INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT
TOPIC: TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE

PRESENTED BY: DR. PRAGATI PRIYADARSHINEE

 WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?
❑ A Computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of a set of instructions that
is stored in its memory unit.
❑A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it
displays on its output device.
❑A computer system is a collection of hardware and software components that help in accomplish
many different tasks.
❑Hardware consists of the computer itself, and any equipment connected to it. Hardware includes
all of the physical, tangible parts of a system – such as central processor, memory, display devices,
storage media and printer etc.
❑Software is the set of instructions for controlling the hardware devices, instructing computers to
transform data into information and many other information processing tasks.
 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (SELF STUDY)
❑First Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1939-1959): Were powered by thousands of vacuum tubes.
The Z1, Z3 and UNIVAC I are some examples.
❑Second Generation – Transistors (1959-1965): Were made of transistors which controlled the
flow of electricity through circuits.
❑Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1965-1971): These were used integrated circuits (ICs),
which were also smaller, more efficient and reliable as compared to vacuum tubes and Transistors.
❑Fourth Generation – PCs and VSLI (1971-1991): Is the generation of Large-Scale Integration (LSI)
of chips with several thousand transistors and Microprocessors (based on Very-Large-Scale
Integration (VLSI)).
❑Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence and Internet (1991 till date): Highly intelligent and have
thinking power to take decisions.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

❑Computers are available in different shapes, sizes,

processing capacities and weights, due to these different
shapes and sizes they perform different types of jobs and
have different functionalities.
❑According to function
❑According to purpose
❑According to capabilities
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

❑According to Function
❑According to Function, Computers can be classified into
three types. These classification of computer based on
principle of operation and hardware structure.
❑Digital Computer
❑Analog Computer
❑Hybrid Computer
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

❑According to Purpose:
❑Computer can be classified according to purpose in two
ways.
❑General Purpose: A ‘General Purpose Computer’ is a machine that is
capable of carrying out some general data processing under program
control.
❑Special Purpose: A Special Purpose computer is designed to operate and
solve restricted class of problems.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

❑According to Capabilities computers could easily be classified into

minis, micros mainframes and super by considering their size,
performance and cost. However, today these definitions are not so
clear, due to the ever-increasing pace of common usage altogether.
❑Super-computer
❑Mainframe-computer
❑Mini-computer
❑Micro-computer
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
❑ Central Processing Unit (CPU): The “brain” of the Computer – this is where the actual computing is done.
The CPU usually controls all the operations of the computer.
❑ Memory: An electronic storage medium used to hold the program which instructs the CPU and other
components of the computer.
❑ Input/Output Devices: These are the link between man and machine. They depend on the processing
requirements.
❑ Input/ Output Interfaces: These are `middleman` between the CPU and the I/O devices. They provide the
actual hard-wired control of the I/O devices, according to the commands that are issued by the CPU.
❑ Programs (Software): Without the program, a computer is a dumb machine that sits there and draws
current. The program coordinates the operations of the computer to perform some desired process.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Clock Micro-Processor Chip ROM Storage RAM Storage Input Output (I/O)
Interface

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus
 COMPONENTS OF A CPU
❑ Central Processing Unit: The central processing unit is the most important part of a computer
system. It is also referred as a "brain" of the computer.
❑ Arithmetic and Logic Unit: The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the part of the CPU where all
mathematical and logical functions are performed.
❑ Control Unit: The control unit interprets any instruction it receives from memory and directs
the sequence of events necessary to execute the instruction.
❑ Primary Storage: The primary storage unit refers to the internal storage of the computer, where
programs and their data are stored. Register temporarily stores the data that is to be executed
next.
❑ Bus: A bus is simply an electrical path on which data can flow from point to point within a circuit.
 MEMORY

❑ Random-access memory (RAM) is that part of primary storage where data

and program instructions are held temporarily while being manipulated or
executed.
❑ Read-Only Memory (ROM), as the name implies, the contents of ROM can
be read only; data cannot be written into it.
❑ Cache Memory
❑ Dynamic random access memories (DRAMs)
❑ Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
 INPUT DEVICES

❑An input device is a peripheral device through which data are entered and
transformed into machine-readable form. Some of the commonly used input
devices are:
❑ Keyboards
❑ Mouse
❑ Light Pens and Digitizers
❑ Voice Recognitions
❑ Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition -Optical Scanners
❑ Web Camera
❑ Secondary Storage media like CD, DVD etc.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

❑An output device is a peripheral device that accepts data from a computer and
transforms them into a usable form, thus allowing the computer to communicate
information to humans or other machines. Commonly used output devices are:
❑ Printers
❑ Plotters
❑ Monitors and Terminals
❑ Speakers
❑ Secondary Storage media like CD, DVD etc.
❑3D Printing is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from the digital
files.
 SECONDARY STORAGE

❑Secondary storage is the non-volatile memory that supplements main

memory by providing data storage that is permanent and typically of much
greater capacity than main memory. It is less expensive, as compared to the
primary storage and is usually used for storage of large amounts of data for
permanent storage. Secondary storage is also used for storing backups, or
copies, of data and programs that are frequently required at a later date.
Commonly used secondary storage devices are:
❑Magnetic Tapes
❑Magnetic Disks
❑Optical Disks
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

❑The set of instructions used to control hardware and

accomplish specific tasks are called software. Computer software
provides the logic that drives computer hardware.
❑The major functions of software are to:
❑manage the computer resources of the organisation;
❑develop tools that human beings can utilize to take advantage of these
resources; and
❑act as an intermediary between stored information and organisations.
 TYPE’S OF SOFTWARE

❑ System Software: System software directly interacts with the hardware and
comprises of programs that manage the hardware components.
❑ Application Software: Programs that help the user, the system software, and the
hardware work together to solve end-user problems are application software.
❑ Applications software can be purchased in stores and is called packaged or
commercial software.
❑ Packaged software can be purchased, or in some cases, it is available free of cost
called Freeware
 SOFTWARE GENERATIONS (SELF STUDY)
❑The first generation (1940s) of software was the machine language, which used the 0s and 1s of
binary language and was the only way programmers could communicate with the computer.
❑The second generation (1950s) of software was the development of assembly language - using
mnemonic codes.
❑The third generation (1950-70s) of software was the development of first high level languages -
more sophisticated extensions of assembly language and used more English like sentences.
❑ Fourth generation (1970s) of software development was of packaged software programs that
perform limited functions. These programs reduced the need of writing and compiling small
routine applications.
❑Fifth generation (1990s) of software development was of integrated software, animations
software and multimedia technology.
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

❑System software is a program that manages and supports the

computer resources and operations of a computer system.
❑Systems software consists of three kinds of programs as
explained below:
❑System Management Programs
❑System Support Programs
❑System Development Programs
 OPERATING SYSTEMS
❑An operating system is a set of programs that controls and supervises a computer system’s hardware and
provides service to application software, programmers, and users of a computer system.
❑The purpose of an operating system is to manage the hardware resources efficiently and to provide an
interface between the hardware and an application program and end user.
❑An operating system helped in increasing the efficiency of a CPU, it decides which resources will be used,
which programs will run, and how the programs will be translated into machine language.
❑Major Goals of Operating System:
❑ To hide details of hardware by creating abstraction
❑ To allocate resources to processes (Manage resources)
❑ Provide a pleasant and effective user interface
 SERVICES PROVIDED BY OPERATING SYSTEM

❑Process Management ❑Command Interpreter System

❑Main-Memory Management ❑Program development
❑Secondary-Storage Management ❑Program execution
❑I/O System Management ❑Error detection and response
❑File Management ❑Accounting
❑Protection System
❑Networking
 OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

❑An operating system executes many functions to operate

computer system efficiently. Among them, four essential
functions are the followings.
❑Resource Management
❑Task Management
❑File Management
❑User Interface
 CONTROL AND PROCESSING PROGRAMS

❑Control programs manage the computer hardware and resources. The major
functions of these programs are:
❑ resource management
❑ data management
❑ job (task) management

❑Processing programs are programs in the operating system that provide a service
to the user or the programmer of the computer system. Examples includes:
❑ language-translator programs
❑ utility programs
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
❑Single-User Operating System

❑Multi-user Operating System

❑Multiprogramming Operating System

❑Time-sharing Operating System

❑Multi-tasking Operating System

❑Multi-threading Operating System

❑Multiprocessing Operating System

❑Virtual-storage Operating System

❑Virtual-Machine Operating System

❑Mobile Operating System

 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

❑Programming languages that are available fits into one

of the five general categories:
❑Machine Language
❑Assembly Language
❑High level Language
❑Fourth generation Languages
❑Object – Oriented Languages
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
❑ Ease of Learning

❑ Ease of Understanding

❑ Help with Enforcement of Correct Code

❑ Supported Platform Environments

❑ Portability

❑ Fit-for-Purpose

❑ Naturalness

❑ Efficiency

❑ Structured

❑ Extensibility

❑ Suitability to its Environment

PROGRAMMING TRANSLATORS

❑Programming Translators converts the

human-readable form of the program to executable
machine language. Different types of translators are:
❑Assemblers
❑Compliers
❑Interpreters
 TYPES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING

❑Batch Processing
❑Real-time Processing
❑Distributed Processing
❑Parallel Processing
❑Sequence scheduling
❑Concurrent scheduling
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
❑Application software is any tool that helps in solving end-user problems. It includes the
generic productivity software like spreadsheets, word processors, database programs,
email as well as custom and packaged programs for payroll, billing, inventory and other
accounting purposes.
❑There are different types of application software, which can be classified as per broader
classifications:
❑ Content Access Software
❑ End-User Software
❑ Enterprise Software
❑ Simulation Software
❑ Application Suite
❑ Information Worker Software
 BUILDING COMPUTER PROGRAM

❑The formal creation process of programming is known as the Programming

Development Life Cycle (PDLC). There are seven steps to this:
❑ Define
❑ Outline
❑ Develop
❑ Test
❑ Code
❑ Run
❑ Document and Maintain
 PROGRAM BUILDING TOOLS

❑Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps

programmers develops algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar
to everyday English.
❑An Algorithm is a sequential and logical list of instructions to
solve a problem covering all possible alternatives.
❑Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm
using standard symbols and checks the flow of logic running
through it.
 EMERGING TRENDS & ISSUES

❑Gartner categorizes the new trends in technology, as per the following three
categories:
❑Intelligent: This category focuses more on integration of Artificial Intelligence into
every other technology. The technological solutions that are going to emerge are
all going to be Intelligent.
❑Digital: This category focuses more on connecting the virtual world with the real
world in a seamless manner.
❑Mesh: This category focuses on building network of everything including people,
processes and devices.
 INDUSTRY TRENDS

❑Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence demonstrated by machines.

❑Augmented Analytics uses machine learning and natural language to automate data
preparation, insight discovery and insight sharing for all types of decision makers.
❑Intelligent Things uses AI and Machine Learning techniques to interact in an intelligent
manner with people and the environment.
❑Blockchain is a digitized, shared, decentralized and tokenized public ledger of business
transactions.
❑Hyperautomation deals with the application of Artificial Learning (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML) to automate processes and augment humans.
THANK YOU !
Questions
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