ADC-ASSIGNMENT-4

(ANSWERS)

1. Draw Block diagram of frequency hopping spread

spectrum (FHSS) system and Explain Frequency Hopping
with necessary waveforms.

Block Diagram of a FHSS System:

1. Transmitter:
- Data Source: Provides the digital data to be transmitted.
- Encoder: Converts the digital data into a format suitable for modulation.
- Modulator: Modulates the encoded data onto a carrier signal.
- Frequency Hopper: Controls the frequency hopping sequence.
- Frequency Synthesizer: Generates the carrier frequencies for hopping.
- Transmit Antenna: Radiates the modulated signal.

2. Channel:
- Propagation Medium: Represents the wireless channel through which the
signal propagates.

3. Receiver:
- Receive Antenna: Collects the transmitted signal.
 - Frequency Hopper: Synchronized with the transmitter to hop through the
same frequency sequence.
- Frequency Synthesizer: Generates the same carrier frequencies as the
transmitter.
- Demodulator: Demodulates the received signal.
- Decoder: Decodes the demodulated signal to retrieve the original digital data.
- Data Sink: Consumes the retrieved digital data.

Explanation of Frequency Hopping:

Frequency hopping spread spectrum involves rapidly switching carrier frequencies
according to a predetermined sequence known to both the transmitter and the
receiver. This sequence is typically pseudo-random and can change many times
per second. The purpose of this technique is to spread the transmitted signal over
a wide frequency band, thereby making the signal less susceptible to interference
and interception.
Waveforms:
1. Original Signal:
- This represents the digital data to be transmitted. It can be represented as a
series of binary pulses, with each pulse representing a bit of information.
2. Modulated Signal:
- After modulation, the digital data is imposed onto a carrier signal, resulting in a
modulated waveform. This waveform varies in frequency or phase according to
the input data.

3. Frequency Hopping Sequence:

- This waveform illustrates the sequence of carrier frequencies used by the
transmitter. Each peak corresponds to a specific carrier frequency, and the rapid
switching between peaks represents frequency hopping.
4. Received Signal:
- Due to the frequency hopping, the received signal appears spread out over a
wide frequency band. This spreading helps in reducing the effects of interference
and improves the robustness of the communication link.

5. Demodulated Signal:
- After demodulation, the original digital data is recovered from the received
signal. Despite the frequency hopping, the demodulator is able to reconstruct the
original signal accurately, provided the receiver is synchronized with the
transmitter's hopping sequence.

Frequency hopping spread spectrum systems are widely used in military

communications, wireless LANs, and other applications where robustness against
interference and security are paramount.

2. Write short note on latest trends in Digital

Communication.

Latest Trends in Digital Communication:

The digital communication landscape continues to evolve rapidly, driven by

advancements in technology and user demands. Here are some notable
trends:
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is transforming various aspects of
communication
2. Hyper-personalization: Leveraging data and analytics to deliver highly
personalized communication experiences tailored to individual user
preferences and needs. This involves targeted content, dynamic
recommendations, and personalized interactions across platforms.
3. The rise of immersive technologies: Integration of virtual reality (VR)
and augmented reality (AR) in communication applications like remote
collaboration, training, and entertainment. This trend fosters more engaging
and interactive communication experiences.
4. Secure communication and privacy: Growing emphasis on data
security and privacy due to increasing online threats. This includes
advancements in encryption techniques, blockchain technology, and user-
centric data control mechanisms.
5. Internet of Things (IoT) communication: Exponential growth of
interconnected devices and the need for efficient and reliable
communication protocols to manage and exchange data between them.
This creates new opportunities for smart homes, connected cities, and
industrial automation.
6. Edge computing: Processing and analyzing data closer to the source
(devices) instead of relying solely on centralized cloud servers.
This reduces latency, improves real-time communication, and optimizes
resource utilization.
7. 5G and beyond: Deployment of next-generation mobile networks like
5G and potential future advancements (6G) will offer significant
improvements in data speeds, capacity, and reliability, further enabling the
aforementioned trends.

These trends highlight the dynamic nature of digital communication and the
continuous efforts to enhance user experience, security, and efficiency
while exploring new avenues for connection and information exchange.
 3. Explain CDMA in brief.
CDMA, which stands for Code Division Multiple Access, is a
communication technique that allows multiple users to share a single
frequency band simultaneously. Here's a simplified explanation:

Imagine a crowded cafeteria:

 Each person (user) has a unique code assigned (think of a secret
handshake).
 Everyone talks at the same time (same frequency band).
 The cafeteria staff (receiver) can understand each conversation (data
stream) by recognizing the unique code associated with each person.
CDMA in communication:
 Users transmit data using a special spreading code. This code "spreads"
the data signal over a wider frequency range than the original data itself.
 Multiple users can transmit on the same frequency because the receiver
can differentiate between signals using their unique codes.
 This is like everyone in the cafeteria using their unique handshake to
identify their conversation amidst the general chatter.
Benefits of CDMA:
 Efficient use of spectrum: Allows more users to share a limited frequency
band.
 Improved capacity: Supports more users compared to traditional
methods.
 Reduced interference: Codes help separate user signals, minimizing
interference between users.
Examples of CDMA:
 CDMA is used in various cellular networks, including some 2G and 3G
technologies.
 It's also used in Wi-Fi with certain standards like CDMA2000 (1xEV-DO).
 4. Draw ASK, FSK and PSK waveform for the given binary
data: 1001001101011001.

Below figure is just for reference not exact:-

 5. What is the difference between Coherent and Non-
Coherent Detection techniques? Discuss Coherent
Detection of FSK signal.

The difference between coherent and non-coherent detection techniques

and then explore coherent detection of FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying)
signals.

Coherent vs. Non-Coherent Detection:

1. Coherent Detection:
o Phase Information: In coherent detection, the receiver
requires knowledge of the phase of the transmitted carrier
signal (i.e., the carrier phase) to recover the transmitted data.
o Synchronization: The local carrier wave generated at the
receiver is phase-locked with the carrier at the transmitter. Both
oscillators (carrier waves) are synchronized in both frequency
and phase.
o Advantages: Coherent detection offers superior error
performance due to accurate phase recovery.
o Disadvantages: The system becomes more complex.
o Example: Coherent binary PSK (Phase-Shift Keying) systems.
2. Non-Coherent Detection:
o Phase Independence: In non-coherent detection, the receiver
does not need phase information from the transmitter carrier to
recover the signal.
o Simplicity: Non-coherent techniques are simpler to generate.
o Error Probability: However, the error probability increases
compared to coherent detection.
o Example: Non-coherent FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying)
systems.
Coherent Detection of FSK Signal:

 FSK Modulation: FSK is a digital modulation technique where the

carrier frequency shifts between two or more discrete values to
represent different symbols (usually binary 0 and 1).
 Coherent FSK Receiver:
o The receiver uses synchronous detection, where the local
carrier and the carrier at the transmitter are phase-locked.
o The received FSK signal is multiplied by the locally generated
carrier wave.
o The decision is made based on the phase difference between
the received signal and the local carrier.
o Coherent FSK receivers are more complex but offer better
performance.
 Non-Coherent FSK Receiver:
o The receiver does not require phase synchronization between
the local carrier and the transmitted carrier.
o The received FSK signal is directly processed without phase
recovery.
o Non-coherent FSK receivers are simpler but have higher error
probabilities.
 Application:
o FSK is commonly used in digital communication systems,
including wireless communication and data transmission.

6. Enlist and compare different digital modulation

techniques.

Comparison of Digital Modulation Techniques:

Digital modulation techniques encode digital data (a sequence of 0s and

1s) onto a carrier signal for transmission over various communication
channels. Choosing the right technique depends on factors like channel
characteristics, desired data rate, power constraints, and receiver
complexity. Here's a comparison of some common digital modulation
techniques:

Technique Description Advantages Disadvantages

Amplitude- Varies the - Simple to - Low noise
Shift Keying amplitude of the implement immunity
(ASK) carrier signal to
represent data
bits.
Frequency- Varies the - Good noise - More complex
Shift Keying frequency of the immunity than ASK
(FSK) carrier signal to
represent data
bits.
Phase-Shift Varies the phase - Good noise - More complex
Keying (PSK) of the carrier immunity than ASK and
signal to FSK
represent data
bits.
Quadrature Combines ASK - High data - Complex to
Amplitude and PSK, using rate capability implement
Modulation both amplitude
(QAM) and phase
variations to
represent data
bits.
Differential- Transmits the - Less - Requires
Phase Shift change in phase sensitive to synchronization
Keying between channel for the first
(DPSK) consecutive distortions symbol
symbols rather
than the absolute
phase.
Differential A specific type of - Simpler than - Limited data
Binary Phase- DPSK using only DPSK rate capability
Shift Keying two phase shifts
(DBPSK) (0 and 180
degrees).
 Orthogonal Divides the - Robust to - High
Frequency- carrier signal channel complexity
Division into multiple impairments
Multiplexing subcarriers and
(OFDM) transmits data
bits on each
subcarrier.

7. Write a short on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.

Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

 Definition: DSSS is a spread-spectrum modulation technique

primarily used to reduce overall signal interference.
 Objective: It spreads the transmitted signal’s bandwidth wider than
the information bandwidth, resulting in better resistance against
narrowband interference.
 Key Concepts:
o Spreading Sequence: The message symbols are modulated
by a sequence of complex values called the spreading
sequence (also known as chips).
o Chip Duration: Each chip has a shorter duration than the
original message symbols.
o Spectrum Spreading: The modulation scrambles and spreads
the signal across a wider bandwidth.
o Despreading: At the receiver, the same spreading sequence is
used to reconstruct the original data.
o Spreading Factor: The ratio of the spreading-sequence rate to
the data rate.
 Applications:
o CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access): DSSS is a
fundamental component of CDMA cellular networks.
o Wi-Fi Networks (IEEE 802.11b): DSSS is used in Wi-Fi
networks for robust communication.
o Global Positioning System (GPS): DSSS helps improve GPS
accuracy and reliability.
  Advantages:
o Interference Reduction: DSSS reduces unintentional and
intentional interference.
o Robustness: It provides better resistance against narrowband
interference.
o Security: DSSS can enhance secure communication.
 Implementation:
o DSSS transmissions multiply the symbol sequence with a
spreading sequence.
o Despreading correlates the received signal with the same
spreading sequence.
o Pulse-shape filtering restricts the spectrum.
 Example: Imagine a radio channel where each signal is assigned a
different orthogonal sequence of frequencies using DSSS.

8. Describe the non-coherent detection of M-ary FSK signal.

Non-Coherent Detection of M-ary FSK:

1. M-ary FSK Modulation:

o M-ary FSK is a digital modulation scheme where the carrier
frequency shifts between M different discrete values to
represent multiple symbols.
o Each symbol corresponds to a specific frequency deviation
from the central carrier frequency.
o M-ary FSK is commonly used in wireless communication
systems.
2. Non-Coherent Detection:
o Non-coherent detection does not require phase synchronization
between the local oscillator at the receiver and the transmitted
carrier.
o It operates based on the envelope of the received signal rather
than the phase information.
o Non-coherent detection is simpler to implement but sacrifices
performance compared to coherent detection.
3. Non-Coherent M-ary FSK Receiver:
o The received M-ary FSK signal is first passed through
bandpass filters (BPFs) tuned to the M different frequencies.
o Each BPF extracts the envelope of the corresponding
frequency component.
o The envelope signals are then compared to thresholds to make
symbol decisions.
o The decision is based on which frequency component has the
highest envelope amplitude.
4. Performance Considerations:
o Non-coherent detection has higher error probabilities compared
to coherent detection.
o It is more robust against phase fluctuations and carrier
frequency offsets.
o The trade-off is reduced performance due to the lack of phase
information.
5. Applications:
o M-ary FSK is used in various communication systems, including
wireless LANs, RFID, and satellite communication.
o Non-coherent detection is suitable for scenarios where phase
synchronization is challenging or unnecessary.