Mechi Multiple Campus

(Tribhuvan University)
Bhadrapur, Jhapa

Lab Report of Probability & Statistics (CAST-202)

Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences
Tribhuvan University
Kritipur, Nepal

Submitted By
Name: Sudhir Dahal
Roll No: 65

Submitted To
Mechi Multiple Campus
Department of Bachelor in Computer
Bhadrapur, Jhapa, Nepal

Signature of supervisor
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

PREFACE ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
SPSS in Statistical Computations .............................................................................................................. 3
How SPSS Helps in Research & Data Analysis Programs?.......................................................................... 5
i. Data Transformation .................................................................................................................... 5
ii. Regression Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 5
iii. Analysis of Variance (AN OVA)................................................................................................... 5
iv. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) ................................................................................ 5
v. T-tests.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Solved Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 6
REFERENCE ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DECLARATION ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the very beginning, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the staffs and teachers
for giving me the strength and the composure to complete my BCA third semester course and
prepare this report within the scheduled time.
During the period of my internship work, I have received generous help from many quarters,
which I like to put on record here with deep gratitude and great pleasure.

First and foremost, I am grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Kumar Subedi sir. He allowed me to
encroach upon his precious time freely right from the very beginning of this research work until
the completion of my report.

His guidance, encouragement, and suggestions provided me the necessary insight into the
research problem and paved the way for the meaningful ending of the work in a short duration.

I have no hesitation to say that, without his constant support and valuable advice from time-to-
time, I would probably fail to complete the work in an appropriate manner.

My special gratitude goes to Mr. Krishna Prasad Acharya(Director of BCA program) for his
modern outlook and meticulous supervision to carry out the job perfectly.

I am also thankful to my friends, my parents and all the family members for their sincere co-
operation and supporting me for making a standard report.

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 PREFACE

SPSS is a program widely used for statistical analysis in the social science it is also used
in market researcher medical researcher government and so many places. It was originally
created by three graduate students at Stanford university in the late 1960s..
This lab report is assigned to students as they lag behind in fair result processing and to
solve the current problem of various academic institutions. The report is made by using SPSS
software, MS Word tools and also using my own related knowledge which I gained from the
theory and practical classes of ‘Statistics’.

This Lab report is made to obtain the information about various uses of statistical
software tools. The main objective of this report is to make BCA students capable of using
Statistical software and perform related problems in a systematic way.

The report includes all features of lab practical which is essential in enhancing the skill of
students for the fruitful career ahead in future. Finally, I welcome valuable and constructive
suggestions and comments from all the readers on any aspects of this for improving my logic.

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SPSS in Statistical Computations
The statistical software namely Statistical Package for the Social Sciences shortly
abbreviated as SPSS was originally created by three graduate level students of Stanford
University towards late 1960s. Later, IBM Company purchased SPSS in 2009, and then the name
of the SPSS had been changed into IBM SPSS Statistics or in generally speaking language, simply
IBM SPSS. This software has become one of the most popular and successful statistical software
among may who involve in the data analysis in different areas of studies. Even today to the
users of this software generally used to call it as SPSS not IBM SPSS because of popularity of the
name SPSS among the wide users.
SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science. It is also used by
market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers,
marketing organizations, data miners, and others. The original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull,
1970) has been described as one of "sociology's most influential books" for allowing ordinary
researchers to do their own statistical analysis. In addition to statistical analysis, data
management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and data documentation (a
metadata dictionary is stored in the data file) are features of the base software.
SPSS Statistics places constraints on internal file structure, data types, data processing,
and matching files, which together considerably simplify programming. SPSS datasets have a
two-dimensional table structure, where the rows typically represent cases (such as individuals
or households) and the columns represent measurements (such as age, sex, or household
income). Only two data types are defined: numeric and text (or "string"). All data processing
occurs sequentially case-by-case through the file (dataset). Files can be matched one-to-one
and one-to-many, but not many-to-many. In addition to that cases-by-variables structure and
processing, there is a separate Matrix session where one can process data as matrices using
matrix and linear algebra operations.

The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull-down menus or can be
programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language. Command syntax
programming has the benefits of reproducible output, simplifying repetitive tasks, and handling
complex data manipulations and analyses. Additionally, some complex applications can only be
programmed in syntax and are not accessible through the menu structure. The pull-down menu
interface also generates command syntax: this can be displayed in the output, although
the default settings have to be changed to make the syntax visible to the user. They can also be
pasted into a syntax file using the "paste" button present in each menu. Programs can be run
interactively or unattended, using the supplied Production Job Facility.
Additionally, a "macro" language can be used to write command language subroutines.
A Python programmability extension can access the information in the data dictionary and data
and dynamically build command syntax programs. The Python programmability extension,
introduced in SPSS 14, replaced the less functional SAX Basic "scripts" for most purposes,
although SaxBasic remains available. In addition, the Python extension allows SPSS to run any of

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the statistics in the free software package R. From version 14 onwards, SPSS can be driven
externally by a Python or a VB.NET program using supplied "plug-ins". (From Version 20
onwards, these two scripting facilities, as well as many scripts, are included on the installation
media and are normally installed by default.)
The graphical user interface has two views which can be toggled by clicking on one of
the two tabs in the bottom left of the SPSS Statistics window. The 'Data View' shows
a spreadsheet view of the cases (rows) and variables (columns). Unlike spreadsheets, the data
cells can only contain numbers or text, and formulas cannot be stored in these cells. The
'Variable View' displays the metadata dictionary where each row represents a variable and
shows the variable name, variable label, value label(s), print width, measurement type, and a
variety of other characteristics. Cells in both views can be manually edited, defining the file
structure and allowing data entry without using command syntax. This may be sufficient for
small datasets. Larger datasets such as statistical surveys are more often created in data
entry software, or entered during computer-assisted personal interviewing, by scanning and
using optical character recognition and optical mark recognition software, or by direct capture
from online questionnaires. These datasets are then read into SPSS.
Statistical output is to a proprietary file format (*.spv file, supporting pivot tables) for
which, in addition to the in-package viewer, a stand-alone reader can be downloaded. The
proprietary output can be exported to text or Microsoft Word, PDF, Excel, and other formats.
Alternatively, output can be captured as data (using the OMS command), as text, tab-delimited
text, PDF, XLS, HTML, XML, SPSS dataset or a variety of graphic image formats
(JPEG, PNG, BMP and EMF).

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How SPSS Helps in Research & Data Analysis Programs?
i. Data Transformation
This technique is used to convert the format of the data. After changing the data
type, it integrates same type of data in one place and it becomes easy to manage
it. You can insert the different kind of data to SPSS and it will change its structure
as per the system specification and requirement. It means that even if you
change the operating system, SPSS can still work on old data.

ii. Regression Analysis

It is used to understand the relation between dependent and interdependent
variable that are stored in a data file. It also explains how a change in the value
of an interdependent variable can affect the dependent data. The primary need
of regression analysis is to understand the type of relationship between different
variables.

iii. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

It is statistical approach to compare events, groups or processes and find out the
different between them. It can help you understand which method is more
suitable for executing a task. By looking at the result, you can find the feasibility
and effectiveness of the particular method.

iv. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

This method is used to compare data of random variables whose value is
unknown. MANOVA technique can also be used to analyze different types of
population and what factors can affect their choices.

v. T-tests
It is used to understand the difference between two sample types and
researchers apply this method to find out the difference in the interest of two
kinds of groups. This test can also understand if the produced output is
meaningless or useful.

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Solved Questions

1. Enter the following data in the entry sheet of SPSS. Prepare data entry sheet in
SPSS to enter the above variables (name, roll_no, age, weight (in kg), sex).

Roll_no Name Age Weight Sex

1 Hari 22 46 1
2 Kesang 20 70 1
3 Dawa 19 45 2
4 Deepa 25 53 2
5 Raj 23 65 1
6 Rima 19 50 2

Solution:

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2. Calculate mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, range, minimum,
maximum value, skewness and kurtosis of the following data.

Name Age Weight

Kim 20 80
Hari 25 65
Reeta 50 60
Reena 45 65
Shyam 25 55
Rohan 25 60
Deepa 25 65
Sarala 20 50
Sara 25 45
Rajesh 50 55

Solution:

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3. Enter the following values in SPSS and find the regression equation of y on x
X 2 5 5 8 5 9 8
Y 5 7 2 4 6 2 6

Solution:

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4. Enter the following values in SPSS and find the correlation between X
X 30 58 25 65 70 65
Y 20 50 45 65 45 60

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5. The weight of a number of copper wires each of length 1m were obtained.
These are shown below classified according to die from which they come.
Die No
I II III IV V
5 1 5 8 5
4 5 1 5 8
4 5 4 4 5
1 5 5 5 4
4 8 7
6 1

Are the weights of copper wire for different die are equal?

Solution:

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7. From the following grouped data find mean, median, quartiles, standard
deviation and variance.
Wages (Rs.) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of persons 2 5 6 22 34 21 9

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