UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

COMBAT ENGINEER INSTRUCTION COMPANY

MARINE CORPS ENGINEER SCHOOL
PSC BOX 20069
CAMP LEJEUNE, NORTH CAROLINA 28542-0069

LESSON PLAN

FELL STANDING TIMBER

C-14A08

BASIC COMBAT ENGINEER COURSE

CID M031302

REVISED 04/18/2006

APPROVED BY _______________________________ DATE _________

 C-14A08

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Ensure classroom and presentation are set up for instruction. Place name
placard and class placard on dry erase board.

(ON CAG 1)

INTRODUCTION (4
MIN)

1. GAIN ATTENTION. Combat engineers never know when they will be called
upon to build obstacles from logs, clear wooded areas for a bivouac site, or
even put in a chain of culverts. These types of jobs call for removal of
timber. These missions can be completed easier and can be done faster with
the right type of tools. One of these tools is the gas-powered chain saw.
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2. OVERVIEW. The purpose of this period of instruction is to provide you

with the knowledge needed to fell standing timber and operate the gas powered
chain saw.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Introduce learning objectives.

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

a. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

(1) Provided a mission, an area of standing timber, appropriate hand

tools, chain saw, and references, demonstrate the techniques used to fell
standing timber to meet mission requirements, without injury to personnel or
damage to equipment, per the references. (1371.01.13)

(2) Provided a mission, an area of standing timber, appropriate hand

tools, chain saw, and references, cut timber to size to meet mission
requirements, utilizing proper tools, techniques, and procedures while
observing safety precautions per the references. (1371.01.14)

b. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

(1) Without the aid of references, provided a mission to fell

standing timber and a pioneer tool kit, select appropriate pioneer tools to
satisfy the mission requirements per the references. (1371.01.13a)

(2) Without the aid of references, provided a mission, an area of

standing timber and appropriate pioneer tools, demonstrate the techniques
used to fell standing timber to meet mission requirements, without injury to
personnel or damage to equipment per the references. (1371.01.13b)

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(3) Without the aid of references, provided a mission to fell

standing timber and an area of standing timber, state, orally, the factors
that determine where a tree will fall per the references. (1371.01.13c)

(4) Without the aid of references, provided a chain saw, identify the
components of the chain saw per the references. (1371.01.13d)
(5) Without the aid of references, provided a mission to fell
standing timber, a chain saw, and safety devices, state, orally, safety
procedures used while operating a chain saw per the references. (1371.01.13e)

(6) Without the aid of references, provided a chain saw, an SL-3 tool
bag, fuel, and oil, perform pre-operation check of the chain saw per the
references. (1371.01.13f)

(7) Without the aid of references, while performing pre-operation

check of the chain saw, state, orally the procedure to adjust chain tension
per the references. (1371.01.13g)

(8) Without the aid of references while performing pre-operation

check of the chain saw, state, orally the procedure to check brake function
per the references. (1371.01.13h)

(9) Without the aid of references provided a chain saw, state,

orally, the procedure to set the choke on the chain saw per the references.
(1371.01.13i)

(10) Without the aid of references, provided a chain saw, and safety
devices, operate the chain saw without injury to personnel or damage to
equipment per the references. (1371.01.13j)

(11) Without the aid of references, provided a mission, an area of

standing timber and a chain saw, demonstrate the techniques used to fell
standing timber to meet mission requirements, without injury to personnel or
damage to equipment per the references. (1371.01.13k)

(12) Without the aid of references, provided pioneer tools, and a

piece of timber, as a member of a team, cut timber to size utilizing proper
tools, techniques, and procedures while observing safety precautions per the
references. (1371.01.14a)

(13) Without the aid of references, provided a chain saw, and a piece
of timber, cut timber to size utilizing proper tools, techniques, and
procedures while observing safety precautions per the references.
(1371.01.14b)

4. METHOD AND MEDIA. I will teach this period of instruction by informal

lecture, aided with the use of computer generated graphics, demonstration,
application and with the aid of the gasoline powered chain saw.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Explain Instructional Rating Forms to the students.

5. EVALUATION. There will be a performance exam at the conclusion of this

period of instruction in accordance with the training schedule.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Inform students that prior to the Demonstration and Practical Application,
a complete safety/cease training criteria brief will be administered. Due
to the technical nature of the brief, the class must be taught first for
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the brief to make sense.
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6. SAFETY/CEASE TRAINING CRITERIA. Any student can deem cease training (CT)
if personnel are in danger. Student will notify the Instructor of safety
violations. CT may be called by either a student or an instructor:

a. When a student or instructor expresses concern for personal safety.

b. When a student or instructor requires relief from pain, heat stress,
or other serious physical discomfort.

c. When the procedures/requirements need further explanation.

d. In cases of potential damage to equipment.

e. Following a CT call, the situation shall be examined and additional

safety controls shall be put in place to allow for the resumption of
training. The following are mishaps that may occur, and all instructors and
students need to be aware of them at all times.

- Incorrect Saw Preparation:

-Chain creeps around the throttle application
-Engine stalls, does not tick over

- Incorrect Chain Tension:

-Too Tight
-Too Slack

- Incorrect Chain Maintenance.

- Incorrect Stance.

- Poor Cutting Performance.

- Guide Bar Is Not Being Maintained.

- Spark Plug Is Malfunctioning.

- Recoil Starter Mechanism Is Malfunctioning.

- Incorrect Fuel Mix.

- Malfunctioning Chain Brake Mechanism.

- Training Conditions Not Met: PPE, Corpsman, Safety Vehicle.

- Loss Of Communication.

- High winds.

- Trapped saw:
-Tension — found on outside edge of strained timber and when cut into the
cut opens
-Compression — found on the inside edge of strained timber and when cut
into the cut closes

- Improper Cuts.

- Stalled Tree.

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- Hung Tree:

-Tree lodges on another tree

The signs for CT may be called by either a student or an instructor by:

a. Yelling “Cease Training.”

b. Using the universal sign for distress, waving the arms overhead at
the same time. The primary instructor is the only person authorized to
resume training.

TRANSITION: Are there any questions about what we’re going to cover and how
it will be covered? Are there any questions about the exam? Let's start off
by discussing various components of the chain saw.
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(ON CAG #2)

BODY (9 HR 30 MIN)

1. CHAIN SAW. (50 Min)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Point out each item as it is discussed.

(ON CAG #3)

a. General Components.

(1) Oilamatic Chain. A loop of chain having cutters, tie straps, and
drive links.

(2) Guide Bar. Supports and guides the saw chain.

(3) Guide Bar Nose. The exposed end of the guide bar.

(4) Bumper Spike. Toothed stops for holding saw steady against wood.

(5) Chain Brake. A device that will stop the rotation of the chain,
when activated in a kickback situation, by the operator's hand or inertia.

(6) Front Handle. Handle bar for the left hand at front of saw.

(7) Front Hand Guard. Provides protection against protruding

branches and helps prevent the left hand from touching the chain if it slips
off the handle bar.

(ON CAG #4)

(8) Spark Plug Terminal. Connects the spark plug with the ignition
wire.

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(9) Twist Lock. Lock for carburetor box cover.

(ON CAG #5)

(10) Chain Tension Adjustment Screw. Permits precise adjustment of

chain tension.

(ON CAG #6)

(11) Rear Handle. The support handle for the right hand, located at
or toward the rear of the saw.

(12) Rear Hand Guard. Gives added protection to operator's hand.

(13) Chain Catcher. Helps reduce the risk of operator contact by a
chain when it breaks or comes off the bar.

(ON CAG #7)

(14) Chain Sprocket. The toothed wheel that drives the saw chain.

(ON CAG #8)

(15) Chain Sprocket Cover. Covers the clutch and the sprocket.

(ON CAG #9)

(16) Master Control Lever. Lever for choke control, starting

throttle, run and stop switch position.

(ON CAG #10)

(17) Throttle Trigger Interlock. Must be depressed before the

throttle trigger can be activated.

(18) Throttle Trigger. Located on the rear handle. Controls the speed
of the engine.

(ON CAG #11)

(19) Chain Guard (Scabbard). Covers the bar and the chain when the
saw is not in use.

(20) Muffler. Reduces engine exhausts noise and directs the exhaust
gases.

(21) Starter Grip. The grip of the starter for starting the engine.

(22) Oil Filler Cap. For closing the oil tank.

(23) Fuel Filler Cap. For closing the fuel tank.

(24) Handle Heating Switch. For switching the electric handle heating
on and off. (Not used by the Marine Corps)

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(ON CAG #12)

INTERIM TRANSITION: Up to now, we’ve discussed the chain saw and its
components. Are there any questions? Q: What is the toothed wheel that drives
the saw chain? A: The Chain Sprocket. Let's discuss the fuel requirements for
the chain saw.
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(ON CAG #13)

b. Fuel Requirements.

(1) Use unleaded 87 octane or higher gasoline with which many types
of oil can be mixed.

(2) If possible, use a high quality two-cycle motor oil;

approximately 2.5 ounces of two-cycle oil per gallon of gas. Two-cycle oil is
sometimes dispensed in individual containers specifically designed for one
gallon of gas. When using two-cycle oil, mix one part oil with 50 parts
gasoline (50:1). If two-cycle oil is not available, SAE 30 wt. or SAE 40 wt.
can be used in the mix.

(3) When using 40 wt. or heavier oil, mix one part oil with 32 parts
gasoline (32:l).

(4) When using 30-wt. oil, mix one part oil with 16 parts gasoline
(16:1).

(ON CAG #14)

(5) Mix Ratio Table:

Gasoline 32:1 (SAE 40 or heavier) 16:1 (SAE 30)

1 gallon 1/4 pint 1/2 pint

2 gallons 1/2 pint 1 pint

3 gallons 3/4 pint 1 1/2 pints

4 gallons 1 pint 2 pints

5 gallons 1 1/4 pints 2 1/2 pints

(ON CAG #15)

(6) Measure the exact amounts of oil and gasoline required and pour
into a clean, safety approved fuel can. The oil provides lubrication for the
internal components of the saw and allows it to run at a cooler temperature.
If the oil/gas mixture is not correct, the saw may not start; additionally,
the improper mixture may cause the engine to overheat and seize.

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(7) Never mix fuel and oil directly in the gas tank of the saw. Due
to the octane in the gas, fuel mix does not last very long. Ensure that you
make a batch of mix that will last only a few months or for the job at hand.
Remember to keep the lid on tight while not in use. Foreign debris (i.e.
dirt, bits of plastic) and water condensation can cause damage to the saw
engine resulting in the possible loss of the equipment due to negligence.

(ON CAG #16)

c. Chain Oil Requirements.

(1) Chain oil for 50-104 degrees, use 30 wt.

(a) 14-49 degrees, use 20 wt.

(b) 13 degrees or less, use 10 wt.

(2) On chain saws with an automatic oiler, fill the chain oil
reservoir every time the engine is fueled. Do not use the saw if the oil
reservoir is empty; damage to the chain bar will occur, not allowing the
chain to turn freely.

(3) On chain saws with a manual oilier, fill the chain oil reservoir
every time the engine is fueled also, but you must check it frequently,
especially when the manual oilier is used extensively. Lack of oil in the
reservoir will result in damage to the chain bar.

(ON CAG #17)

d. Sharpening.

(1) Files. Different saws use different size saw chains. Ensure that
prior to sharpening your saw that you acquire the correct size round file to
sharpen with. Using the incorrect file can wear out the chain cutters,
resulting in a warped or improper cut. The file must be held at least one-
fifth of the file’s diameter above the cutter’s top plate and moved in an
outward motion with the angle of the cutters. Never file the cutters in a
back and forth motion, this motion does more damage to the cutters and wastes
cutter material. Keep your hands level while filing and maintain the correct
top plate angle by keeping filing angle parallel with your chain. File one
side of the chain, then the other.

(2) When to Sharpen. Sharpen the chain when you notice the pulp (the
cut wood that exits below the chain sprocket cover) is a fine sawdust, the
angle of cut is more diagonal than perpendicular to the wood you are cutting
or if it just doesn’t cut wood. If it is noticed that no wood is being cut
when you begin, ensure that the chain is on the bar chain correctly with the
cutters pointing in the right direction.

(3) Chain Unserviceability. The chain is unserviceable if the

following are noticed:

(a) There are any cracks in the metal. Added heat, time and
pressure could cause it to break and become a flying hazard.

(b) If the chain is bent to the point that it will not fit in the
chain bar guide properly without causing additional damage to the saw.

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(c) If more than 3 consecutive cutters are missing due to filing

or normal breakage. Replace the links in the chain or replace the chain
altogether to ensure the best results.

INTERIM TRANSITION: Now that you are familiar with the parts of the chain saw
and its fuel and oil requirements, are there any questions? Q: When using 30
weight oil, trying to get a 16:1 mix ratio with one gallon of gas, how much
oil should be used? A: 1/2 pint. If there are no further questions, let's
discuss pre-operation inspections, starting and operating procedures for the
chain saw.
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(ON CAG #18)

e. General Pre-Operation Inspection.

(1) Clear the area where you intend to start the saw of any possible
hazards.

(2) Check fuel and chain oil level visually.

(3) Check the chain to ensure that it is on the sprocket assembly at

the back of the saw. Make sure that there are no kinks and ensure that it is
set in the bar properly. The chain should have all the teeth on the top of
the bar facing toward the nose of the bar.

(4) Check the bar at the rear of the saw to ensure that the slot on
the bar is seated on the adjustment notch under the sprocket cover. Also
check the track of the bar to ensure that it is not bent and has no
obstructions in it.

(5) Adjust the chain tension. Adjusting the chain tension will vary
from saw to saw. On the majority of chain saws, you first have to loosen the
sprocket cover and find the adjustment screw, which is usually located on the
side of the chain saw towards the front of the saw to the left of the bar.
Insert a screwdriver to the adjustment screw. Turn the screw clockwise until
the chain reaches a tightness where it can only be pulled high enough off the
bar to fit a dime (on edge) between the chain and the bar. Proper tension of
the chain is crucial so the chain doesn’t jump the bar chain track and cause
injury. If the chain is stretched to where it will not tighten to the proper
tension, do not use the chain. In this circumstance, personnel qualified to
perform this task must shorten the chain or a new chain will be used.

(6) Ensure the chain is properly sharpened and seated in the chain
bar guide.

(ON CAG #19)

(7) Pull out the starting cord and check for excessive worn frays or
broken cord.

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(8) Check the choke, if that model has a choke. Some chain saws have
warm and cold start. Pull the choke out to ensure that it works.

(9) Check the trigger. The trigger ensures that gas goes to the
engine. Newer chainsaws have a safety interlock switch above the trigger
handle as a safety mechanism. Push down on the interlock prior to squeezing
the trigger.

(10) Put on safety equipment (Helmet, Chaps, Ear, Face, Eye and Hand
protection).

(11) Engage the chain brake.

(ON CAG #20)

f. Starting and Operating the Chain Saw.

(1) Keep left arm on the front handle in a locked (straight)

position.

(2) Starting on ground level, hold the saw firmly on the ground with
your left hand on the handlebar, place your right foot on the rear of the
handle, press down, and move the Master Control Lever into the “start”
position.

(3) With the chain break on, pull the starter grip slowly with your
right hand until you feel the starter engage, then give the grip a brisk,
strong pull. The starter rope must not be pulled out more than 70 cm (about
28 in) as it might otherwise break. Do not let the starter grip snap back.
Guide it slowly into the housing so that the starter rope can rewind
properly.

(4) Repeat step (3) until the saw begins to run. If starting from
cold, set the choke to open position prior to cranking.

(ON CAG #21)

(ON CAG #22)

(5) As soon as the engine is running, immediately squeeze the

throttle trigger to disengage it from the starting throttle position. The
Master Control lever moves from the start position to its normal operating
position and the engine runs at idle speed. Damage may be caused to the
clutch if the engine is not immediately returned to idle speed.

(6) Disengage the chain brake before starting work by pulling the
hand guard back toward the handlebar.

(ON CAG #23

(7) Stop the engine by moving the Master Control lever to "STOP".

(ON CAG #24)

g. Safety Precautions Universal to Gasoline Powered Chain Saws.

(1) While in the Marine Corps, you will come in contact with a wide
variety of chain saws, ranging from Poulans to Stihls. All of these chain
saws have different safety features and functions, but a majority of these

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features and functions remain universal. Prior to operating any chain saw,
always read the operator's manual. The manual will cover any specifics
concerning that particular chain saw.

(2) Do not operate a chain saw when you are fatigued. BE ALERT!
Tiredness may result in loss of control and an accident.

(3) Wear proper clothing. Always wear gloves, goggles, chaps, hearing
protection and helmet. Avoid loose-fitting jackets, scarves, neckties,
jewelry or anything that could become entangled with the chain or material
being cut.

(4) Never modify a chain saw in any way.

(5) Always set the saw on the deck, engage the brake, and stop the
engine. Remember - DECK, BRAKE, OFF.

(ON CAG #25)

(6) Avoid touching the hot muffler!

(7) Always make sure the hex nuts for the sprocket cover are
tightened securely during operation and after tightening the chain. Inspect
frequently as they may vibrate loose.

(8) Never start the saw with the sprocket cover loose. If it loosens
while cutting, shut off the engine and tighten it.

(9) Never try to tighten the chain while the engine is running.

(ON CAG #26)

(10) Fueling: Do not smoke or bring any fire or flame near the fuel.
Fuel the chain saw outdoors only. Always shut off the engine and allow it to
cool before refueling. Tighten the fuel cap after filling to avoid spilling
and risk of fire.

(11) Do not drop start: This method is very dangerous because you may
lose control of the saw when starting. Place the saw on firm ground or other
solid surface, in an open area, clear of possible hazards such as rocks or
sticks.

(12) Do not use a saw with incorrect idle speed adjustment. At

correct idle speed, the chain should not rotate.

(13) Always hold the chain saw firmly with both hands when the engine
is running.

(ON CAG #27)

(14) Do not operate the chain saw with the starting throttle lock
engaged. This will not permit the operator proper control of the saw or
chain speed.

(15) Do not cut any material other than wood. Watch for nails and
screws in the material as they could damage the chain.

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(16) In order to keep control of your saw, always maintain a firm

foothold. Never work a chainsaw while on a ladder, in a tree or on any other
unsecured support.

(17) Never use the saw above shoulder height.

(18) Avoid kickback. Kickback occurs when the upper quadrant of the
bar nose contacts a solid object or is pinched. This may fling the bar up
and back in an uncontrolled arc. Under some circumstances the bar moves
towards the operator, who may suffer severe or fatal injury. To avoid
kickback:

(a) Hold the chain saw firmly with both hands.

(b) Be aware of the location of the guide bar nose at all times.

(c) Never let the nose of the guide bar come in contact with any
object, or cut limbs with the nose of the guide bar. Be especially careful
when cutting small, tough limbs, small size brush and saplings that may
easily catch the chain.

(d) Don't over reach or cut above shoulder height. Move to a

better location.

(e) Begin cutting and continue at full throttle.

(f) Cut only one log at a time.

(g) Use extreme caution when reentering a previous cut.

(h) Be alert to shifting of the log or other forces that may

cause the cut to close and pinch the chain.

(i) Cut with a correctly sharpened, properly tensioned chain at

all times.

(j) Stand to the side of the cutting path of the chain saw.

(19) Pull-in occurs when the chain on the bottom of the bar is
suddenly stopped. The reaction of the chain pulls the saw forward and may
cause the operator to lose control. Pull-in frequently occurs when the
bumper spike of the saw is not held securely against the tree or limb and
when the chain is not rotating at full speed before it enters the wood. To
avoid pull-in:

(a) Always start a cut with the chain at full speed and the
bumper spike in contact with the wood.

(b) Use plastic wedges if available to open the cut where the
chain may be pinched. In the case of bucking trees that have been felled, and
a pinch of the chain has occurred, use the wedge to dislodge the saw. Once
the cut has continued, remove the wedge so that the wedge does not fall into
the chain.

(ON CAG #28)

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TRANSITION: Are there any questions concerning the starting/stopping

procedures on the chain saw? Q: Prior to turning the saw off, what is the
ditty to remember? A: Deck, Break, Off. Let’s take a break, and when we come
back we’ll discuss additional tools and their uses.
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(BREAK – 10 MIN)

(ON CAG #29)

2. TOOLS ASSOCIATED WITH FELL STANDING TIMBER. (20 Min) Prior to felling a
tree, you should clear away all brush and low hanging branches. This can be
accomplished by using the following land clearing tools that are contained in
the pioneer tool kit.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Point out and explain the operation and purpose of each tool/equipment
as it is discussed. Explain how to properly wear all components of the
tree/pole climbers set and the different types of gaffs. Additionally,
explain the execution and safety hazards in climbing.

a. Adz. (2 EA)

(1) Description. The adz resembles an ax of which the edge of the

blade is at a right angle to the handle. It has a curved (or arched) steel
head, attached by its eye to a handle that is curved to give balance and to
provide the proper angle for cutting.

(2) Uses. The adz can be used like an ax for taking bark off trees
and logs.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Clean the adz by using an abrasive such as
emery cloth steel wool or a steel brush if it becomes rusty. Keep the adz in
the pioneer kit when not in use. Oil the head and paint the head with the
exception of the cutting edge. Check the wedges in the head and also check to
see if the handle needs water soak to counter wood shrinkage.

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(4) Safety. When using the adz, watch for the location of others
around your work site. The sharp edges of the blade can cause serious damage
to personnel not paying attention. If the head should become loose, the adz
is considered unserviceable and must be repaired or replaced before using.
Never swing an adz with a loose head. Report this condition to the tool room
NCO. Recommend using gloves when sharpening the blade to keep from cuts to
hands.

b. Brush Hook. (2 EA)

(1) Description. The brush hook is a strap-eye type of blade with an

11 3/4 inch long cutting edge connected to an ax type handle.

(2) Uses. The brush hook is used to cut brush and briars.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Use steel wool emery cloth or a steel
brush to clean the brush hook and put it away with a light coat or oil. Also,
before storage, check for nut and bolt tightness and blade to handle
tightness.

(4) Safety. When swinging the blade, watch for bystanders. Ensure
you have a safe swing area while cutting. When sharpening the blade, wear
gloves to prevent cutting of the hands.

c. Single Bit Ax. (12 EA)

(1) Description. The single bit ax has a 4 pound head. The blade is
7 1/2 inches long, 4 3/4 inches wide, and has a tapered hammer side.

(2) Uses. The single bit ax can be used for many different tasks,
e.g., clearing small brush, clearing limbs off trees, felling trees, and
driving wedges.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Clean the ax with steel wool, emery cloth,
or a steel brush. Check the wedges in the head and also check to see if the
handle needs water soak to counter wood shrinkage. Sharpen the blade and
remove any nicks then paint the head to prepare it for storage. Store it
with a light coat of oil to prevent rust.

(4) Safety. When using the ax, watch for the location of others
around your work site. The sharp edges of the blade can cause serious damage
to personnel not paying attention. If the head should become loose, the ax is
considered unserviceable and must be repaired or replaced before using. Never
swing an ax with a loose head. Report this condition to the tool room NCO.
Recommend using gloves when sharpening the blade to keep from cuts to hands.

d. Timber Wedges.

(1) Description. The timber wedge is a steel or plastic tool. One

end of the wedge is slightly fan shaped and sharpened to a dull edge while
the other is squared off to furnish a flat surface, which a sledge hammer or
single blade ax can strike when driving the wedge into the log.

(2) Uses. Used with a sledge, primarily to split logs and timber.
When sawing timber or thick lumber, it may be used to spread the kerf, or
sawed cut, so the saw will not bind.

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(3) Maintenance and Care. File the chisel end to keep sharp and use
a light coat of oil before storage.

(4) Safety. Wear helmet and goggles while using wedges. Watch your
eyes and face when using the wedges. They can be launched at high rates of
speed when used with the sledgehammer or single bit ax. After many uses, the
edges may have burrs or splinters on them that could get lodged in the skin
or cause minor cuts.

e. Rigid Handle Machete. (6 EA)

(1) Description. The spring steel blade is 18 inches long, 2 1/4

inches wide with a 5 39/64 inch long handle, class I size.

(2) Uses. To be used to cut small brush and limbs of trees while
clearing land.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Nicks and dulled cutting edge should be
removed with rounded, smooth file, sharpening from both sides. Use steel wool
to clean it and put a light coat of oil on it before storing.

(4) Safety. When using the machete, watch for the location of others
around your work site. The sharp edges of the blade can cause serious damage
to personnel not paying attention. Recommend using gloves when sharpening the
blade to keep from cuts to hands. When not in use, store the machete in the
carrying case for added protection.

(ON CAG #30)

f. Tree and Pole Climber's Set. (1 EA) Situations may arise when it will
be required to remove lower limbs that are out of normal safe operating
distances. To accomplish this task, the use of the tree/pole climbers set
will be required.

(1) Description. The tree and pole climber's set has an adjustable
support bar, 14'1/4” to 19’1/4” long, with leather pads and straps to connect
to the climber's legs.

(2) Uses. The climber's set is used to climb trees and poles.

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(3) Maintenance and Care. Use saddle soap to clean and lubricate the
pads and straps, and use steel wool to clean dirt off the climber’s set. Put
away with a light coat of oil on metal parts and surfaces.

(4) Safety. The spikes of the pole climbers set can be dangerous if
you trip and fall. While descending, take your time so that you don’t slip
and jab your calf or foot with the spike. Ensure the climbers set is taken
off directly after you are done so you don’t trip.

g. Industrial Safety Belt. (1 EA)

(1) Description. The safety belt is an adjustable leather belt that

has loops in which to carry tools. It also has two D rings fastened to it
for holding the safety strap.

(2) Uses. To carry tools and hook on to the safety strap.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Keep leather items soft and supple by
occasionally applying foot oil. Also examine all stitching frequently and
repair immediately if needed. Always inspect D ring on the safety belt and
snap-hooks of the safety strap.

(4) Safety. Tighten the belt as you need it to ensure a good fit. If
the belt needs repair, don’t use it.

h. Industrial Safety Strap. (1 EA)

(1) Description. It is 70 inches long, 2 inches wide, leather and

has D ring hooks on each end that snap onto the safety belt.

(2) Uses. To fit around a tree or pole to stabilize a person while

he performs whatever work is necessary.

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(3) Maintenance and Care. Use saddle soap to clean and lubricate the
straps, and use steel wool to clean the set of climbers. Put away with a
light coat of oil on metal parts and surfaces.

(4) Safety. Ensure strap is free of cuts, wears and tears. Ensure
the D rings don’t have cracks in the metal. If the straps are unserviceable,
don’t use them.

i. Fiber Rope.

(1) Description. 3 Strand, twisted right/left lay, mildew resistant.

Unit of issue 300’ coils.

(2) Unit of Issue.

(a) Rope 1.5 inches circumference, 2650 lb. min breaking

strength.

(b) Rope 2.25 inches circumference, 5400 lb. min breaking

strength.

(c) Rope 3 inches circumference, 9000 lb. min breaking strength.

(3) Types of Rope. Manila, Sisal, Nylon.

(4) Uses. Used with block and tackle set for heavy lifting.
(5) Maintenance and Care. Store in a cool dry place. Keep clean,
dirt free and dry when not in use. Rope management is a necessity. If there
are any frays or breaks in the cords, replace the rope.

(6) Safety. When stretching out the rope, ensure the rope is laid
out continuously. Kinks in the rope can cause persons to be tripped up or
caught in the rope, pulling them in the direction of the falling tree.

(ON CAG #31)

j. Winch.

(1) Description. A stationary motor driven or hand powered machine

used for hoisting or hauling, having a drum around which is wound a chain
attached to the load being moved.

(2) Uses. Attached to adjacent trees, it can be used to fell snagged

or hung trees that are too dangerous to cut due to safety or can pull logs to
a position where bucking and limbing can be conducted.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Store in a dry place. Keep clean and dirt
free. If rust appears on the housing, use steel wool or a wire brush to clean
it off. Lubricate cable by fully extending it and applying a coat of grease,
then rewind. If a cable breaks, replace the cable.

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(4) Safety. Helmet will be worn while using winch. While winching
the tree, the cables can become very tight. Keep hands and feet clear of the
cable prior to and during winching operations. If a cable snaps during
operation, injury may occur; all personnel other than the operator should
remain away a distance equal to the amount of cable deployed. Also, be aware
of cable burrs that are caused after continuous use. The burrs can puncture
the skin and may need to be removed medically.

k. Chain.

(1) Description. Single leg, open linked chain, welded with 4 inch
ring at one end and a grab hook at the other; 14 feet long with 20,000 lb.
breaking strength.

(2) Uses. To move or tie down heavy objects.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Apply a light coat of oil and store in
tool box when not in use.

(4) Safety. Watch for body parts that could get pinched while
connecting the chain to the tree or to other chains.

l. Peavey.

(1) Description. The peavey has a hook, ½” x 1” and 10 ½” long and a

54 inch long handle.

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(2) Uses. To move logs and small trees during timber operations.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Lightly oil all metal parts and lightly
linseed oil the wooden handle.

(4) Safety. The pointed tip of the peavey can cause serious damage
to persons if they are unaware of its location. Body parts can also get
pinched where the bar spike pivots at the joint. Ensure all tools are placed
back in the pioneer kit when not in use.

m. Timber Carrier.

(1) Description. The timber carrier has a four foot handle with a
set of chisel bill hooks in the center. This tool requires two men per
carrier.

(2) Uses. Designed to assist in carrying timber and logs. Primarily

used during and after bucking operations. This tool provides a means to move
timbers manually to get a better angle while cutting.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Use a wire brush or steel wool to clean
the carrier, then put a light coat of oil on the hooks. Put linseed oil on
the handle to prevent the wood from drying out.

(4) Safety. Use caution when lifting with the timber carrier. Bend
at the knees to avoid back injury. Hands and body parts can be pinched in the
joints where the log spikes pivot. Use caution.

n. Mechanical Logging Equipment.

(1) Description. Motorized workforce outside of manual labor.

(2) Uses. Use dozers or other heavy equipment to push over, load,
haul or pick-up timber. Specifically used when moving timber long distances,
or as a means to fell a lodged tree. Lodged, or hung, trees pose one of the
most serious safety situations associated with tree felling, and is discussed
in depth under paragraph 3.g.(4) of this outline.

(3) Maintenance and Care. Qualified maintenance personnel must

maintain this equipment in accordance with the appropriate technical manuals.

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(4) Safety. Do not maneuver around the work site where heavy
equipment is working. Machinery can cause debris to fly and logs to move and
roll unexpectedly. If possible, provide a ground guide while moving heavy
equipment from place to place. Once at the work location, the ground guide
should move to a location of safety, not closer than two times the height of
the tree. (Ex: 40 Foot standing tree = minimum of 80 feet from base of tree
on the ground). When employed in felling operations, the bulldozer must be
equipped with a cage or FOPS (Falling Object Protective System) to protect
the operator.

(ON CAG #32)

TRANSITION: There are many tools associated with timber cutting. Are there
any questions concerning the different tools, equipment and their uses? Q:
What tool is used to assist the operator in climbing trees. A: Tree and Pole
Climber’s Set. Let’s discuss the fundamentals of felling standing timber.
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

(ON CAG #33)

3. FUNDAMENTALS OF FALLING STANDING TIMBER. (35 Min)

a. Factors in Falling a Tree. First, look to nature when felling trees.

Determine the wind strength and direction. Next, evaluate the tree that you
are about to fell. Consider the following when felling a tree.

(1) Wind. Wind can help OR hinder a felling operation. Wind can help
the tree to fall in a desired direction if it is blowing in the same
direction as the direction of fall. High wind in any direction can cause a
dangerous accident. If the tree you are felling is leaning or blowing back
and forth due to the wind, it is best to avoid felling it at that time. Wait
for better wind conditions to proceed.

(ON CAG #34)

(ON CAG #35)

(2) Natural Lean. Windy areas, growing on a hillside or uneven

irrigation can cause a tree to lean to a side. Whenever possible, trees
should be felled in the direction that they are leaning.

(ON CAG #36)

(3) Balance of the Tree. Windy areas or uneven irrigation can cause
the branches to grow much heavier on one side than on the other. Though the
tree may not lean in that direction, the tree’s balance may cause it to fall
toward the heavier side. Whenever possible, trees should be felled toward the
heavier side of the tree.

(ON CAG #37)

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(4) Condition of the Trunk; Sound, Hollow or Rotten. Hollow or

rotten trunks can allow the tree to fall before the cuts are completed. When
this happens, it creates a very dangerous situation as the tree falls at an
unexpected time and the tree may not fall in the desired direction. Great
caution should be taken when felling trees with rotten or hollow trunks, or
they should be felled mechanically whenever possible.

(ON CAG #38)

(5) Dead Limbs. Dead limbs break off much easier than live limbs.
These broken limbs can become widow makers or can be thrown back. When
possible, remove dead limbs prior to felling, and ALWAYS use another Marine
as a spotter during felling operations.

(ON CAG #39)

b. Direction of Fall.

(1) Factors to consider.

(a) Location. Examine the tree’s location. Look to see how close
it is to adjacent trees. If the trees are all bunched up, it may make it more
difficult to fell the tree without starting at another location first and
working back toward the intended tree. Avoid felling a tree into another
tree. This causes unpredictable risks and serious injury may occur.

(b) Lean of the Tree. The way the tree grows naturally.

1 If the tree lean is less than five degrees, it can be

felled in any direction. It is generally easier and safer to fell a tree in
the direction that it is already leaning. This makes for a cleaner fall and
eliminates the need to use wedges, allowing gravity to do the work.

(ON CAG #40)

2 If the lean is more than five degrees, the tree can be
felled up to 45 degrees right or left of the lean.
(c) Clear Fall Path. Along with a clear landing, this is the
most important factor in deciding what direction to fell a tree. Visualize
the fall path in all directions that are free of other trees. Finding a clear
path will minimize lodged trees, throwback and damage to surrounding trees to
include the tree being felled.

(ON CAG #41)

(d) Slope of the Hill. If possible, do not fall a tree straight

up a steep slope. As the tree strikes the ground, it may bounce back over
the stump or to either side. Since tree action is impossible to predict, the
faller will have difficulty finding a safe place to watch the tree’s fall.
If the tree falls at a 45 degree angle on either side of an uphill slope, the
faller can seek safety on the uphill side of the stump with less risk. Any
other angle of fall could be risky to the faller.

(e) Ease of Removal. When possible, fell the tree so the butt
faces the direction in which you intend to move the tree. Also, fell the tree
consistent with the felling pattern of other trees. This also makes for
efficient limbing and removal.

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(f) Clearing the Area. Once the tree has been evaluated and the
direction of fall has been determined, clear away all underbrush and low
hanging branches that could affect your movement while felling the tree.
Again, ensure that you have a clear escape path. There should be no debris in
the area that would cause you to trip or fall.

(2) Safety Precautions Particular to Direction of Fall.

(a) Throwbacks. Limbs and debris that are launched in any

direction, to include the operator’s, as a result of felling a tree. If
possible, avoid felling into other trees or onto objects that can be launched
toward the operator. ALWAYS use another Marine to spot for you. Never turn
your back on the tree as it falls, and look up as you escape along the
retreat path.

(b) Widow Makers. Broken off limbs that are hanging freely in
the tree to be felled or in the trees close by. Avoid working underneath them
at any time. Use a rope or machine to pull them down prior to beginning work.

(c) Snags. Standing dead trees, standing broken trees or

standing rotted trees are considered to be snags. If they pose a hazard, fell
them with caution before tending to the intended tree. If the snag has to be
brought down, it is recommended that a machine (i.e dozer with a cage, or
winch) be used to bring it down. If you do not have a machine or the manpower
to bring down the tree, you should avoid the tree by at least two tree
lengths for additional safety.

(ON CAG #42)

(d) Spring Poles. A tree, segment of a tree, limb or sapling

that is under stress or tension due to the pressure or weight of another
object.

Spring Pole

1 The safest way to release a spring pole is to shave a

sufficient amount of wood from the underside of the spring pole to allow the
wood fiber on the top side to release slowly.

2 To decide the optimum point of spring pole release,

determine a straight vertical line from the stump to where it meets a
straight horizontal line from the highest point of bend, and come down at a
45 degree angle from where the two lines intersect.

(ON CAG #43)

c. Escape Path.

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(1) Prior to cutting, you must plan and visualize your escape route
and clear a path of all saplings, shrubs, vines and brush BEFORE you begin
cutting.

(ON CAG #44)

(2) Direction of safe escape route should be:

(a) 45 degrees from the sides and opposite the intended direction
of fall.

(b) Never move away directly behind the tree, you can be
seriously hurt if the tree butt kicks back during the fall.

(ON CAG #45)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Have students evaluate escape route options using CAG 44.
(ON CAG #46)

(3) How to move to a safe area:

(a) Never turn your back on the falling tree.

(b) Walk quickly away to a safe distance outside of the danger

area. The distance away should be not less than 20 feet from the base of the
tree, opposite the direction of fall. The farther you are from the falling
tree, the safer you are.

(c) Position yourself behind a standing tree, outside of the

danger area, if possible. This will add some additional security from
falling/flying debris.

(ON CAG #47)

INTERIM TRANSITION: Are there any questions concerning the direction of fall
and the importance of the escape path? Q: What are 2 of the 5 factors you
must take into account when felling trees? A: Wind, Natural Lean, Balance,
Rotten or Hollow Trunk and Dead Limbs. Lets go ahead and discuss the 3 types
of cuts and notches.
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____

(ON CAG #48)

d. Types of Notches.

(1) There are 3 types of notches; The Open Face Notch, The
Conventional Notch and The Humboldt Notch. Each notch requires 3 cuts to
complete it and must be performed correctly, in proper sequence and safely.
See the below pictures for detail. The cuts differ slightly depending on the
type of notch that you are cutting. We will describe these cuts as they
relate to an Open Face Notch, the SAFEST, MOST ACCURATE and the ONLY NOTCH WE
WILL USE DURING TRAINING.

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INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Reiterate that the Open Faced Notch is the only one we’ll use when falling
at Courthouse Bay.

(ON CAG #49)

(a) The FIRST NOTCH we will discuss is the OPEN FACE NOTCH.

1 The FIRST CUT in an Open Face Notch is the TOP CUT.

a Begin the top cut at any height below chest level as

long as you allow enough room for the undercut.

b This cut should angle down at a 70 degree angle. Stop

when the cut reaches 1/4 to 1/3 of the trunk’s diameter

(ON CAG #50)

c Make this cut on the side of the tree that you want the
tree to fall toward.

d Keep a tight grip on the saw so the saw does not slip
off the side of the tree while making the first cut.

(ON CAG #51)

2 The SECOND CUT in an Open Face Notch is the BOTTOM CUT.

a Make a bottom cut to provide a notch to tip the tree on

its stump.

b The cut should be directly below the top cut, and

angled upward at approximately 20 degrees.

(ON CAG #52)

c Make this cut on the side of the tree that you want the
tree to fall toward.
d Great care must be taken to ensure that these undercuts
come out even and DO NOT PASS each other. Careful undercutting is essential
to control the direction of fall.

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e When cutting the bottom cut, the angle of the saw will
feel awkward being on its side. Adjust your grip so that you are in control
of the saw to prevent injury.

CORRECT INCORRECT

(ON CAG #53)

3 The THIRD CUT in an Open Face Notch is the BACK CUT.

a Make the back cut the same height as the corner of the
notch.

b Make the back cut on the opposite side of the intended

direction of fall.

c Make the cut horizontal, until 10 percent of the tree’s

diameter is left as holding (hinge) wood.

(ON CAG #54)

d Do not cut through to the undercut or the saw may be
kicked back when the tree falls. This is very dangerous. Use wedges (plastic
or steel) behind the saw to help tip the tree over.

e When cutting the back cut, the saw will be held

sideways and may feel awkward. Adjust your grip so that you are in control of
the saw to prevent injury.

(ON CAG #55)

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Open Face Top Cut Open Face Bottom Cut Open Face Back Cut

(ON CAG #56)

(b) The SECOND NOTCH we will discuss is the CONVENTIONAL NOTCH.

Begin the top cut at any height below chest level as long as you allow enough
room for the undercut. The angle of attack for the top (first) cut is
downward at an angle of 45 degrees. The ending point - stop when the cut
reaches 1/4 to 1/3 of the trunk’s diameter. The bottom cut is parallel to the
deck and intersects with the inner point of the top cut. The back cut should
be parallel to the deck and one inch above the bottom cut.

(ON CAG #57)

(c) The THIRD NOTCH we will discuss is the HUMBOLDT NOTCH. The
top (first) cut is made horizontally with no angle. Begin the top cut at any
height below chest level as long as you allow enough room for the undercut.
The ending point - stop when the cut reaches 1/4 to 1/3 of the trunk’s
diameter. The bottom cut is cut at a 45-degree angle upward to intersect
with the inner point of the top cut. The back cut should be parallel to the
deck and one inch above the top cut.

Open Face Notch Conventional Notch Humboldt Notch

(ON CAG #58)

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e. Hinge Dimensions. The hinge is the wood between the undercut and the
back cut. The purpose of the hinge is to provide sufficient wood to hold the
tree to the stump during the majority of the tree’s fall, and to guide the
tree’s fall in the intended direction. The position of the hinge will affect
the direction of fall. The size of the hinge is important to prevent
splitting, fiber pull, barber chairs, and other undesirables and unsafe
actions.

(1) Proper Hinge.

(a) Length. The length of the hinge should be 80% of the

diameter of the tree at chest level. For example: for a 12-inch diameter tree
the hinge should be 9.6 inches long (12 inches X 0.8).

(b) Width. The width of the hinge should be 10% of the diameter
of the tree at chest level. For example: for a 12-inch diameter tree, the
hinge should be 1.2 inches wide (12 inches X 0.1).

WIDTH: 10% of
Dia at Chest
Level LENGTH: 80% of Direction of fall
Dia at Chest
Level

(c) Direction. The hinge on a tree with no side lean should be

perpendicular to the intended direction of fall.

(ON CAG #59)

(2) Improper Hinge. The most common mistake is cutting any of the 3
types of cuts at an incorrect angle, resulting in the tree not falling
correctly. The proper hinge cut is crucial in allowing the tree to be felled
in the direction intended.
(ON CAG #60)

f. Irregular Tree Conditions.

(1) Leaning Trees. When a tree leans from the desired direction of
fall, you can change this direction a little by “holding a corner”.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
ILLUSTRATE HOLDING CORNER METHOD ON THE DRY ERASE BOARD

(ON CAG #61)

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(a) Holding Corner. To create a holding corner, make the back

cut closer to the undercut on the side toward the lean, and retain a little
more wood in the hinge on the side away from it. By holding a corner, you
can help tip the tree to an upright position so it will fall in the desired
direction.

(ON CAG #62)

(b) Wind can help in falling a tree in the desired direction;

however, it is not recommended as a means to rely on. Wind can cause the tree
to fall in an undesired direction if conditions are too rough.

(c) The tree can be wedged, pushed with a large pole or by a

tractor.

(d) The tree can be pulled to the ground by using a chain or

rope, a winch, or a tractor. Personnel must utilize caution! When pulling a
tree (winching it), making a back cut lower than the apex of the undercuts
serves to prevent the butt from kicking out and allows the tree to fall in
the direction in which it is being winched.

(e) For a heavy-leaning tree, to tip it in a direction other

than the one in which it would normally fall, attach a chain or cable high on
the trunk, above the notch. Once steadying pressure is exerted on the chain
or cable, continue with the back cut. As the tree begins to fall, using a
tractor or hand-operated come alongs, exert pull on the cable or chain in the
desired direction of fall. Beware of kickback.

(ON CAG #63)

(2) Rotten Trees.

(a) Cut high enough to avoid most of the rot.

(b) If the butt of the tree is badly decayed, chop it down with
an ax to expose solid wood before using the chainsaw.

(ON CAG #64)

(ON CAG #65)
g. Results of Incorrect Felling.

(1) Barber Chair is the splitting of the butt of the trunk during the
latter part of the fall. The tree often remains attached to the stump, thus
creating a danger zone and ruining much of the log. To reduce the possibility
of this happening, saw through the corners before starting the back cut. Do
this by making angling cuts through the wood, on both sides, to the undercut.

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(2) Stalled Tree is a tree that has just begun to fall but is stopped
by its own stump. This is almost as dangerous as a lodged tree and requires
a machine to push it over. A stalled tree is caused by a Dutchman. A
Dutchman occurs when one of the notch cuts is made too deep and extends
beyond the endpoint of the other notch cut, known as bypass, resulting in a
seat that interferes with the smooth closing of the notch.

DUTCHMAN

(3) Kick-Back. When a falling tree hits the ground or other object
it can bounce back causing the log to move back over the stump with great
force. This is the main reason you should never stand or retreat directly
behind the tree.

(ON CAG #66)

(4) Hung Tree is a tree that has not fallen completely to the ground
because it is lodged or leaning against another tree. For safety, do not work
in the presence of lodged trees. Have these hazardous trees pulled down by
mechanical means, thereby minimizing exposure to personnel. The safest and
most practical method to free a lodged tree is to back a bulldozer with a
winch to within a safe distance from the lodged tree. For the purpose of
mechanically felling a lodged tree, the safe distance equals two times the
tree height. Other than the equipment operator and the Marine attaching the
winch cable, NO PERSONNEL SHALL ENTER THE SAFETY AREA. Position the
bulldozer two tree lengths from the lodged tree and pointed in the desired
direction of fall. Have one Marine walk the winch cable from the dozer to
the lodged tree, taking care to stay clear of the direction of fall to the
greatest extent possible. Attach the winch around the butt of the tree, a
foot above the back/notch cut, working 90 degrees from the anticipated
direction of fall as much as possible so as to stay clear of the rear of the
tree in the event it becomes dislodged by itself. Exit into the safe area,
and have the operator pull the tree down. When employing this technique, be
sure to follow all safety procedures previously covered for both the winch
and the bulldozer.

(ON CAG #67)

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TRANSITION: We’ve discussed dealing with irregular trees and the results of
incorrect felling. Are there any questions? Q: A tree that has just begun to
fall but is stopped by its own stump is known as what? A: A stalled tree. Now
that we have covered the various conditions in which we fell standing timber,
let’s discuss what to do with it once it is on the ground.
_____________________________________________________________________________
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____

(BREAK – 10 Min)
(ON CAG #68)

4. LIMBING AND BUCKING. (20 Min)

a. Limbing is cutting branches off of felled or standing trees.

(ON CAG #69)

(1) Cut from the base to the top of the tree.

(2) Cut from the opposite side of the tree from which you are
standing when possible.

(3) Cut the limb even with the bark.

(4) If a pinch occurs, stop the engine and remove the saw by lifting
the limb.

(ON CAG #70)

(a) Limb Lock. This is a limbing technique that is used to more

safely handle back pressure and sideways pressure on limbs in order to reduce
the likelihood of a limb under pressure kicking back and striking the
logger’s leg or pinching the saw.

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1 Two bypassing cuts are made, one on the top side and one
on the bottom side of the limb (top and bottom refer to the top and bottom of
the limb as if the tree were standing up).

2 The cut on the top of the limb is made closer to the trunk
of the tree and the cut on the bottom is made further out on the limb. This
creates a step in the limb, which helps prevent the limb from kicking out or
back toward the logger.

3 Cut from the opposite side of the tree from which you are
standing when possible.

Second Cut

First Cut

TreeTrunk

Limb Lock
(5) If the chainsaw becomes pinched while conducting limbing
operations, put the chain break on and ask for another Marine to lift up on
the end of the limb in order to pull the bar out. The operator should
maintain both hands on the chainsaw for safety.

(ON CAG #71)

b. Bucking. Bucking is cutting the limbed trees into desired log

lengths.

(ON CAG #72)

(1) Be sure to watch for binding and kickback of the saw.

(ON CAG #73)

(a) Top Bind. Top bind occurs when the top of the log you are
cutting is said to have compression and the bottom of the log has tension, as
if you had a log resting at either end on a raised surface and the log was
sagging towards the ground in the middle. The top bind would cause the bar of
the saw to become pinched if the operator were to cut from the top down. In
this case, make a wedge cut at the top of the log to relieve tension and
continue bucking from the bottom up.

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(b) Bottom Bind. Bottom bind occurs when one end of the log is
resting on the ground and the opposite end of the tree is suspended in the
air without support. This causes compression on the under side of the log and
tension on the top. Basically, if the operator were to cut from the bottom of
the log to the top, the bar would get pinched due to gravity pulling the
weight of the tree downward. In this case you would want to cut the tree
from the top down if the tree were laying horizontally. Making a wedge cut
at the bottom of the log will relieve some of this pressure.

BOTTOM BIND

(ON CAG #74)

If the saw pinches, stop the engine and remove it from the log. If the bind
is severe the use of the peavey might be necessary to un-wedge the bar of the
chainsaw.

(c) Butt Movement or Butt Twist. Movement or twisting of the

butt will put pressure on the limbs. This pressure can cause the limbs to
snap back and cause injury if handled incorrectly. Deal with these in the
same manner as spring poles, being attentive to tree movement, especially
when on a hill or uneven terrain.

(ON CAG #75)

TRANSITION: Now that we have covered how to limb and buck a tree, are there
any questions? Q: The cutting of a limbed tree into desired log lengths is
known as? A: Bucking. Let’s discuss the many different hazards associated
with fell standing timber.
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(ON CAG #76)

5. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS UNIVERSAL TO FELL STANDING TIMBER. (20 Min)

a. Hazards to Consider.

(ON CAG #77)

(1) Overhead. As the operator on the ground, any factor above the
head that you can not control can be considered an overhead hazard. Such
hazards include:

(a) Weather. Wind, rain and snow can cause unsuitable conditions
for felling timber. Prior to felling any tree, evaluate the weather to ensure
that you don’t get caught in the middle of a job. Extreme cold conditions can
cause the sap of a tree to freeze. Sleet and snow can also coat the branches
making them heavier and subject to falling without notice, causing possible
injury. Wind is also considered an overhead hazard, and felling trees during
high wind warnings should never be attempted unless mission dictates and a
mechanical means of support is available to prevent injury.

(b) Adjacent Trees. Prior to cutting, visually inspect the tops

of the adjacent trees to ensure no widow makers or additional hazards exist.
Falling limbs are a great hazard since they can produce casualties from blunt
force trauma to the head or body.

(c) Power Lines. Power lines may also be an overhead hazard and
should never be dealt with unless the power company has turned off the power
and disconnected the wires.

(ON CAG #78)

(2) Ground Level.

(a) Terrain. Ensure that prior to using the saw, you have a
solid work foundation. Uneven terrain can cause kickbacks, the tree to roll
or slide and uneven footing while cutting.

(b) Entanglements. Ensure that the area you plan to work in is

free of saplings and briars that would cause you to trip with the saw. Vines
growing around the tree trunk need to be cut away prior to felling
operations.

(c) Resources. Ensure that all personnel and equipment are away
from the area you plan to work in. Damage to equipment can become very costly
and counterproductive to the mission.

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(d) Site Layout. Prior to beginning any cutting operations, the

site you are working in should be laid out. Identify the trees to be cut, the
fall path, the escape path, the safe rest/staging area and all danger areas,
by marking the appropriate areas or by assigning a Marine to watch for safety
and maintain accountability. All members assisting will wear the appropriate
safety gear during felling operations. All personnel should know what the
safe distance is to ensure minimal harm. If at any time, anyone is in a
danger area, or conducting unsafe acts, operations should halt until it is
safe to resume. The danger area is the surrounding ground distance equal to
the height of the tree PLUS TEN PERCENT. To determine the height of a tree,
use a clinometer. If one is not available, use the “offset” method described
below.

(ON CAG #79)

1 Have one Marine stand at the center/base of the tree.

2 Holding a straight object such as a pen at arms length,

position yourself so that the tip of the pen is at the highest point of the
tree, and the bottom of the pen is at the Marine’s feet.

3 Turn the pen at a 90-degree angle left or right. The base

of the pen should still be at the Marine’s feet.

4 Have the Marine face 90 degrees to his/her left or right.

Instruct the Marine to walk forward until his/her feet are at the tip of the
pen and halt.

5 Mark the spot where the Marine stopped, and measure the
distance to the base of the tree using a tape measure or pace count. This
distance is equal to the height of the tree.

(ON CAG #80)

6. REQUIRED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. (10 Min)

a. Head Protection. Helmets or commercially purchased hard hats are

required and are to be worn while felling timber to mitigate any overhead
hazards that may cause damage from above. At no time while you are felling
timber or in the area of timber felling operations are you to remove the hard
hat.

b. Hearing Protection. Particular attention should be paid to

monitoring the logging operation to determine the noise level personnel are
exposed to. Chainsaws produce a lot of loud noise that can be detrimental to
your long-term hearing. There are numerous types of ear protection available
such as ear plugs and earmuffs.

c. Eye & Face Protection. Eye and face protection must be worn where
there is potential for injury to the eyes or face. Eye protection comes in
many forms such as glasses, goggles or clear plastic face shields. Logger-
type mesh screens are considered to be adequate eye and face protection for
chain saw operators.

d. Hand Protection. While operating a saw or handling ropes while

assisting with felling timber, it is wise to use hand protection that
protects against puncture wounds, cuts, and lacerations. If the use of
gloves prevents proper manipulation of the saw, it is acceptable to remove
only the glove or gloves that prohibit the proper use of the saw.

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e. Leg Protection. When operating a chainsaw, it is imperative that the

operator wear leg protection constructed with cut resistant material. The leg
protection must extend from the upper thigh down to the boot top and
adequately cover the leg. Leg protection is available in a variety of forms,
including chaps, logger pants, and leggings. The protective material also
comes in a variety of forms including ballistic nylon, polyester and Kevlar.

f. Foot Protection. It is recommended that you wear heavy-duty boots

that cover above the ankle and provide support to the ankles. If possible,
you may want to purchase a boot that is constructed with cut resistant
material that will protect against contact with a running saw.

(BREAK – 10 Min)
(ON CAG #81)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Perform the following Demonstration.

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DEMONSTRATION. (1 HR) There will be one instructor per fifteen Marines.

The Primary Instructor will check out the equipment required for the
demonstration from the tool room at the Construction Shop (BB-48). The
instructor needs four gasoline-powered chainsaws with all the related SL-3
gear and PPE for all personnel on site. Gasoline containers with two-cycle
motor oil will be checked out from the HAZMAT locker in the construction
shop (the key is located in the tool room). This demonstration will be
conducted at the Construction Shop and the Log and Wire Site. The purpose
for this demonstration is to show the student the necessary steps for the
preparation of a chainsaw and its operation.

STUDENTS ROLE: The students will gather around the instructors so they can
see the demonstration. They will listen to the steps and watch the
instructors execute the techniques.

INSTRUCTOR(S) ROLE:

1. The instructor will demonstrate where to re-fuel and add guide bar
oil to the chainsaw in accordance with the lesson plan and all references.

2. The instructor will demonstrate the steps of a pre-operation

inspection as well as what the criteria is per each step in accordance with
the lesson plan and all references.

3. The instructor will demonstrate steps and procedures for starting

and stopping the chainsaw in accordance with the lesson plan and all
references. Prior to operating the chainsaw, instructor(s) will be wearing
all PPE (Safety helmet, eyes, ears, gloves and chaps).

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Have students form up and proceed to the Log and Wire
training area. You and the Assistant Instructors will meet the students at
the site. Once on site, you and the assistant instructors will demonstrate
the techniques for operating a chainsaw on a horizontal log and on a
vertical log.

4. At the field fort site, the instructor will demonstrate the

following:

 Outfitting in proper PPE

 Assessing the 5 factors (wind, natural lean, balance, soundness of
the trunk and dead limbs)
 Determining the height of the tree
 Determining the direction of fall
 Establishing the clear path and safe area
 Familiarization cuts
 Techniques and procedures to cut timber in accordance with the lesson
plan and all references.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE
Introduce the following Practical Application.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION. (6.5 HRS) This 4-part evolution will require one primary
instructor and two assistant instructors.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Depending on time of day, it may be better to conduct the

Starting/Stopping/Shutdown Procedures portion of the PA at the Construction Shop
vice expending the time to relocate to the Log and Wire training area. If this is
the case, deliver the following abbreviated Safety Brief at the Construction Shop
prior to beginning Part I of the PA:

(1) There is no horseplay allowed at the Construction Shop.

(2) You will wear the appropriate Personal Protective gear (PPE) prior to
approaching and operating the chainsaw. PPE consists of safety helmet w/eyes and
ears, gloves and chaps.

(3) During operation, you will be directed to take the break off before the
chainsaw leaves the deck.

(4) While operating, keep both hands firmly on the chainsaw at all times.

(5) While operating the chainsaw, if an instructor taps you on the shoulder DO NOT
swing the chainsaw around, simply let off the trigger and acknowledge the
instructors instructions.

(6) Avoid touching the hot muffler.

(7) When stopping, remember – “Deck, Brake, Off”.

Instructor must take all gear from demonstration site to practical application site
to include PPE for each instructor and students. Students will draw the following
gear from the primary instructor:

(6) Chainsaws w/sl-3 bags

(6) Timber carriers (located in shed at side of Construction Shop, opened with
tool-room key which is located in the key locker in the instructor’s office with
the tool room NCO).
(6) Peavy's (located in shed at side of Construction Shop, opened with tool-
room key)
(1) Can oil/fuel mix (HAZMAT key located in Construction Shop tool room)
(1) Gallon of guide bar oil (HAZMAT key located in Construction Shop tool
room)
(1) Helmet for EACH PARTICIPANT, to include the Corpsman (helmets are located
in shed at side of Construction Shop, opened with tool-room key)

Instruct students to load all gear on the safety vehicle and report to the Log and
Wire site as a class. At this time, issue the safety brief. The primary instructor
will read the safety brief located below. The primary instructor will make initial
radio contact with BB14 stating: what class is being trained, what prac app is
being performed, how many students, and how many instructors. Then the instructor
will do hourly radio checks with BB14 and a final transmission when training has
been completed stating: what prac app is complete (i.e. fell standing timber),
number of students trained, number of instructors and whether the students are
enroute to the construction shop, chow, or being secured for the day.

FELL STANDING TIMBER SAFETY BRIEF

(1) Students will remain in the safe area while the primary instructor inspects the
intended tree for possible hazards. At least one AI will remain with the class
during this evolution.

(2) There is no horseplay allowed at the timber-felling site.

(3) There is no running on site.

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(4) Students awaiting the felling of the tree will maintain a safe distance that
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will be determined by the instructor and remain at that safe distance until told
otherwise by the primary instructor. One AI and the Corpsman will stay with the
group of students at that predetermined safe area.

(5) There will be two instructors at the tree that is to be felled, and you will
adhere to all instructions from the instructors.

(6) You will wear the appropriate Personal Protective gear (PPE) prior to
approaching and operating the chainsaw. PPE consists of safety helmet w/eyes and
ears, gloves and chaps. Personnel in the safe area who not operating the chainsaw
will also were PPE, consisting of helmets and hearing protection.

(7) Clear all obstructions and hazards around tree to ensure a safe escape path;
never turn your back on a falling tree.

(8) During operation, you will be directed to take the break off before the
chainsaw leaves the deck.

(9) While cutting, if an instructor taps you on the shoulder DO NOT swing the
chainsaw around, simply let off the trigger and acknowledge the instructors
instructions.

(10) Make all cuts in the direction that you are instructed to.

(11) Keep bumper spikes in contact with the timber at all times to reduce chances
of kickback and pull-in.

(12) In the event of a lodged tree, the instructors will CEASE TRAINING and
immediately clear the area. Once students have been moved to the designated safe
area, PI and one AI will cordon off the lodged tree with yellow caution tape. The
other AI will remain with the students. Resume training elsewhere if necessary.
After training concludes, the PI will make arrangements for mechanical means
(dozer, winch/chain, etc.) to fell the lodged tree.

(13) Once limbing operations commence make sure all cuts go on opposite side of
tree as the operator is standing.

(14) Upon completion of the cuts, take the chainsaw back to starting point, kneel
down, set the chainsaw on the deck, engage the break and turn the master control
lever to off.

(15) While operating, keep both hands firmly on the chainsaw at all times.

(16) Avoid touching the hot muffler.

(17) State the location of the safety vehicle. (For Parts I, II, and III, the
safety vehicle will be at the Log and Wire Training Area. For part IV, this
location will vary from class to class, depending on the location of the tree to be
felled.)

(18) In the event of an emergency, all students will go to a designated area

identified by the Primary Instructor. An Instructor will ensure a head count is
conducted.

PART I, STARTING, STOPPING AND SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES PA (1 Hr)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Instructor PPE consists of helmet, hearing protection and eye
protection.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: If for any reason (resource shortfalls, time, weather, etc.) you
have to deviate from this IPG, approval must be granted from the General
Engineering SNCOIC or higher PRIOR TO TRAINING.

The students will be split into three teams (one team per instructor) and each team
will draw a chainsaw with SL-3 bag and PPE for two people. The first two Marines
from each team will don PPE. On command, the first Marine per team will start the
chainsaw in accordance with the demonstration and outline. The students will
receive instruction verbally and via hand signals. Hand signals consist of:
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Open hand to clenched fist – Release the brake; Number of fingers (1 or 2)
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followed by the thumb up or thumb down sign – Number of cuts up or down; Throat
slash – “Deck, brake off”. They will then look up and be told to disengage the
brake. Once the brake is disengaged, the instructor will have the student stand up
and run the chainsaw in place for approximately 10 seconds. The student will then
be told to release the trigger and set the chainsaw on the deck using the ditty
“deck, brake, off.” Once the instructor has cleared that student, he/she will take
off PPE and give it to the next Marine awaiting PPE. In doing so, the Marine “on
deck” will always be ready to train once the previous Marine is finished. This
exercise will continue until all students have properly demonstrated starting and
stopping procedures.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Part II and Part III will be conducted as a round robin. Divide
the class in half. One AI will be responsible for the disk cutting area and the
other AI will be responsible for the Notch cut area. The PI will observe the
overall execution of training, roving between the two areas, ensuring that safety
procedures are being adhered to. (Refer to the detailed outline).

PART II, FAMILIARIZATION CUTS PA (1 Hr)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Disk cutting is designated as a High Risk evolution due to

possible kickback while cutting a log from an elevated timber stand.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Instructor/Corpsman PPE consists of helmet, hearing protection

and eye protection.

The first exercise will be familiarization cuts. The purpose of this exercise is
to allow the student to operate the chain saw and gain confidence. Those will be
done on the log and wire site on the telephone poles or bucked timber (this will
depend on the materials available) set in to timber stands. The first two Marines
in line will don PPE. On command, the first Marine will start the chainsaw and
will cut two 2” to 3” disks from timber or poles set in stands. The first cut will
be from the top of the log to the bottom; the second cut will be from the bottom to
the top. The student will then be told to release the trigger and set the chainsaw
on the deck using the ditty “deck, brake, off.” Once the instructor has cleared
that student, he/she will take off PPE and give it to the next Marine awaiting PPE.
In doing so, the Marine “on deck” will always be ready to train once the previous
Marine is finished. This exercise will continue until all students have properly
performed the disk cutting evolution.

PART III, OPEN FACE NOTCH CUT PA (3.5 Hr)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Notch cutting is designated as a High Risk evolution due to

possible kickback and pull in while cutting.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Instructor/Corpsman PPE consists of helmet, hearing protection

and eye protection.

The next exercise will be to simulate falling standing timber using the Open Face
Notch. This will be done on telephone poles or bucked timber that has been erected
upright from the deck to simulate a tree. The first two Marines in line will don
PPE. On command, the first Marine will start the chainsaw and will make (1) top
cut, (1) bottom cut and (1) back cut on the upright timber. The student will then
be told to release the trigger and set the chainsaw on the deck using the ditty
“deck, brake, off.” Once the instructor has cleared that student, he/she will take
off PPE and give it to the next Marine awaiting PPE. In doing so, the Marine “on
deck” will always be ready to train once the previous Marine is finished. This
exercise will continue until all students have properly performed the Open Face
Notch evolution.

PART IV, FELL STANDING TIMBER PA (1.5 Hrs)

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Felling standing timber is designated as a High Risk evolution

due to its unpredictable nature.

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: Instructor/Corpsman PPE consists of helmet, hearing protection

and eye protection.

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This last exercise will be done in two teams. One team (the falling team) will
have three students and two instructors (PI, who will serve as the OIC and be
responsible for the execution of training, observing the students making the cuts
at all times; and one AI, who will serve as the spotter for the falling team). The
second team will consist of the remainder of the class, one AI and the Corpsman.
Primary Instructor will have already determined an adequate training site within
walking distance that has been marked by the Base Forestry Department. Once on
site the area must be cleared of any overhead and ground hazards. The second team
will get an accurate head count and move to the safe area OUTSIDE of the DANGER
AREA. The Danger Area is defined as the surrounding ground distance equal to the
height of the tree PLUS TEN PERCENT. This area will be designated by the
instructor and determined using the “offset” method described in the outline. Clear
a path for safe egress in accordance with the lesson and references. Once on site,
have the 3 Marines in the falling team don PPE. The falling team with three
students will fall a tree using the Open Face Notch. Each student will execute one
cut each, to include: The Top Cut, The Bottom Cut and the Back Cut. Instructors
will ensure all safety standards are being adhered to in accordance with the ORAW
and that the cuts are being performed correctly. If time allows, a second tree may
be felled. In this case, select three new students to comprise the falling team
and proceed as described above. Once the timber has been dropped, reassemble the
entire class at the felled tree and debrief the fall. Commence limbing. Select
three different students from the second team to don PPE. Stress safety
precautions at all times, reiterating the procedures for a bound saw and how to
counter kickback. Limbing will progress from the base of the felled tree (cut end)
to the top of the tree. One student will operate the saw at a time, under the
direct supervision of one of the instructors. The remainder of the class will stay
congregated at the stump of the felled tree (with the remaining instructors and the
Corpsman), or some other safe area selected by the primary instructor that affords
an opportunity for the class to observe the limbing process from a safe distance.
Once a student has cut 1-2 limbs, execute “deck, brake, off” and have the next
student move forward to continue limbing. The student who just completed cutting
will give his PPE to the next awaiting Marine, as in parts I and II. Continue in
this manner until all limbs are removed, making sure all cuts go on the opposite
side of tree from where the operator and instructor are standing. Reassemble all
participants at the base of the felled tree. Commence bucking, following the same
scheme of maneuver as for limbing. Tree(s) will be bucked in 8-foot sections.
Depending on the size of the tree and number of limbs, NOT ALL STUDENTS MAY GET A
CHANCE TO PARTICIPATE IN LIMBING AND BUCKING. The timber that has been felled will
have to be pulled out to the nearest path or road to be removed by base
environmental or moved down to log and wire site for training. Ensure students are
lifting with their legs not their backs and using the timber carriers to move the
cut timbers.

Once Practical Application is finished, debrief the students. Assess learning,

specifically: components of the chainsaw, pre-operation checks, chainsaw operation,
factors affecting standing timber when felled, safety equipment required, and types
of cuts. Prepare to administer the Performance Exam.
SUMMARY (5 MIN)

During this lesson I discussed how to properly fell standing timber, the
gasoline powered chain saw to include safety, components of the chain saw,
the fuel and oil requirements and most importantly, how to operate and use
the chain saw safely.

REFERENCES:
1. Appropriate Manufacturer’s Assembly Manual/Instructions
2. Engineer Hand tools
3. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) guidelines

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