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Topic 1A

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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
(TOPIC 1A)
HAZLENAH HANAFIAH
OBJECTIVES

➢ To explain the meaning and applications of statistics


➢ To recognize types of statistics
➢ To understand statistical terms
➢ To identify data sources and types of data
➢ To identify the scale of measurement
WHAT IS STATISTICS?

Statistics is a group of methods used to collect,


analyze, present, and interpret data and to make
decisions.

Types of Statistics : Descriptive Statistics &


Inferential Statitics
TYPES OF STATISTICS
◼ Descriptive Statistics consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing
data by using tables, graphs, and summary measures such as number of, averages
and percentages.

◼ Inferential Statistics consists of methods that use sample results to help make
decisions or predictions about a population.
STATISTICAL TERMS
It consists of all elements / individuals/ items/
Population objects whose characteristics are being
studied.

Parameter It is a numerical measure of the population.

Example: • The population could be all of the students


who take Business management course. A
Parameter parameter could be their average age.
STATISTICAL TERMS

Sample A small portion of the population

Statistic It is a numerical measure of the sample

• We could survey 100 students who attend


Example: Business management course for a sample.
The average age of those 100 students would
Statistic be a statistic.
FIGURE : POPULATION & SAMPLE

Population
Sample

7
STATISTICAL TERMS
A specific subject or object (for example, a
Element/Member/Individual person, firm, item, state, or country) about
which the information is collected.

Variable Characteristic of population under study

Census • A study of the entire population.


STATISTICAL TERMS

Sampling A completed and updated list of population


units such as a list of names, address,
Frame telephone number.

A study done before the actual fieldwork is


Pilot Study carried out.
Aim: To identify possible problems
To improve questionnaires

• A set of questions to obtain information for the


Questionnaire purpose of survey or statistical study
Charitable Giving of five Retailers in 2020 Variable

Company Charitable Giving


(RM’000)
Kingfisher Mart 42
An element/
MD Trading 35.6 Data/Observation
member /Measurement
Best Buy 338

Top Wing 32.6

Amal Kasih 16.5

10
Exercise 1
◦ State whether each of the following constitutes a population or a
sample.
1. Yield of potatoes per acre for 10 pieces of land.
2. Weekly salaries of all employees of a company.
3. Cattle owned by 100 farmers in Iowa.
4. Number of computers sold during the past week at all
computer stores in Kuala Lumpur.

11
Exercise 2
◦ Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a
parameter.
1. A sample of students is selected, and the average age
is 20.7 years.
2. After checking computer records for every commercial
movie made last year, the average running time is
found to be 187 minutes.
3. All of the state governors are surveyed, and 30% of
them are found to be Democrats.
12
Exercise 3
◦ The following table gives the number of dog bites reported to the
police last year in four towns.
◦ Town Number of bites
Tanjung Aru 35
Luyang 30
Sepanggar 23
Likas 18
Refer to the data set, identify the individuals, variable and data.

13
DATA SOURCES
◼ Primary Data (First hand data)
 Data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience
 Examples
 Surveys
 Interviews
 Observation
 Experiments

◼ Secondary Data (Published data)


 Published data and the data collected in the past or by other parties
 Examples of Sources
 Vital Statistics – birth, death certificates.
 Hospital, clinic, school nurse records.
 Private and foundation database.
TYPES OF VARIABLE

Qualitative or categorical variables– Non-numerical data


Examples: gender, hair color, ethnic.

Quantitative variables – Numerical data. The values of a quantitative


variable can be added or subtracted and provide meaningful
results (continuous or discrete)
Examples: age, heights, body temperatures.
DISTINGUSHING BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE

Classify each of the following variables considered in the study as qualitative or


quantitative.

a. Nationality
b. Number of children
c. Household income in the previous year
d. Level of education
e. Daily intake of whole grains (measured in grams per day)
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE: DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS

Discrete variable: Limited Numeric Data


A finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible
values. The term countable means that the results from counting such
as 0,1,2,3,… (Decimal point is not possible)

Continuous variable: Unlimited Numeric Data


An infinite number of possible values that are not countable. (Decimal
points is possible)
DATA LEVEL OF MEASUREMNT
Level of measurement

Nominal
Level
Qualitative
Ordinal
Level
Types of
variable
Ratio
Level
Quantitative

Interval
Level
SCALE/LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

• Attributes are only • Have a fixed unit of


names measurement and
Nominal Ratio zero means
‘nothing’

• Attributes can be • Have a fixed unit of


ordered measurement and
Ordinal Interval zero doesn’t mean
‘nothing’
NOMINAL LEVEL

◼ The values of the variable name, label, or categorize.

◼ Does not allow for the values of the variable to be arranged in a


ranked or specific order.

◼ Examples:
◼ Gender (male, female), Religion (Muslim, Buddhist, Christian),
Nation of origin (Malaysia, Burma, India, China), Eye color.
ORDINAL LEVEL

◼ It has the properties of the nominal level.


◼ The naming scheme allows for the values of the variable to be
arranged in a ranked or specific order.
◼ Easy to remember, ordinal sounds like order.

◼ Examples:
◼ Moving ratings of one star through five stars, highest degree
conferred (bachelor, master, phd).
RATIO LEVEL

◼ It has the properties of the interval level.


◼ The ratios of the values of the variable have meaning.
◼ A value of zero means the absence of the quantity.
◼ Arithmetic operation such as multiplication and division can be
performed on the values of the variable.

◼ Example: Number of vehicles owned, volume of water used by a


household in a day.
INTERVAL LEVEL

◼ A value of zero does not mean the absence of the quantity.


◼ Arithmetic operation such as addition and substraction can be
performed on values of the variable.

◼ Example: time of day measured in military time, year of birth of


college students.
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT

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