TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Content Page No.

1. History 3

2. Introduction 6

3. Methodology 7

4. Advantages 9

5. Disadvantages 10

6. Applications 11

7. Future Scope 13

8. Conclusion 15

9. References 16

HISTORY
Machine Learning has gone through many phases of development since the inception of
computers. In the following, we will take a closer look at some of the most important events

1943: The First Neutral Network with Electric Circuit

The first neutral network with electric circuit was developed by Warren McCulloch and
Walter Pitts in 1943. The goal of the network was to solve a problem that had been posed by
John von Neumann and others: how could computers be made to communicate with each
other?

This early model showed that it was possible for two computers to communicate without any
human interaction. This event is important because it paved the way for machine learning
development.

1950: Turing Test

The Turing Test is a test of artificial intelligence proposed by mathematician Alan Turing. It
involves determining whether a machine can act like a human, or if humans can’t tell the
difference between human and machine given answers.

The goal of the test is to determine whether machines can think intelligently and demonstrate
some form of emotional capability. It does not matter whether the answer is true or false but
whether it is considered human or not by the questioner. There have been several attempts to
create an AI that passes the Turing Test, but no machine has yet successfully done so.

The Turing Test has been criticized because it measures how much a machine can imitate a
human rather than proving their true intelligence.

1529: Computer Checkers

Arthur Samuel was a pioneer in machine learning and is credited with creating the first
computer program to play championship-level checkers. His program, which he developed in
1952, used a technique called alpha-beta pruning to measure the chances of winning a game.
This method is still widely used in games today. In addition, Samuel also developed the
minimax algorithm, which is a technique for minimizing losses in games.
1957: Frank Rosenblatt – The Perceptron
Frank Rosenblatt was a psychologist who is most famous for his work on machine learning.
In 1957, he developed the perceptron, which is a machine learning algorithm the
perceptron was one of the first algorithms to use artificial neural networks, widely used in
machine learning.

designed It was to improve the accuracy of computer predictions. The goal of the Perceptron
was to learn from data by adjusting its parameters until it reached an optimal solution.
Perceptron’s purpose was to make it easier for computers to learn from data and to improve
upon previous methods that had limited success.

1967: The Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

The Nearest Neighbor Algorithm was developed as a way to automatically identify patterns
within large datasets. The goal of this algorithm is to find similarities between two items and
determine which one is closer to the pattern found in the other item. This can be used for
things like finding relationships between different pieces of data or predicting future events
based on past events.

In 1967, Cover and Hart published an article on “Nearest neighbor pattern classification.” It
is a method of inductive logic used in machine learning to classify an input object into one of
two categories. The pattern classifies the same items that are classified in the same categories
as its nearest neighbor. This method is used to classify objects with a number of attributes,
many of which are categorical or numerical and may have overlapping values.

1974: The Backpropagation

Backpropagation was initially designed to help neural networks learn how to recognize
patterns. However, it has also been used in other areas of machine learning, such as boosting
performance and generalizing from data sets to new instances. The goal of backpropagation is
to improve the accuracy of a model by adjusting its weights so that it can more accurately
predict future outputs.

Paul werbos said the foundation for this approach to machine learning in his dissertation in
1974, which is included in the book “The back of Proportion “.
Stanford Cart is a remote-controlled robot that can move independently in
1979: The Stanford Cart

The space. It was first developed in the 1960s and reached an important milestone in its
development in 1979. The purpose of the Stanford is to avoid obstacles and reach a specific
destination: In 1979, “The Cart” succeeded for the first time in traversing a room filled with
chairs in 5 hours without human intervention.

1997: A Machine Defeats a Man in Chess

In 1997, the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in a
match. It was the first time a machine had beaten an expert player at chess and it caused great
concern for humans in the chess community. This was a landmark event as it showed that AI
systems could surpass human understanding in complex tasks.

This marked a magical turning point in machine learning because the world now knew that
mankind had created its own opponent- an artificial intelligence that could learn and evolve
on its own.
 INTRODUCTION

Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI). The goal of machine learning
generally is to understand the structure of data and fit that data into models that can be
understood and utilized by people.

Although machine learning is a field within computer science, it differs from traditional
computational approaches. In traditional computing, algorithms are sets of explicitly
programmed instructions used by computers to calculate or problem solve. Machine learning
algorithms instead allow for computers to train on data inputs and use statistical analysis in
order to output values that fall within a specific range. Because of this, machine learning
facilitates computers in building models from sample data in order to automate decision-
making processes based on data inputs.

Any technology user today has benefitted from machine learning. Facial recognition
technology allows social media platforms to help users tag and share photos of friends.
Optical character recognition (OCR) technology converts images of text into movable type.
Recommendation engines, powered by machine learning, suggest what movies or television
shows to watch next based on user preferences. Self-driving cars that rely on machine
learning to navigate may soon be available to consumers.

Machine learning is a continuously developing field. Because of this, there are some
considerations to keep in mind as you work with machine learning methodologies the impact
of machine learning processes.
In this tutorial, we’ll look into the common machine learning methods of supervised and
unsupervised learning, and common algorithmic approaches in machine learning, including
the k-nearest neighbor algorithm, decision tree learning, and deep learning. We’ll explore
which programming languages are most used in machine learning, providing you with some
of the positive and negative attributes of each. Additionally, we’ll discuss biases that are
perpetuated by machine learning algorithms , and consider what can be kept in mind to
prevent these biases when building algorithms.

METHODOLOGY
Categories In machine learning, tasks are generally classified into broad categories. These are
based on how learning is received or how feedback on the learning is given to the system
developed.

Two of the most widely adopted machine learning methods are supervised learning which
trains algorithms based on example input and output data that is labeled by humans,
and unsupervised learning which provides the algorithm with no labeled data in order to
allow it to find structure within its input data

➢ supervised learning
➢ unsupervised learning

• Supervised Learning

In supervised learning, the computer is provided with example inputs that are labeled with
their desired outputs. The purpose of this method is for the algorithm to be able to “learn” by
comparing its actual output with the “taught” outputs to find errors, and modify the model
accordingly. Supervised learning therefore uses patterns to predict label values on additional
unlabeled data.

For example, with supervised learning, an algorithm may be fed data with images of sharks
labeled as fish and images of oceans labeled as water. By being trained on this data, the
supervised learning algorithm should be able to later identify unlabeled shark images as fish
and unlabeled ocean images as water.
A common use case of supervised learning is to use historical data to predict statistically
likely future events. It may use historical stock market information to anticipate upcoming
fluctuations, or be employed to filter out spam emails. In supervised learning, tagged photos
of dogs can be used as input data to classify untagged photos of dogs.

• Unsupervised Learning

In unsupervised learning, data is unlabeled, so the learning algorithm is left to find

commonalities among its input data. As unlabeled data are more abundant than labeled data,
machine learning methods that facilitate unsupervised learning are particularly valuable.

The goal of unsupervised learning may be as straightforward as discovering hidden patterns

within a dataset, but it may also have a goal of feature learning, which allows the
computational machine to automatically discover the representations that are needed to
classify raw data.

Unsupervised learning is commonly used for transactional data. You may have a large dataset
of customers and their purchases, but as a human you will likely not be able to make sense of
what similar attributes can be drawn from customer profiles and their types of purchases.
With this data fed into an unsupervised learning algorithm, it may be determined that women
of a certain age range who buy unscented soaps are likely to be pregnant, and therefore a
marketing campaign related to pregnancy and baby products can be targeted to this audience
in order to increase their number of purchases.

Without being told a “correct” answer, unsupervised learning methods can look at complex
data that is more expansive and seemingly unrelated in order to organize it in potentially
meaningful ways. Unsupervised learning is often used for anomaly detection including for
fraudulent credit card purchases, and recommender systems that recommend what products to
buy next. In unsupervised learning, untagged photos of dogs can be used as input data for the
algorithm to find likenesses and classify dog photos together.
 ADVANTAGES
• No human intervention needed (automation):

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms
on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new
threats as they are recognized.

• Continuous Improvement:

As ML algorithm gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount
of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions
faster.

• Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

• Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.

• Easily identifies trends and patterns

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon,
it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater
to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal
relevant advertisements to them.

DISADVANTAGES

• Data Acquisition
Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for
new data to be generated.

• Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
ML with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

• Interpretation of Results
Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

• High error-susceptibility

ML is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an algorithm with data
sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a
biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers. In
the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long
periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the
source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.
 APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING

1. Image Recognition

Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to
identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image recognition
and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion:

Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo
with our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.

It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is responsible for face
recognition and person identification in the picture

2. Speech Recognition

While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition,
and it's a popular application of machine learning.

Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known
as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present, machine learning
algorithms are widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google
assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the
voice instructions.

3. Traffic prediction

If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct path
with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.

It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily
congested with the help of two ways:
 o Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
o Average time has taken on past days at the same time.

Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information
from the user and sends back to its database to improve the performance.

4. Self-driving cars

One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine
learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing
company is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to train the
car models to detect people and objects while driving.

5. Virtual Personal Assistant

We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri.
As the name suggests, they help us in finding the information using our voice instruction. These
assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such as Play music, call
someone, Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.

These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an important part.

These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it
using ML algorithms and act accordingly.

6. Stock Market trading

Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is always a
risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long short term memory neural
network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
 FUTURE SCOPE

1. Optimising Operations

The most common use case in optimising operations is in document management.

Today, there are a large number of robotic process automation and computer vision
companies such as UIPath, Xtracta, ABBYY etc. enabling this. The future of machine
learning will aim higher though.

• There are emerging ML technologies that enable retail stores to monitor body
temperatures and mask-wearing using thermal imaging and computer vision tech
towards a safer return from COVID-19 to normalcy.
• Sensors and IoT technologies are helping manufacturing operations optimise
granularly across the supply chain.
• The renewable energy industry is using AI to mitigate the unpredictability of sources.

2. Safer Healthcare

We’ve been seeing significant growth in machine learning being used to predict and support
COVID-19 strategies. The healthcare industry itself has been long using ML for a wide range
of purposes, we believe that the future scope of machine learning will undertake more
complex use cases.

• Robots performing complicated surgeries precisely.

• ML programs reading patient history, records, reports etc. to devise personalized
treatment plans. IBM Watson Oncology is an important project in this space.
• Wearable technology for disease prevention and elder healthcare monitoring is also
making great strides.

3. Fraud Prevention

Banks and other financial institutions use machine-learning-based fraud detection technology
to stop malpractices (although the irony of proving ‘I am not a robot’ to a machine is not
lost!).

• Banks are building machine learning algorithms based on historical data to predict
fraudulent transactions.
• Classification and regression methods are being used to identify and filter out
phishing emails.
• Machine learning and computer vision algorithms are checking for identity matching
across key databases in real-time to prevent identity theft.
• These pattern matching techniques are also used to identify fake documents to prevent
forgery.

4. Mass Personalization

Retail, social media and entertainment platforms use ML to give customers personalized
services and experiences.

• The Face Swap Filter uses algorithms based on image recognition and computer
vision to detect and (well, almost) accurately exchange facial features.
• E-commerce and media platforms are using ML to offer hyper-personalized
experiences, as well as offer freemium models of payment.
CONCLUSION
We’ve covered much of the basic theory underlying the field of Machine Learning here, but of
course, we have only barely scratched the surface.

Keep in mind that to apply the theories contained in this introduction to real-life machine
learning examples, a much deeper understanding of the topics discussed herein is necessary.
There are many subtleties and pitfalls in ML, and many ways to be led astray by what appears
to be a perfectly well-tuned thinking machine. Almost every part of the basic theory can be
played with and altered endlessly, and the results are often fascinating. Many grow into whole
new fields of study that are better suited to particular problems.

Machine Learning is an incredibly powerful tool. In the coming years, it promises to help
solve some of our most pressing problems, as well as open up whole new worlds of
opportunity. The demand for Machine Learning engineers is only going to continue to grow,
offering incredible chances to be a part of something big. I hope you will consider getting in
on the action!
 REFERENCES

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-machine-learning/
• https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-machine-
learning