the
indicated web page, and a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement
variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and where the
actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using
the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated
region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual
intervention might be required. The activity outputs a DataTable variable which contains
the extracted data.

Text Exists checks if a text is found in a given UI element and returns a boolean variable
that is true if the text exists and false otherwise. This activity is useful in all types of text-
based automation, as it enables you to make decisions based on whether or not a given
string is displayed, or it can be used to perform certain actions on a loop, by using it as a
Condition in the Retry Scope activity. As input, this activity receives a string variable
which contains the text to be searched, and a Target, which can be either a Region variable,
a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and
where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by
using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the
indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then
manual intervention might be required. The activity outputs a boolean variable that states
whether the text was found.

Example of using Text Automation

To exemplify the automation of a process by using text recognition activities, we created a
workflow that opens Internet Explorer and navigates to a cryptocurrency exchange market
platform. From there, it extracts data from a table, displays it in the Output panel, double-

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clicks the third occurrence of the word amount in the website, and checks if the
word Exchange is found on the screen.

1. Create a new Sequence.

2. Add an Open Browser activity to the Main panel.
3. Select the activity and, in the Url field, writehttps://poloniex.com/exchange#btc_xrp.

4. In the Design ribbon tab, click Data Scraping. The Data Scraping wizard is displayed.
5. As explained here, scrape the Markets table. An Attach Browseractivity is generated,
containing an Extract Structured Data activity set to retrieve the table contents.

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6. Add an Output Data Table activity in the Do container of the Attach Browser activity,
after the Extract Structured Data.
7. In the Variables panel, create a new variable, calledExtractDataTable, and set its type
to DataTable.
8. Create a new String variable, called getText.
9. Select the Extract Structured Data activity and insert theExtractDataTable variable in
the DataTable field.
10. Select the Output Data Table activity, enter the ExtractDataTablevariable in
the DataTable field, and the getText variable in theText field.
11. Add a Write Line activity after the Output Data Table one.
12. Select the Write Line activity and insert the getText variable in theText field.

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13. Add a Double Click Text activity after the previously added one.
14. Select the Double Click Text activity, and in the Text field, write amount. This helps you
look for the word amount in the website specified at step 3.

15. In the Occurrence field, write 3. This helps you look for the third occurrence of the
word amount.
16. Click the Indicate on screen button and click the third occurrence of the
word amount in the previously opened browser page. This helps you indicate where to
look for the specified word, by automatically extracting a selector.
17. Add a Delay activity after the previously added activity. This delay has the purpose of
allowing the webpage to become fully loaded.
18. Select the Delay activity and set the Duration property to 00:00:03 (3 seconds).

19. Add a Text Exists activity after the Delay.

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20. Select the Text Exists activity and, in the Text field, write Exchange.
21. Click the Indicate on screen button and click the word Exchange in the previously
opened browser page. A selector is generated for the Exchange word.

22.In the Variables panel, create a new variable, called getExists, and set its type to Boolean.
23.Select the Text Exists activity and insert the getExists variable in the Exists field.
24.Add an If activity after the Text Exists activity.
25. Insert the getExists variable in the Condition field.
26.In the Then section of the If activity, add a Message Box activity.
27. Select the activity and write Exchange + “ exists” in the Textfield. This message is
displayed if the word Exchange is found in the Poloniex stock market platform.
28. In the Else section of the If activity, add a Message Box activity.
29.Select the activity and write Exchange + “ does not exist”in the Text field. This message is
displayed if the word Exchange is not found in the Poloniex stock market platform. Your
workflow should look like this:

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30. Press F5. The workflow is executed. Note that the data from the Markets table is
extracted and displayed in the Output panel, the third occurrence ofAmount is double-
clicked, and a message box is displayed, stating whether Exchange was found or not.

OCR Activities
In some situations, certain applications are not compatible with the usage of normal
scraping or UI automation technologies. Activities in UiPath Studio which use OCR
technology scan the entire screen of the machine, finding all the characters that are
displayed. This enables the user to create automations based on what can be seen on the
screen, simplifying automation in virtual machine environments. Citrix and other remote
desktop utilities are usually the target of OCR-based activities, as they only stream an
image of the desktop to the user, which means normal UI selectors are impossible to find.
Note: A best practice in creating automations is using theRecording Wizard to create the
workflow, automatically generating selectors, and then tweaking the activities to best fit
your needs.

Double Click OCR Text, Click OCR Text or Hover OCR Text use OCR to scan the screen of
the machine for text and perform actions relative to it. If graphic elements change, but the
text does not, automations created using text recognition will usually still work. These are
very useful activities in automating basic actions in virtual machine environments. As
input, these activities receive a Target, which can be either a string variable, a Region
variable, a UIElement variable or a selector, which indicate the coordinates where the
action must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using
the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated
region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual
intervention might be required.

Get OCR Text extracts a string and its information from an indicated UI element using the
OCR screen scraping method. This activity can also be automatically generated when
performing screen scraping, along with a container. By default, the Google OCR engine is
used, but you can easily change it with Abbyy or Microsoft. There are some differences
between these OCR engines, as explained here, making them fit for different situations. As
input, this activity receives a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement
variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and where the
actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using
the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated
region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual
intervention might be required. This activity returns a string variable containing the text
found in the UI element, and a TextInfo variable that contains the screen coordinates of all
the found words.

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Find OCR Text Position searches for a given string in an UI element, and returns a
UIElement variable which contains the said string. This activity can be useful in locating UI
elements relative to text on the screen. As input, this activity receives a string which
contains the text to be searched for, and a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a
UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and
where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by
using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the
indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then
manual intervention might be required. This activity returns a UiElement variable that
contains the position where the text was found.

OCR Text Exists checks if a text is found in a given UI element by using OCR technology
and returns a boolean variable that is true if the text exists and false otherwise. This
activity is useful in all types of text-based automation, as it enables you to make decisions
based on whether or not a given string is displayed, or it can be used to perform certain
actions in a loop, by using it as a Condition in the Retry Scope activity. As input, this
activity receives a string which contains the text that is to be searched for, and a Target,
which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you
identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The target
can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screenfunctionality, which
tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this
does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required. This activity returns a
boolean variable that states whether the text was found or not.

OCR Engines, such as Google OCR, Google Cloud OCR, Microsoft OCR, Microsoft Cloud
OCR and Abbyy Cloud OCR are also available as separate activities. These activities extract
a string and its position from a provided image by using different OCR engines. These
activities can be used with other OCR activities (Click OCR Text, Hover OCR Text, Double
Click OCR Text, Get OCR Text, Find OCR Text Position). As input, these activities receive an
Image variable that contains the image file to be scanned. As output, the activities return an
IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<Rectangle,String>> variable, which contains the extracted text
and their on-screen coordinates, and a string variable which contains the extracted text.
Image Activities
Image recognition activities can also simulate human behaviour, using images as means of
identifying UI elements. These activities enable you to make decisions based on whether or
not a given image is displayed, or they can be used to perform certain actions in a loop, by
using them as Conditions in the Retry Scope activity. They can also scan the screen of the
machine for UI elements which appear at random positions and return UiElement variables
that have the clipping region set to the found element. They also enable the upload and
download of images. Image recognition activities have an Accuracy parameter, which
states whether the images must match 100% or less to register as found which can
compensate for possible changes. This feature is useful if the graphical elements you are
searching for may be slightly different.

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Click Image, Double Click Image and Hover Image are activities used to identify UI
elements based on their image. After an image is specified, the activity scans the screen for
a given element and either clicks or hovers it. These activities are fast and reliable, but
sensitive to graphical variations, as they can fail if colors or background details change.
These activities are useful in automating processes that imply simulating human behaviour,
using UI elements such as buttons or check boxes. These activities are also important when
automating processes in virtual machine environments, such as Citrix, as they make
interaction with UI elements possible. As input, these activities receive an image variable
which contains the image to be clicked, and a Target, which can be either a string variable, a
Region variable, a UIElement variable or a selector, which indicate the coordinates where
the action must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by using
the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated
region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then manual
intervention might be required.

Find Image is an activity that waits for a certain UI element to appear. To do this, an image
of the UI element is provided by the user as a model of the image to be searched. Once the
element appears, the activity returns a UiElement variable with the clipping region set to
the found image. This activity can be a useful tool in identifying UI elements in virtual
machines and performing different actions on them. Find Image also enables you to make
decisions based on whether or not a given image is displayed, or it can be used to perform
certain actions in a loop, by using it as a Condition in the Retry Scope activity.. As input,
this activity receives an image variable which contains the image to be searched for, and a
Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps
you identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The
target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screenfunctionality,
which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for
them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required. This
activity returns a UiElement variable that contains the position where the text was found.

Image Exists is an activity that is used to verify if a certain image exists on the screen. It
returns a boolean variable which states whether the image was found or not. This activity
can be useful as it enables you to make decisions based on whether or not a given image is
displayed, or it can be used to perform certain actions in a loop, by using it as a Condition in
the Retry Scope activity. As input, this activity receives an image variable which contains
the image to be searched for, and a Target, which can be either a Region variable, a
UiElement variable or a selector, that helps you identify what you want to automate and
where the actions must be performed. The target can also be automatically generated by
using the Indicate on Screen functionality, which tries to identify UI elements in the
indicated region, and generates selectors for them. If this does not work for you, then
manual intervention might be required. This activity returns a boolean variable that states
whether the text was found or not.

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On Image Appear waits for an image to appear on screen for a set amount of time. This
activity is a container, which means that multiple actions can be inserted in it and
performed on the found image. This is a very useful activity in virtual machine
environments, as it can monitor when a UI element disappears and then perform a suite of
actions. On Image Appear can also be used as a trigger for other activities. As input, this
activity receives an image variable which contains the image to be searched for, and a
Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps
you identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The
target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screen functionality,
which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for
them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required. This
activity returns a UiElement variable that contains the position where the text was found.

On Image Vanish waits for an image to vanish from the screen for a set amount of time.
This activity is a container, which means multiple actions can be inserted in it and
performed after the image disappears. This is a very useful activity in virtual machine
environments, as it can monitor when a UI element disappears and then perform a suite of
actions. On Image Vanish can also be used as a trigger for other activities. As input, this
activity receives an image variable which contains the image to be searched for, and a
Target, which can be either a Region variable, a UiElement variable or a selector, that helps
you identify what you want to automate and where the actions must be performed. The
target can also be automatically generated by using the Indicate on Screenfunctionality,
which tries to identify UI elements in the indicated region, and generates selectors for
them. If this does not work for you, then manual intervention might be required.

Search

Example of using OCR and Image Automation

Since OCR and Image automation usually go hand in hand due to the difficulty of
automating in virtual environments, we created a workflow that retrieves an employee‟s
email and the invoice number from a scanned invoice. Afterwards, it inputs the information
into a dummy expense app (ExpenseIt) on a virtual machine, and compares the total from
the invoice with the one in the app:

1. Create a new Sequence.

2. Open the scanned invoice. We recommend using Adobe Acrobat Reader for compatibility
reasons.
3. As explained here, scrape the employee‟s email by using OCR technology. A
container, Attach PDF, that holds the selector and lets all the other activities know where
to perform actions is generated. In it, there are a Find Image, that selects the anchor for
relative scraping, a Get OCR Text that retrieves the email address of the employee, and
two Set Clipping Region activities: one to translate the first clipping region to the second
one, and the other to reset the clipping region.

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4. In the Variables Panel, create a new GenericValue variable, calledemail.
5. Enter the email variable into the Text property of the previously generated Get OCR

Text activity.
6. Name the above sequence Read Email.

Note: The OCR engines featured by UiPath Studio have their pros and cons, using them
depends on the circumstances, and testing which one does the best job in each situation is
key in deciding which one to use. Changing the OCR engine for different tasks can make
your results better.

7. As explained here, scrape the invoice number by using OCR technology. The recorder
generates a container, Attach PDF, that holds the selector and lets all the other activities
know where to perform actions. Inside the container, there are a Find Image, that selects

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the anchor for relative scraping, a Get OCR Text that retrieves the invoice number of the
employee, and two Set Clipping Region activities, one to translate the first clipping
region to the second one, and one to reset the clipping region.
8. In the Variables Panel, create a new GenericValue variable calledinvoiceNo.
9. Enter the invoiceNo variable into the Text property of the previously generated Get OCR
Text activity.
10. Name the above sequence Read Invoice Number.

11. As explained here, scrape the employee‟s total expenses by using OCR technology. The
recorder generates a container, Attach PDF, that holds the selector and lets all the other
activities know where to perform actions. Inside it, there are a Find Image, that selects
the anchor for relative scraping, a Get OCR Text that retrieves the total expenses of the
employee, and two Set Clipping Region activities, one to translate the first clipping
region to the second one, and one to reset the clipping region.
12. In the Variables Panel, create a new GenericValue variable calledtotalValue.

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13. Enter the totalValue variable into the Text property of the previously generated Get OCR
Text activity.
14. Name the above sequence Read Total Expenses.

Note: A best practice in opening applications in virtual machine environments is creating

a shortcut for the application that is to be opened on the desktop of the machine and
assigning it a hotkey. Trying to click the application‟s icon by using Click OCR Text can
sometimes fail due to changes in the background colour or to the icon being selected.

15. Create a shortcut for the ExpenseIt application on the desktop of the virtual machine.
16. Right-click the shortcut and select Properties from the context menu. The Shortcut
Properties window is displayed.
17. On the Shortcut tab, in the Shortcut Key field, assign a hotkey to the app by pressing the
keys you want to use, for example Alt + Ctrl + T.

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18. Start a new recording session by opening the Citrix Recording Wizard.
19. Record sending the virtual machine window the hotkey that was previously assigned to
the application‟s shortcut.
20. Use Relative Scraping to click the Email field in the ExpenseItapplication based on its
label‟s location.
21. In the Email field of the ExpenseIt application, enter the emailvariable.
22. Use Relative Scraping to click the Employee Number field in theExpenseIt application
based on its label‟s location.
23. Add the invoiceNo variable in the Employee Number field of theExpenseIt application.
24. Click Save & Exit in the Recording Wizard. The recorder generates anAttach
Window container that holds the selector and lets all the other activities know where to
perform actions. It contains a Send Hotkey activity, a Click Image activity that clicks the
field to the right of the Email label, a Type Into activity that types the email variable into
the field, a Click Image activity that clicks the field to the right of the Employee

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Number label and a Type Into activity that types theinvoiceNo variable into the field.

25. Start a new recording session by opening the Citrix Recording Wizard.
26. Record clicking the Create Expense Report button in the ExpenseItapplication.

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27. Use Relative Scraping to scrape the value that corresponds to theTotal Expenses
($) label.
28. Click Save & Exit in the Recording Wizard. The recorder generates anAttach
Window container that holds the selector and lets all the other activities know where to
perform actions. It contains a Click OCR Text that clicks the Create Expense
Report button, a Find Imagethat sets the anchor for the relative scrape, a Get OCR
Text that retrieves the total expense value and two Set Clipping Regionactivities, one to
translate the first clipping region to the second one, and one to reset the clipping region.

29. In the Variables Panel, create a new GenericValue variable calledtotalExpense.

30. Enter the totalExpense variable in the Text property field of the previously generated Get
OCR Text activity.

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31. Drag an If activity after the last generated recording sequence.
32. Set the Condition property of the If activity to totalExpense = totalValue. This means that
the workflow checks if the total value of the invoice equals the value in the expense
application.
33. Drag a Message Box activity to the Then section of the If activity.
34. In the Content property field of the Message Box, write a message that states the values
are equal, hence the invoice is correct.
35. Drag a Message Box activity to the Else section of the If activity.
36. In the Content property field of the Message Box, write a message that states the values
are not equal, hence the invoice is incorrect.

37. Press F5 to run the workflow. Note that the automation inputs the employee data from
the scanned invoice into the ExpenseIt application, compares the total value of the
invoice with the total expenses registered, and informs the user if the values are equal or
not.

Since this automation involves connecting to a virtual machine, uploading the original
workflow is redundant, as it would not work on another machine. We encourage you to
build your own workflow by following the above steps.

12.SAP Automation

How to Automate SAP Applications -without GUI Scripting

 Topic

 UI Automation
SAP (Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing) is a well known enterprise
software company that makes applications that manage business operations and customer
relations.

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How does UiPath work with SAP?
There are elements on the SAP GUI, just like Citrix, that are detected by the recorder as a
single block, so it's impossible to use a simple recording or automation tool with them.
UiPath is well adapted and very capable of creating an automation, even with these types of
interfaces. UiPath has a powerful screen scraping engine that helps you in extracting data
from the GUI in less than a second! This method is 100% accurate.

Most elements of the SAP GUI can be detected by the Macro Recorder individually, like
the Standard Buttons, Menus and Submenus.

The Basic Workflow

Let's say you want to add sales or member data into the application database. Manually,
you have to pull up the right form and then start inserting data manually.
In order to achieve this in UiPath, 2 GUI automation techniques will be used:

 automation through keyboard entries like tab, arrow keys and the return key

 automation by scraping text on the screen and clicking a text event

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1. Automation through Keyboard entries makes it easier and faster to move between
different text fields

2. Scraping the text allows us you to build Activities from individual elements in a block
element.
The Process
Let's assume that the UiPath is installed on the same machine as the SAP application.
1. With the SAP Business One already pulled up, start building the Workflow by pulling
up the Macro recorder. Select Desktop.

2. Select the Automatic Recorder from the Wizard.

3. To pull-up the data form, we can simply use a left mouse click, using the Recorder.

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4. Now the form is ready. The individual elements in this form cannot be identified by
the Recorder. You will use a different method to fill in the data. Press Escape. The previous
activities are temporarily saved in the queue.

5. The next step is to start filling in the data. The cursor is now positioned in the place
where you can start putting in the information ("Code").

Click on Element->Keyboard->Type.

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6. Just click anywhere in the form and it will initiate the input dialog box in the field where
the cursor is in.

7. You can start by typing in initial data. Remember that you can use variables later to
manipulate the data, so you can insert your own data sources.

The text dialog box also allows you to add keyboard commands such as Return and Tab.
Let's add a Tab after the "Code" section. This will take you to the next field, which is a
dropdown.

8. You can notice that it creates a code right next to the text you entered. It's the same thing
you can apply when adding more keyboard commands. This is how you can manipulate the
movement of the cursor:
Arrow Down: [k(down)]

Enter: [k(enter)]
Tab: [k(tab)]

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You can follow the same steps from step 5 to fill in any other input fields.
Automating SAP via Click on Text and Screen Scraping
The keyboard commands are very helpful when moving to and manipulating input fields. If
you want to jump to a different field from within the form it could be hard to do so using
keyboard activities. That's where the UiPath built-in screen scraping comes in.
You have to run an OCR which reads the text in the form and captures the targeted text.
1. Click on Text->Mouse->Click.

2. This will pull up the Screen Scraping wizard. The target field is next to "Tel 1". The
cursor position should be set next to it.
Copy "Tel 1" and put copy it in the Text to be found field.

3. Click on Set mouse position. "Tel1" will be detected. Click on the indicate link, then
click on the input field next to it.

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4. Click on the Continue button . This will position the cursor next to "Tel1". You can use
the same technique from step 5 (presented in the previous section) to continue filling out
other data.
Radio Buttons

For the radio buttons, the same screen scraping technique can be used.
1. Click on Text->Mouse->Click and then copy paste "Inactive" into the Text to be found
field. There is no need to set the mouse position for this one. The mouse will click in the
middle of the element.

2. Use the same technique to click other GUI elements such as buttons
You are now ready to build your SAP automation out of these techniques.

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Automating Terminals and Mainframes

 c
UI Automation
1. Introduction
In order to use terminal activities, the Nuget package “UiPath.Terminal.Activities” needs to
be installed. Once installed, the activities can be found under “App Integration ->
Terminals” as in the following picture:

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2. Terminal wizard

UiPath Terminal wizard is designed to help you automate data extraction and/or task
execution on various terminals (Mainframe/AS400/VT). It works with
TN3270/TN5250/VT terminals.
There are several ways to automate the mentioned terminals:

 using the existing/installed terminal application

 using the IBM EHLLL standard
 using the UiPath internal implementation of these protocols

One may choose between those three based on the accuracy and the level of the provided
details (like colors, field information, etc).
Setting up a terminal session

The first step for creating a terminal session is by dragging the “Terminal Session” activity
into the workflow. Then the connection configuration dialog is displayed.

The “Provider” combo box specifies which provider to use. Based on this selection, the
“Connection type” section changes accordingly, depending on what connection types are
available for the specific provider. A more detailed description on each provider can be
found in section Supported providers.
“Show client application” flag specifies if the 3rd party provider window is displayed
during recording/play.

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Use an existing profile

Browse to a profile file containing the connection information, specific to selected provider.
For example, for Attachmate Reflection, one may choose a rd5x/rd3x file, corresponding to
a TN5250/TN3270 profile file. The same applies to other providers.
Manually specify address
Enter manually the connection parameters:

 Address : the server address

 Port: the port to use for connection
 Type: the terminal type: TN3270, TN5250 or VT

Attach to an existing session

This method is available only when using IBM EHLL standard and it is described in EHLL
section.
Recording wizard

After specifying connection parameters the UiPath Terminal Wizard is automatically

started.

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Screen organization

The terminal screen is organized in fields, highlighted in orange color. The properties of the
selected field are displayed the Field Properties pane.
There are two methods by which UiPath identifies a field on the screen: by coordinates or
by visual elements.
Field identification by coordinates is straightforward, as it uses the row/column
coordinates to located the field. The more reliable way is using
LabeledBy/FollowedBy/Index properties. This is useful in case a screen changes a bit and
the coordinates are not valid anymore, however, the text before/after a field is usually the
same.

In the above picture, the selected field is “PUB1” and it is labeled by “System name:”. Index
property is used when there are multiple fields with the same LabeledBy/FollowedBy
property, like in a table.
Field Properties pane

The properties of the selected field are displayed the Field Properties pane. It includesthe
coordinates (row/column), LabeledBy/FollowedBy/Index properties, the text value and a
flag indicating if the field is editable or not.
2.2.3. Recorded Actions pane
This pane containsthe list of recorded actions (auto generated activities).
2.2.4. Available commands

 Save & Exit: stops the terminal connection and saves the recorded actions
 Stop/Start (recording): temporarily stops recording, in case some actions do not need to
be recorded
 Actions commands: each of these are commands generates a specific terminal activity;
they are described in a Terminal activities section
 Refresh: used to perform a full refresh of the terminal screen (used only for
testing/validation)

3. Terminal activities
Common properties

 DelayMS: represents the time to wait after the activity executed; value is in milliseconds
 TimeoutMS: specifies the time to wait for the activity to execute; value is in milliseconds
 WaitType: allows specifying if the terminal should be in a ready state when executing the
activity; recommended value is “READY”

Terminal Session activity

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It is the main terminal activity and represents a connection to a terminal server. It acts as a
container for all other terminal activities. By default, after activity execution, the terminal
connection is closed.

Properties:

 ConnectionString: contains the connection parameters; automatically generated from the

connection dialog
 OutputConnection: optional, one may specify an output variable (of type
TerminalConnection) in order to be used later in other terminal sessions
 CloseConnection: used with ExistingConnection property; specifies if the connection is
closed after executing the Terminal Session activity
 ExistingConnection: a variable of type TerminalConnection that was previously initialized

When using many terminal sessions, it is recommended to reuse the terminal connection
by saving it into a variable and use it in the next sessions. This is to avoid connecting and
disconnecting multiple times, as this process is more time consuming.
Set Field activity

Set the text value of the selected field to a given value. The field must be editable, otherwise
the activity is disabled.

In the sample above, the selected field identified by label “Username/Benutzer” is set to the
provided value “test”.

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Properties:

 LabeledBy: the label before the selected field

 FollowedBy: the label following the selected field
 Index: 1 or greater, depending if there are multiple fields with same labels
 Text: a string expression used for setting the field value

Get Field activity

Obtains the text value of the selected field.

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In the sample above, the text from selected field identified by label “devicename:” is
returned.
Properties:

 LabeledBy: the label before the selected field

 FollowedBy: the label following the selected field
 Index: 1 or greater, depending if there are multiple fields with same labels
 Text: a string variable where the resulting text is saved

Get Text activity

Obtains the text value of the entire screen.

Properties:

 Text: a string variable where the resulting text is saved

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Send Control Key activity

Sends a special key to the terminal, like (Enter), F1-F24 functional keys, etc. Usually,
following a control key like , the screen changes. In the sample below it changes to the
information screen following the login screen.

Properties:

 Key: the control key to send to the terminal (selected from the provided combo box)

Wait Field Text activity

Waits the specified amount of time (TimeoutMS, in milliseconds) until the selected field
contains the provided text.

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In the sample above, the workflow execution waits until the field identified by label
“Username/Benutzer:” contains the text “test”.
Properties:

 LabeledBy: the label before the selected field

 FollowedBy: the label following the selected field
 Index: 1 or greater, depending if there are multiple fields with same labels
 Text: a string expression containing the value to wait for; it supports wildcards
 MatchCase: a flag indicating if the text matching should be case sensitive

Wait Screen Text activity

Waits the specified amount of time (TimeoutMS, in milliseconds) until the screen contains
the provided text. It is very similar to Wait Field Text activity, except it searches the entire
screen instead of being limited to a specific field.

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In the sample above, the workflow execution waits until the text “code400” is found on the
screen.
Properties:

 Text: a string expression containing the value to wait for; it supports wildcards
 MatchCase: a flag indicating if the text matching should be case sensitive

Advanced activities
Advanced activities are terminal activities that work based on coordinates and cursor
location. They should be used only when the field‟s positions do not change, in order to
ensure a successful workflow run.
Move Cursor activity

Moves the cursor position to the specified location. In the sample below, the cursor will be
moved at the beginning of the selected field.

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Properties:

 Row: 1-based index of the row where the cursor will be moved
 Column: 1-based index of the column where the cursor will be moved

Send Keys activity

Sends the specified text to the terminal cursor position. One must ensure that the cursor
position is inside an editable field by using Move Cursor activity.

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Properties:

 Text: a string expression that will be sent to the terminal

Set Field at Position activity

Similar to Set Field activity, uses coordinates to identify the field.
Properties:

 Row: 1-based index of the row where the cursor will be moved
 Column: 1-based index of the column where the cursor will be moved
 Text: a string expression used for setting the field value

Get Field at Position activity

Similar to Get Field activity, uses coordinates to identify the field.
Properties:

 Row: 1-based index of the row where the cursor will be moved
 Column: 1-based index of the column where the cursor will be moved

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 Text: a string variable where the resulting text is saved

Get Text at Position activity

Obtains the text of length from the specified position. It is not limited to a single field.
Properties:

 Row: 1-based index of the row where the cursor will be moved
 Column: 1-based index of the column where the cursor will be moved
 Length: the number of characters to return; if is not supplied, the text until the end of the
screen is returned
 Text: a string variable where the resulting text is saved

Wait Text at Position activity

Similar to Wait Field Text activity, uses coordinates to identify the field.
Properties:

 Row: 1-based index of the row where the cursor will be moved
 Column: 1-based index of the column where the cursor will be moved
 Text: a string expression containing the value to wait for; it supports wildcards
 MatchCase: a flag indicating if the text matching should be case sensitive

4. Supported providers
Attachmate Reflection
Prerequisites
Attachmate reflection installed
(https://www.attachmate.com/products/reflection/2014/)
Usage
When using profile mode, the profile file must be located in the Attachmate Reflection
profile folder. Default is „C:\Users\\Documents\Attachmate\Reflection‟
Rocket BlueZone
Prerequisites

Rocket BlueZone (5.2+) Terminal Emulation installed

(http://www.rocketsoftware.com/products/rocket-bluezone-terminal-emulation )
Usage

No custom requirements
IBM Personal Communications
Prerequisites
IBM Personal Communications (http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/pcomm )
Usage

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Only profile mode supported. The profile file must be located in the IBM Personal
Communications profile folder. Default is „C:\Users\\AppData\Roaming\IBM\Personal
Communications‟
Using IBM EHLL standard

One may choose to connect to a terminal using IBM EHLL standard. This is an advanced
type of connection and specific information regarding EHLL implementation need to be
provided. Depending on the EHLL implementation, some features could not be available
(like field color).
One can only attach to an existing terminal session using this method.

Prerequisites
An emulator that implements the EHLLAPI standard
Usage

The terminal emulator window should be opened before the connection (see
the Application Specifics chapter below)

 In connection dialog the path to the DLL implementing the EHLLAPI standard must be
specified
 The EHLL function should be changed accordingly (usually is „hllapi‟)
 The session name should be the session short name of the previously opened connection
 The Show client application has no effect

Application specifics
IBM implementation

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The EHLLAPI implementation dll is „pcshll32.dll‟; default, it is located in „C:\Program Files

(x86)\IBM\Personal Communications‟.
Attachmate Extra

The EHLLAPI implementation .dll is pcshll32.dll; default, it is located in C:\Program Files

(x86)\Attachmate\EXTRA!.
Requirements/limitations:

 In Attachmate Extra application, one must associate a session short name letter with a
profile file (Options -> Global Preferences -> Advanced -> HLLAPI shortname); this letter
will be used in terminal session connection dialog (UiPath Studio)
 The session must NOT be started when connecting from UiPath Studio

Micro Focus Rumba

The EHLLAPI implementation dll is ehlapi32.dll‟; default, it is located in „C:\Program Files
(x86)\Micro Focus\RUMBA\System‟. The Ehll Enhanced checkbox should be unchecked.
Requirements/limitations:

 In Micro Focus Rumba Desktop application one must associate a session short name letter
(Options -> API… -> Identification ->Session Short Name). Also, must check the classic
HLLAPI data structure (Options -> API… -> Configuration -> Classic HLLAPI data
structure).

4.5. Using UiPath implementation

This is a custom implementation and it requires the address of the server and the terminal
type.

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