BIOLOGY Lesson Note SS 2

This BIOLOGY Lesson Note Covers The Following Topics

1. The Cell
2. The Cell Structure
3. The Cell and Its Environment
4. Properties and Functions of The
5. Cell
6. Cellular Respiration
7. Growth
8. Irritability/Cell Reactions to Its
9. Environment
10.Reproduction
11.Sexual Reproduction
12.Reproductive Health
13.Excretion
14.Components of The Mammalian Skeleton
15.Tissues and Supporting Systems
16.Alimentary Canal/Digestive System
17.Joints
18.Feeding Habits
19.Feeding in Amoeba, Hydra and Man
20.Transport Systems
21.Circulatory System in Mammals
22.Mechanism of Transport in Higher Plants
23.Respiratory Systems
24.Mechanism of Respiratory System
25.Aquatic Habitat
26.Estuarine Habitats
27.Fresh Water Habitats
28.Terrestrial Habitats
29.Forest Habitats
30.Grassland or Savanna Habitats
31.Ecology of Populations
32.Food Shortage
Lesson Note On BIOLOGY For SS2 MS-WORD
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The Lesson note covers all the 3 terms in a session (1st term, 2nd term & 3rd term),and it
is based on the latest NERDC / UBE Curriculum and applies to all Nigerian schools.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIRST TERM

WEEK: 1 TOPIC WHAT IS A CELL?

WEEK 2 TOPIC CELL REACTIONS TO ITS ENVIRONMENT:

WEEK: 3 TOPIC: STRUCTURE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

WEEK:4 TOPIC: WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?

WEEK 5 TOPIC: THE CELL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

WEEK 6 TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

WEEK 7 BREAST FEEDING

WEEK 8 CAUSES OF INFANTS MORTALITY

WEEK 9` IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF GENETIC DISORDER IN FAMILY

SECOND TERM

WEEK 1 TOPIC: EXCRETORY SYSTEM

WEEK 2 TOPIC: VERTEBRATE SKELETON

WEEK 3 TOPIC: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN MAMMALS

WEEK 4 TOPIC: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

WEEK 5 TOPIC: FEEDING HABITS

WEEK 6 TOPIC: FEEDING IN AMOEBA, HYDRA AND MAN

WEEK 8 TOPIC: TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

WEEK 9 TOPIC: JOINTS

WEEK 1O TOPIC VASCULAR TISSUE

THIRD TERM

WEEK 1 TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

WEEK 2 TOPIC: MECHANISM OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

WEEK 3 TOPIC: AQUATIC HABITAT

WEEK 4 TOPIC: ESTUARINE HABITATS

WEEK 5 TOPIC: FRESH WATER HABITATS

WEEK 6 TOPIC: TERRESTRIAL HABITATS

WEEK 7 TOPIC: FOREST HABITATS

WEEK 9 TOPIC: GRASSLAND OR SAVANNA HABITATS

WEEK 10 TOPIC: ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS

WEEK 11 TOPIC: FOOD SHORTAGE

Sample note
Week 1
Topic: What is a Cell?
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit for
its resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first
developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all
organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of
structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting
cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell
functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
Cell can be defined as the structural and functional unit of life. It could also be
describe as the simplest and basic unit of life in which are living organism are made of
cells. The cell (from Latin cella, meaning “small room”) is the basic structural,
functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest
unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “building
blocks of life”. The study of cells is called cell biology. A cell is the smallest unit of
life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “building blocks of
life”. The study of cells is called cell biology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many
biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be classified as
unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including
plants and animals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from
species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (1012) cells. Most plant and
animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and
100 micrometres.

Classification of Living Organism Based on the Number of Cells

1. Unicellular Organism:These are organisms which consist of only one cell e.g.
Amoeba, Paramecium.
2. Multi-cellular Organism:These are organisms which consist of two or many
cells e.g. flowering plant, Bird, Hydra.

History of Cell
Many scientist have contributed to the distribution of history of cell which are listed
below;

1. Robert Hooke:He is regarded as the father of cell. He was the first human
being to discover the honey comb structure of the cell in 1665. In his book,
Micrographic, he described his observation of a slice of a cork of an oak tree.
He established that the cork is made up of thin components or rooms which he
later named the components of cells.
 2. Felix Dujardin:He was a French biologist in 1835, which he discovered that
the cell was made up of living substance. He however named the living
substance protoplasm.
3. Matthias Schledien:He is also a German botanist in 1838 revealed that the
bodies of plants are made of cells which were described as units of life.
4. Theodore Schwann:He was also a German zoologist in 1839; He discovered
that the bodies of all animals are composed of cells.
5. Rudolf Von Virchow:He was also a German biologist in 1855, concluded in
his research that all cells come from previously existing cells.

Forms In Which Living Cells Exist

1. As Independent or Single and Free Living Organism: This means that organism
that possesses only one cell and is capable of living freely on their own. e.g.
Amoeba, Paramecium.
2. As a Colony: This means that some organism are made of many similar cells
which are joined or massed together but they cannot be differentiated from each
other .e .g Volvox, Pandorina, etc.
3. As a Filament: This simply that certain cells are organised into filaments. Each
cells functions as an independent living cell. E.g. Spirogyra, Zygnema.
4. Cells as Part of a Living Organism: This means that in a multi-cellular
organism, a group of numerous, similar cells are arranged together to perform
specific functions and this is called a tissue. A group of similar tissue forming a
layer in an organism which performs a specific function is called an organ. A
group of organs which work together to perform specific functions is called a
system.

Colonial Organism Filamentous Organism

1. There is absence of intercellular wall. There is presence intercellular wall.

The identical cells form end to end