Lecture 1

Introduction to IoT

Internet of Things
The slides are made by Assistant Professor Santosh Chinchali,
Department of ISE BLDEACET, adapted by Tan Le

Instructor: Le Duy Tan, Ph.D.

Email: ldtan@hcmiu.edu.vn
 Books Referred
2

¨ David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick

Grossetete, Robert Barton, Jerome Henry,"IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols,
and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1stEdition,
Pearson Education (Cisco Press Indian Reprint).
(ISBN: 9789386873743)
 Introduction
3

¨ What is Internet?
¤ The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link
devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of
local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries
an extensive range of information resources and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the
World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-
to-peer networks for file sharing.

¨ What is things?
¤ Object like Sensor, Computer, Mobile Phone
 IoT
4

¨ Novel paradigm
¤ Rapidly gaining ground in the wireless scenario
¨ Basic idea
¤ Pervasive presence around us a variety of things or objects
¤ Objects can see, hear, perform jobs
¤ Which are able to interact/talk to each other
¤ To reach a common goal

¨ IoT transforms these objects from traditional to smart

¤ Exploiting underlying technology
¤ Embedded device, communication, sensor network, IP
5

¨ Growing number of objects are being connected to

internet
¤ Connecting -Thermostats and Heating/Ventilation/AC
monitoring and control
¤ Enable smart homes
 Evolution of Internet
6
 Introduction
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8

¨ “Anytime, anywhere, anymedia” – vision pushing

forward the advances in communication
¤ Add “anything”
¤ Increase the radio connection

¤ Reduction in size, weight, energy, cost

 What is IOT?
9
 Challenges
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¨ Full inter-operability of interconnected devices

¨ Providing them higher degree of smartness
¤ Adaptation and autonomous power
¤ Guaranteeing trust, security, privacy

¨ Things are low resource

¤ Energy and computation power
¨ Scalability
¤ Solutions should pay attention
 IOT Elements
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 IOT Elements
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¨ Communication
¤ Low power communication over noisy channel
¤ Various methods like NFC (Near field communication),
RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification), WiFi, LTE
¨ Computation
¤ Hardware platform (Raspberry PI)
¤ Software Platform(RTOS)-Contiki, Cooja simulator,
TiniOS, IoV
¤ Cloud platform
 IOT Elements
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¨ Services
¤ Identity-related services
¤ Information Aggregation Services
n Smart health
¤ Collaborative-Aware Services
n Smart home,
¤ Ubiquitous Services
 Enabling Technologies
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¨ IoT concept to realization

¤ Integration of several enabling technology
¤ Building blocks
¨ Identification
¤ Name each object-Match the service with their demand
¤ Electronic Product Code (EPC), Ubiquitous code
¨ Addressing objects
¤ Object ID and address
¤ “T1” name of the temperature sensor (not globally unique)
¤ Object address=>address in the communication network (IPv4, 6)
 RFID
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¨ RFID stands for Radio-Frequency IDentification. The

acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of
a small chip and an antenna. The chip typically is
capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less.
¨ The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code
or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM
card; it provides a unique identifier for that object.
And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be
scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be
scanned to retrieve the identifying information.
 Key concept-RFID system
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¨ Identification of objects
¨ Two components
¨ Composed (a) Readers (b) RFID tags
¨ Tags
¤ Passive
¤ Active
¤ Battery assisted passive
¨ Read only/Read-write
¨ Contains IC & Antenna
¨ Reader
¤ Active reader
¤ Passive reader
17

¨ Monitors objects in real time

¤ Without line of sight
¤ Maps real to virtual world
 Sensors
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¨ Sensor networks play a major role in IoT

¨ Co-operate with RFID system to better track objects
¤ Location, temp, movement etc
¨ Consists a (large) number of sensing nodes
¤ Homogenous/ heterogeneous
¤ Communicating in wireless, multihop fashion
¨ Three different architecture
¤ Flat
n Data transfer from static sensor to a sink
¤ Two layer arch.
n Multiple static and mobile sink
¤ Three layer arch.
n Multiple sensor networks are connected over Internet
n IoT
 Layers in sensor network
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Data flow

¨ Data generated by sensors

¨ Data collected by sinks
¨ Sink nodes send the data to low-end computational device =>high end->cloud
¤ Shared, stored, processed
¨ Information processing and communication at different layers
¤ Capability and trade off
 Sensor network and IoT
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¨ Sensor network-Most essential component of IoT

¤ Data collected from sensors
¤ Processed and decision made
¤ Actuators perform action
Differences
¨ (1) SN=> thin layer of software
¤ IoT=> thick layer (middleware, API)
¨ (2) SN application specific (monitoring)
IoT is not focused on specific application
Example-pressure sensor – health of a bridge
IoT: track traffic
Middleware should provide generic services
 Relationship between Sensor Network
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and IOT
 Features of IoT
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¨ Intelligence : Application of knowledge

¤ Collect data and infer rules (high level info)
¤ Modelling data
¨ Scale and Architecture : Hybrid arch.
Event driven-door sensor
Time driven – temperature sensor
¨ Complex system : Large number of objects
¤ Interact
¤ Appear/disappear
¤ Various capability
¨ Time consideration – real time event detection
¨ Space – Location of the objects
¤ Context detection
23 Lecture -1
• What Is IoT?
 What Is IoT?
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¨ IoT is to “connect the unconnected.”

¨ This means that objects that are not currently joined to a
computer network or Internet, will be connected so that they
can communicate and interact with people and other objects.
¨ IoT is a technology transition in which devices will allow us to
sense and control the physical world by making objects
smarter and connecting them through an intelligent network.
¨ When objects and machines can be sensed and controlled
remotely across a network,
¤ a tighter integration between the physical world and computers is
enabled.
¨ This improves in the areas of efficiency, accuracy,
automation, and the enablement of advanced applications.
 What Is IoT?
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¨ Viewing IoT as a single technology domain, it is

good to view it as an umbrella of
¤ various concepts,
¤ protocols,

¤ technologies,

¤ all of which are at times somewhat dependent on a

particular industry.
 What Is IoT?
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¨ Will explores the following topics:

¨ Genesis of IoT: This highlights IoT’s place in the evolution and
development of the Internet.
¨ IoT and Digitization: This details the differences between IoT and
digitization and defines a framework for better understanding their
relationship.
¨ IoT Impact: This shares a few high-level scenarios and examples to
demonstrate the influence IoT will have on our world.
¨ Convergence of IT and OT: This explores how IoT is bringing
together information technology (IT) and operational technology
(OT).
¨ IoT Challenges: This provides a brief overview of the difficulties
involved in transitioning to an IoT-enabled world.
 Genesis of IoT
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¨ The age of IoT is often said to have started between the years 2008 and
2009.
¨ The person credited term “Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton.
¤ While working for Procter & Gamble in 1999, Kevin used this phrase to explain
a new idea related to linking the company’s supply chain to the Internet.
¨ Kevin has explained that IoT now involves the addition of senses to
computers.
¨ He was quoted as saying:
¤ “In the twentieth century, computers were brains without senses—they only knew
what we told them.” Computers depended on humans to input data and
knowledge through typing, bar codes, and so on.
¤ IoT is changing this paradigm; in the twenty-first century, computers are sensing
things for themselves.
¨ It is widely accepted that IoT is a major technology shift, but what is its
scale and importance? Where does it fit in the evolution of the Internet?
 Genesis of IoT
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¨ The evolution of the Internet can be categorized

into four phases.
 Genesis of IoT
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¨ Four phases are defined as.

 Genesis of IoT
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¨ The first phase, Connectivity, began in the mid-1990s. the world was not
always connected as it is today.
¤ In the beginning, email and getting on the Internet were luxuries for universities
and corporations. Getting the average person online involved dial-up modems,
and even basic connectivity often seemed like a small miracle.
¨ Even though connectivity and its speed continued to improve, a saturation
point was reached where connectivity was no longer the major challenge.
¨ The focus was now on leveraging connectivity for efficiency and profit.
¨ This is the beginning of the second phase of the Internet evolution, called
the Networked Economy.
¤ With the Networked Economy, e-commerce and digitally connected supply
chains became the rage, and this caused one of the major disruptions of the past
100 years.
¤ The economy itself became more digitally intertwined as suppliers, vendors, and
consumers all became more directly connected.
 Genesis of IoT
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¨ The third phase, Immersive Experiences, is characterized by the emergence

of social media, collaboration, and widespread mobility on a variety of
devices.
¤ Connectivity is now pervasive, using multiple platforms from mobile phones to
tablets to laptops and desktop computers. This pervasive connectivity in turn
enables communication and collaboration as well as social media across multiple
channels, via email, texting, voice, and video.
¤ In essence, person-to-person interactions have become digitized.
¨ The latest phase is the Internet of Things.
¤ Despite all the talk and media coverage of IoT, in many ways we are just at the
beginning of this phase. When you think about the fact that 99% of “things” are
still unconnected.
¤ Machines and objects in this phase connect with other machines and objects,
along with humans.
n Business and society have already started down this path and are experiencing huge
increases in data and knowledge. In turn, this is now leading to previously
unrecognized insights, along with increased automation and new process efficiencies.
 IoT and Digitization
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¨ IoT focuses on connecting “things,” such as objects and machines, to a

computer network, or Internet.
¨ Digitization can mean different things to different people but
generally encompasses the connection of “things” with the data they
generate and the business insights that result.
¤ For example, in a shopping mall where Wi-Fi location tracking has been
deployed, the “things” are the Wi-Fi devices.
¤ This is obvious and appreciated by shoppers, tracking real-time location
of Wi-Fi clients provides a specific business benefit to the mall and shop
owners.
¤ It helps the business understand where shoppers tend to congregate and
how much time they spend in different parts of a mall or store. Analysis
of this data can lead to significant changes to the locations of product
displays and advertising, where to place certain types of shops, how
much rent to charge, and even where to station security guards.
 IoT and Digitization
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¨ Digitization, is the conversion of information into a digital format.

Digitization has been happening in one form or another for several
decades.
¤ For example:
n The whole photography industry has been digitized. Pretty much everyone has digital
cameras these days, either standalone devices or built into their mobile phones.
n digitization include the video rental industry and transportation.
n The transportation industry is currently undergoing digitization in the area of taxi
services. Businesses such as Uber and Ola.
n For Example: home automation
¨ In the context of IoT, digitization brings together things, data, and business
process to make networked connections more relevant and valuable.
¨ Companies today look at digitization as a differentiator for their
businesses, and IoT is a prime enabler of digitization. Smart objects and
increased connectivity drive digitization, and this is one of the main reasons
that many companies, countries, and governments are embracing this
growing trend.
 IoT Impact
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¨ Projections on the potential impact of IoT are

impressive. About 14 billion, or just 0.06%, of
“things” are connected to the Internet today.
¨ By 2020, this number will reach 50 billion or more.
 IoT Impact
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¨ A graphical look at the growth in the number of

devices being connected
 IoT Impact
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¨ What these numbers mean is that IoT will fundamentally shift the
way people and businesses interact with their surroundings.
¨ Managing and monitoring smart objects using real-time connectivity
enables a whole new level of data-driven decision making.
¨ This in turn results in the optimization of systems and processes and
delivers new services that save time for both people and businesses
while improving the overall quality of life.
¨ Following examples illustrate some of the benefits of IoT and their
impact.
¤ Connected Roadways
¤ Connected Factory
¤ Smart Connected Buildings
¤ Smart Creatures
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ People have been fantasizing about the self-driving car, or

autonomous vehicle, in literature and film for decades.
¨ IoT is going to allow self-driving vehicles to better interact
with the transportation system around them through
bidirectional data exchanges while also providing important
data to the riders.
¨ Self-driving vehicles need always-on, reliable
communications and data from other transportation-related
sensors to reach their full potential.
¨ Connected roadways is the term associated with both the
driver and driverless cars fully integrating with the
surrounding transportation infrastructure.
¨ E.g. Self-driving car designed by Google.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ Basic sensors reside in cars already.

¨ They monitor oil pressure, tire pressure, temperature, and other
operating conditions, and provide data around the core car
functions. From behind the steering wheel, the driver can access this
data while also controlling the car using equipment such as a
steering wheel, pedals, and so on.
¨ The need for all this sensory information and control is obvious.
¨ It mimics like the driver.
¤ As automobile manufacturers strive to reinvent the driving experience,
these sensors are becoming IP-enabled to allow easy communication
with other systems both inside and outside the car.
¤ In addition, new sensors and communication technologies are being
developed to allow vehicles to “talk” to other vehicles, traffic signals,
school zones, and other elements of the transportation infrastructure.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ Most connected roadways solutions focus on resolving

today’s transportation challenges. These challenges are:
¤ Safety
¤ Mobility
¤ Environment

¨ These challenges (in connected roadways) will bring

many benefits to society.
¨ These benefits include reduced traffic jams and urban
congestion, decreased casualties and fatalities,
increased response time for emergency vehicles, and
reduced vehicle emissions.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ Intersection Movement Assist (IMA)

¤ This application warns a driver (or triggers the appropriate
response in a self-driving car) when it is not safe to enter an
intersection due to a high probability of a collision perhaps
because another car has run a stop sign or strayed into the
wrong lane.
¤ IMA is one of many possible roadway solutions that emerge when
we start to integrate IoT with both traditional and self-driving
vehicles.
n Vehicle tracking
n Notification of arrival times
n Theft prevention
n Highway assistance
n Road weather communications
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ Vehicle Digitization
¤ As cars continue to become more connected and capable of
generating continuous data streams related to location,
performance, driver behavior, and much more, the data
generation potential of a single car is staggering.
¤ Automobile manufacturers can collect information from
sensors to better understand how the cars are being driven,
when parts are starting to fail, or whether the car has
broken down details that will help them build better cars in
the future.
n For example, tire companies can collect data related to use and
durability of their products in a range of environments in real
time.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ The sort of sensors and connectivity that you will

find in a connected car.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Roadways
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¨ GPS/maps,
¤ to enable dynamic rerouting to avoid traffic, accidents,
and other hazards.
¨ Internet-based
¤ entertainment, including music, movies, and other
streamings or downloads, can be personalized and
customized to optimize a road trip.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ The main challenges facing manufacturing in a factory

environment today include the following:
¤ Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet
customer and market opportunities
¤ Increasing plant production, quality, and uptime while
decreasing cost
¤ Mitigating unplanned downtime (which wastes, on average,
at least 5% of production)
¤ Securing factories from cyber threats
¤ Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs (up to 60% of
deployment costs)
¤ Improving worker productivity and safety
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ Adding another level of complication to these challenges is

the fact that they often need to be addressed at various
levels of the manufacturing business.
¤ For example,
¤ Executive management is looking for new ways to manufacture
in a more cost-effective manner while balancing the rising energy
and material costs.
¤ Product development has time to market as the top priority.
¤ Plant managers are entirely focused on gains in plant efficiency
and operational agility.
¤ The controls and automation department looks after the plant
networks, controls, and applications and therefore requires
complete visibility into all these systems.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ With IoT solution, the sensors and the devices on the plant
floor are becoming smarter in their ability to transmit and
receive large quantities of real-time informational and
diagnostic data.
¤ Ethernet connectivity is becoming pervasive and spreading
beyond just the main controllers in a factory to devices such as the
robots on the plant floor.
¤ In addition, more IP-enabled devices, including video cameras,
diagnostic smart objects, and even personal mobile devices, are
being added to the manufacturing environment.
¨ With IoT and a connected factory solution, true “machine-
to-people” connections are implemented to bring sensor
data directly to operators on the floor via mobile devices.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ Real-time location system (RTLS)

¤ An RTLS utilizes small and easily deployed Wi-Fi RFID tags
that attach to virtually any material and provide real-time
location and status.
¤ These tags enable a facility to track production as it
happens.
¤ These IoT sensors allow components and materials on an
assembly line to “talk” to the network.
¤ If each assembly line’s output is tracked in real time,
decisions can be made to speed up or slow production to
meet targets, and it is easy to determine how quickly
employees are completing the various stages of production.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ Figure summarizes these four Industrial Revolutions

as Industry 1.0 through Industry 4.0.
 IoT Impact E.g. Connected Factory
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¨ The IoT wave of Industry 4.0

¤ takes manufacturing from a purely automated assembly line
model of production to a model where the machines are
intelligent and communicate with one another.
¤ IoT in manufacturing brings with it the opportunity for inserting
intelligence into factories.
¤ This starts with creating smart objects, which involves embedding
sensors, actuators, and controllers into just about everything
related to production.
¤ Connections tie it all together so that people and machines work
together to analyze the data and make intelligent decisions.
¤ Eventually this leads to machines predicting failures and self-
healing and points to a world where human monitoring and
intervention are no longer necessary.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Buildings have become increasingly complex intersections of structural, mechanical, electrical,
and IT components.
¨ The function of a building
¤ is to provide a work environment that keeps the workers comfortable, efficient, and safe.
¤ Work areas need to be well lit and kept at a comfortable temperature.
¤ To keep workers safe, the fire alarm and suppression system needs to be carefully managed, as do the
door and physical security alarm systems.
¨ Many buildings are beginning to deploy sensors throughout the building to detect
occupancy.
¤ These tend to be motion sensors or sensors tied to video cameras.
¤ Motion detection occupancy sensors work great if everyone is moving around in a crowded room and
can automatically shut the lights off when everyone has left,
n but what if a person in the room is out of sight of the sensor?
¤ When smart building sensors and occupancy detection are combined with the power of data analytics,
it becomes easy to demonstrate floor plan usage and prove your case.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
¨ Temperature sensors are spread throughout the building and are
used to influence the building management system’s (BMS’s) control
of air flow into a room.
¨ The smart building is that it makes them easier and cheaper to
manage.
¨ Building automation
¨ The building automation system (BAS) has been developed to
provide a single management system for the HVAC, lighting, fire
alarm, and detection systems, and access control.
¤ Heterogeneity of IoT systems.
¨ Heterogeneous systems, they need to converge at the network layer
and support a common services layer that allows application
integration.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ BACnet (Building Automation and Control
Network) protocol defines a set of services that
allow Ethernet-based communication between
building devices such as HVAC, lighting, access
control, fire detection systems and IT.
¤ BACnet/IP has been defined to allow the “things” in the
building network to communicate over IP.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Conversion of building protocols to IP over time
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Digital ceiling
¤ It is just a lighting control system. This technology
encompasses several of the building’s different
networks including lighting, HVAC, blinds, CCTV (closed-
circuit television), and security systems and combines
them into a single IP network.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Digital ceiling
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
¨ Digital ceiling
¨ Central to digital ceiling technology is the lighting system.
¨ The lower power requirements of LED fixtures allow them to run on
Power over Ethernet (PoE), permitting them to be connected to
standard network switches.
¨ In a digital ceiling environment, every luminaire or lighting fixture is
directly networ kattached, providing control and power over the
same infrastructure.
¤ The quantity of lights easily outnumbers the number of physical wired
ports by a hefty margin.
¤ Supporting the larger number of Ethernet ports and density of IP
addresses requires some redesign of the network
¤ But an IP-enabled sensor device in the ceiling at every point people
may be present opens up an entirely new set of possibilities.
n Most modern LED ceiling fixtures support occupancy sensors or motion sensors.
 IoT Impact
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E.g. Smart Connected Buildings
 IoT Impact E.g. Smart Creatures
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¨ When you think about IoT, you probably picture

only inanimate objects and machines being
connected.
¨ IoT also provides the ability to connect living things
to the Internet.
¤ Sensors can be placed on animals and even insects just
as easily as on machines.
n Connected cow
n Electronic backpack attaches to a Roach
 IoT Impact E.g. Smart Creatures
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 Convergence of IT and OT
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¨ Until recently, information technology (IT) and

operational technology (OT) have for the most part
lived in separate worlds.
¤ IT supports connections to the Internet along with
related data and technology systems and is focused on
the secure flow of data across an organization.
¤ OT monitors and controls devices and processes on
physical operational systems.
n These systems include assembly lines, utility distribution
networks, production facilities, roadway systems, and many
more.
 Convergence of IT and OT
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¨ The IT organization is responsible for the information

systems of a business, such as email, file and print
services, databases, and so on.
¨ OT is responsible for the devices and processes acting
on industrial equipment,
¤ such as factory machines, meters, actuators, electrical
distribution automation devices, SCADA (supervisory control
and data acquisition) systems.
¨ Traditionally, OT has used dedicated networks with
specialized communications protocols to connect these
devices, and these networks have run completely
separately from the IT networks.
 Convergence of IT and OT
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¨ Management of OT is tied to the lifeblood of a

company.
¤ Network connecting the machines in a factory fails,
the machines cannot function, and production may come
to a standstill, negatively impacting business on the
order of millions of dollars.
¨ If the email server (run by the IT department)
fails for a few hours, it may irritate people, but it
is unlikely to impact business at anywhere near the
same level.
 Convergence of IT and OT
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¨ Comparing Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT)
 Convergence of IT and OT
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¨ The IT and OT worlds are converging or, more accurately,

OT is beginning to adopt the network protocols, technology,
transport, and methods of the IT organization, the IT
organization is beginning to support the operational
requirements used by OT.
¨ When IT and OT begin using the same networks, protocols,
and processes, there are clear economies of scale.
¨ With the merging of OT and IT, improvements are being
made to both systems.
¤ OT is looking more toward IT technologies with open standards,
such as Ethernet and IP.
¤ IT is becoming more of a business partner with OT by better
understanding business outcomes and operational requirements.
 IoT Challenges
68

¨ Many parts of IoT have become reality, but certain

obstacles need to be overcome for IoT to become
ubiquitous throughout industry and our everyday
life.
 IoT Challenges
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 IoT Challenges
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 IoT Challenges
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